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Circuits Circuits
An electric circuit (jaringan/untai/
rangkaian) has three basic parts:
A source of electric energy, such as a
battery or generator
An output device, such as a motor or lamp
A connection between the source and the
output device, such as a wire or cable
A more complicated circuit may also have
an input.
Real Batteries
Have an internal resistance (tahanan dalam), in
this case r.
The potential between a and b is called the
terminal voltage.
Voltage drop Ir across internal resistance r.
+

R
a c
b d
I
r
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Sumber Riil EMF : Tahanan
Dalam
Riil baterai mempunyai tahanan dalam (r)
yg kecil
C C
a
V b
V r
R
E
i
r R

eff b a
V V V E ir
E
E r
r R

eff
1 /
E
V
r R

Real Batteries
Thus terminal voltage is V= - Ir.
In the external circuit V=IR.
So - Ir =IR, or I= / (r+R).
If open circuit R= terminal voltage = e.m.f. of
cell.
Real batteries have r ~ 0.01, so V is nearly
unless I is very large.
A bad battery has a high internal resistance, but
you need to draw a current to test this.
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Network Topology
An interconnected set of electrical
components is called a network.
Each component of a network is called
an element.
Elements are connected by wires.
The interconnections between wires are
called nodes (simpul)
The wire paths between nodes are called
branches (cabang).
Nodes and Branches
branches
nodes
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Two or more nodes connected just by
wires can be considered as one single node.
Nodes Connected by Wires Only
Group of nodes connected only by wires One big node
One big node
A single node
This network as three nodes
Current Flow
Current can flow through the branches of a network.
The direction of current flow is indicated by an arrow.
Note: The voltage sources in the network drive the flow
of current through its branches. (More on this idea later.)
+
_
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The direction is defined by the person drawing the network.
Example:
+
_
Every Current has a Value and a Direction
The value is determined by the properties of the circuit.
The arrow above defines positive current flow i
1
as downward in branch A.
Suppose that 4 mA of current flows physically downward in branch A. Then i
1
= 4 mA.
A
i
1
_
+
Converse:
Suppose that 4 mA of current flows physically upward in branch A. Then i
1
= 4 mA.
The sum of currents flowing into a node
must be balanced by the sum of currents
flowing out of the node.
i
1
ii
22
ii
33
node
ii
11
flows into the node
ii
22
flows out of the node
ii
33
flows out of the node
ii
11
== ii
22
++ ii
33
Kirchhoffs Current Law
Gustav
Kirchoff was an
18th century
German
mathematician

0 i
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This equation can also be written in the following form:
Kirchhoffs Current Law:
ii
11
== ii
22
++ ii
33
i
1
i
2
i
3
= 0
A formal statement of Kirchhoffs Current Law:
(i
2
and i
3
leave the node, hence currents i
2
and i
3
enter the node.)
The sum of all the currents entering a node is zero.
i
1
i
2
i
3
node
Kirchhoffs Current Law
The net current in a node is zero.
For example
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Example Kirchhoffs Current Law:
Q: How much are the currents i
1
and i
2
?
+
_
i
1
4 mA
i
2
10 mA
3 mA
node
Voltage
Voltages are measured across the branches of a network,
from one node to another.
The direction of a voltage is indicated by + and signs.
Remember: The voltage sources in the network drive
the flow of current through the branches.
+
_
+ v
2

+
v
3

+
v
4

+
v
1

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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
+
_
+ vv
22

+
vv
33

+
vv
44

++
vv
11

The voltage measured between any two nodes

does not depend of the path taken.
voltage
Example of KVL: vv
11
== vv
22
++ vv
33
Similarly: vv
11
== vv
22
++ vv
44
voltage
and: vv
33
== vv
44
voltage
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
The sum of the voltages in any
closed loop is zero.
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Penyelesaian :
a. Hukum Tegangan Kirchoff (searah jarum jam)
-E + V
3
+ V
2
+ V
1
= 0 atau
E = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
- +
-
+
-
+
54V
V
3
= 15V
7 Ohm
V
1
= 18V
R
2
-
+
V
2
R
3
R
1
a. Tentukan V
2
dengan menggunakan hukum
tegangan Kirchoff.
b. Tentukan I.
c. Berapa harga R
1
dan R
3.
Contoh : Untuk rangkaian dibawah ini
V
2
= E V
1
V
3
= 54V 18V 15V
= 21V
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2
2
R
V
I
A
V
3
7
21

I
V
R
1
1
6
3
18
A
V
5
3
15
3
3
A
V
I
V
R
- +
-
+
-
+
54V
V
3
= 15V
7 Ohm
V
1
= 18V
R
2
-
+
V
2
R
3
R
1
b. Tentukan I.
c. Berapa harga R
1
dan R
3
Example Circuit
Solve for the currents through each resistor
And the voltages across each resistor
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Example Circuit
Using Ohms law, add polarities and
expressions for each resistor voltage
+ I
1
10 -
+
I
2
8
-
+ I
3
6 -
+
I
3
4
-
Example Circuit
Write 1
st
Kirchoffs voltage law equation
-50 v + I
1
10 + I
2
8 = 0
+ I
1
10 -
+
I
2
8
-
+ I
3
6 -
+
I
3
4
-
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Example Circuit
Write 2
nd
Kirchoffs voltage law equation
-I
2
8 + I
3
6 + I
3
4 = 0
or I
2
= I
3
(6+4)/8 = 1.25 I
3
+ I
1
10 -
+
I
2
8
-
+ I
3
6 -
+
I
3
4
-
Example Circuit
Write Kirchoffs current law equation at A
+I
1
I
2
- I
3
= 0
A
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+6 15 I
3
= 0
22I
2
+ 9 + 15I
3
= 0
I
3
= 6/15 = 0.40
I
2
= 15/22 = 0.68
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
= 1.08
Contoh lain:
Application of Kirchoffs Laws
Assign a current to
each loop
Indicate the voltage
drops for each
element in the loop
Write down the
Kirchoff voltage law
for each element in
the loop
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VV
oo
__
++
+ 3.1V + 3.1V
++
6.8 V 6.8 V

Example 1: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:

Q: How much is the voltage v
4
?
++
vv
44
__
Example 2: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:
++
__
++
vv
11
= 10 V = 10 V

++
vv
22

++
vv
44

++
vv
55
= 2 V = 2 V

+ v + v
33

Q: If vv
11
= 10 V and vv
55
= 2 V, what are vv
22
,, vv
33
,, and vv
44
?
Example for Kirchoffs Laws
+
+
1
1
10
3.5V
7V
A
i
1
i
2
i
3