1.

) Definition

A court reporter or court stenographer,
[1]
also called stenotype operator, shorthand
reporter or law reporter,
[2]
is a person whoseoccupation is to transcribe spoken or
recorded speech into written form, using shorthand, machine shorthand or voice writing equipment
to produce official transcripts of court hearings, depositions and other official proceedings. Court
reporting companies primarily serve private law firms, local, state and federal government agencies,
courts, trade associations, meeting planners and nonprofits
Skills and training

It typically takes anywhere from two to four years to learn the basic skills to become a
stenotype court reporter
[citation needed]
. Training to learn the basic skills to become a voice writer
reporter typically takes six to nine months. To become realtime proficient in voice writing takes a
year to a year and a half
[citation needed]
. Candidates usually attend specialized certificate courses at
private business schools, or sometimes associate's or bachelor's degree programs at accredited
colleges or universities
[citation needed]
. Distance learning and online training courses are also available
for both methods. After additional on-the-job training and experience, many court reporters then
move on to real-time reporting.
Licensed court reporters are required to attend continuing education courses to maintain
their licensure. Some states require court reporters to be notaries public in addition to being a
Certified Court Reporter (CCR). There are three national court reporting associations in the United
States, The National Court Reporters Association (NCRA), and the National Verbatim Reporters
Association (NVRA) and the American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers
(AAERT). The minimum speed needed to become certified by the NCRA is 225 words per minute.
The NVRA requires a minimum speed of 225 words per minute to qualify for certification. AAERT
requires 98 percent accuracy on transcripts, and both reporters and transcribers must pass both a
written and practical examination. Depending on the court reporting method of choice, one tends to
join either the NCRA, NVRA or AAERT. The NCRA offers the title Registered Professional
Reporter (RPR) to those who pass a four-part examination and participate in continuing education
programs. The NVRA offers the title Certified Verbatim Reporter (CVR) to those who pass a four-
part examination, including both a skills and written exam, and participate in continuing education
programs. A reporter may obtain additional certifications that demonstrate higher levels of
competency such as Certified Real-time Reporter (CRR) or Real-time Verbatim Reporter (RVR).
Both of these associations offer equivalent examinations to test reporters for speed and competency
on their method of reporting. Further certifications are granted by both associations to court reporters
demonstrating skills as broadcast captioners and CART providers. The Canadian Court Reporter
John M. Weir (CVR) could do 350 words per minute during legal hearings. The AAERT is the
electronic court reporting and transcribing industry's professional association in the United States,
founded in 1994. The AAERT offers electronic reporters and transcribers three certifications:
certified electronic reporter (CER), certified electronic transcriber (CET), and certified electronic
reporter and transcriber (CERT).
The International Alliance of Professional Reporters and Transcribers (IAPRT.org) is a
member-based not-for-profit consortium engaged in the ongoing development of all methods of court
reporting and transcription, and guiding public and private court reporting professionals worldwide
toward the common goal of producing a verbatim and verifiable record. IAPRT offers on-line training
and certification for members who participate in continuing education programs.
Required skills of a court reporter are excellent command of the language being spoken,
attention to detail, and the ability to focus for long periods at a time. The most highly skilled court
reporters can provide real-time transcription and have significant earning potential, with salaries up
to six figures possible in some areas

Stenography vs. Voice Writing reporting vs. Digital Court Reporting
One difference between voice writing court reporters and stenographic court reporters is the
method of making the record. The goal of a stenographer is to stenograph verbatim what attorneys,
witnesses, and others are saying in a proceeding; the goal of a voice writer is to repeat verbatim
what attorneys, witnesses, and others are saying in a proceeding. Though the methods of taking
down the record are different, the role and duty requirements of the court reporter are the same.
These skills of court reporters are primarily measured through certification exams.
The training on a stenograph machine requires the person to pass writing speed tests of up
to 225 words a minute on their machine in the United States, as set forth by the National Court
Reporters Association (NCRA) in the United States.
[12]
Only a small percentage of court reporting
students per year are actually able to do this. The drop-out rate of stenographic court reporters is
very high. The tedium of this type of job is believed to be the cause of this problem.
[citation needed]

The training with voice writing equipment requires the person to pass dictation speed tests of
up to 225 words a minute in the United States, as set forth by the National Verbatim Reporters
Association (NVRA). Passing this speed is a requirement. A voice writer dictates and repeats the
proceedings into a stenomask connected to a recorder, while at the same time recording the
proceedings onto a different digital recording device. Afterwards, this recording is reduced to
typewritten form via the use of a transcription device. Using voice recognition software, voice writers
are able to offer realtime.
Multi-channel, digital audio allows for isolated playback of channels during transcription. This
allows transcribers to listen from different vantage points when playing back the audio. This multi-
channel feature especially helps during moments of extraneous noise such as laughter, shouting,
coughing and sneezing. The American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers
(AAERT) certifies reporters and transcribers.
[13]
AAERT certified reporters monitor the recording
continuously during a proceeding, and create an extensive set of log notes which are individually
time-stamped. The time-stamps correspond with the location on the digital recording for
instantaneous playback, either upon request during a proceeding or at a later time. The log notes
provide any authorized person the opportunity to quickly search and identify any segment of the
proceeding they wish to review. Some courts train clerks or other court personnel to operate the
digital recording equipment. Courtroom monitors are responsible for listening to the recording
through headphones while the proceeding occurs to ensure recording quality. The digital recording
method is widely used in federal courts and administrative agencies throughout the United States.

2.) SHORTHAND REPORTER (clerical) alternate titles: court reporter; law
reporter
Records examination, testimony, judicial opinions, judge's charge to jury, judgment or
sentence of court, or other proceedings in court of law by machine shorthand [STENOTYPE
OPERATOR (clerical)], takes shorthand notes, or reports proceedings into steno-mask. Reads
portions of transcript during trial on judge's request, and asks speakers to clarify inaudible
statements. Operates typewriter to transcribe recorded material, or dictates material into recording
machine. May record proceedings of quasi-judicial hearings and formal and informal meetings and
be designated Hearings Reporter (clerical). May be self-employed, performing duties in court of law
or at hearings and meetings, and be designated Freelance Reporter (clerical)

3.) Is stenography a dying art?
Court stenographers are being phased out in England and Wales with the
last contract - at the Old Bailey - set to expire in March 2012. But what is a
stenographer and are they no longer needed?
The "speed of speech" is often defined as 180 words per minute (wpm).
Anyone who has ever tried to take a note in longhand at that speed will tell you it
is impossible.
Many journalists who learn shorthand struggle to hit 100 wpm.
So the only way to keep up is through a stenographer - a skilled professional
using a stenotype machine.
The machine has a minimal keyboard, which omits key letters like i, m or n, and
by hitting a combination of keys - known as chords - they can produce the
missing letters or phonetic sounds like "th" or "sh".
"Stenographers vary greatly. The difference between the best and the rest is like
a concert pianist and a pub pianist," says Mary Sorene, a stenographer who
started work at the Old Bailey in 1971.
To increase their speed, stenographers learn hundreds of shortforms and
memorise chords in certain orders so their hands can move swiftly from left to
right.
"I have memorised lots of shortforms, for example MORJ, is My Lord and the
jury," explains Sally Lines, a court stenographer at the Old Bailey.

The advent of high-quality audio recordings and digital storage has inevitably
cast a shadow over court stenography. The Ministry of Justice has decided to
dispense with stenographers and replace them with a Digital Audio Recording
and Transcription and Storage (Darts) service. It believes the new system will be
cheaper and deliver good results.
But stenographers don't believe it's a wise decision.
"The strength of stenography is that if you are listening to something on a tape
it's hard to distinguish tiny nuances. Sometimes you need to almost lip-read.
Sometimes there is patois or slang or you need to know the context of the case,"
Ms Lines says.
Some judges are believed to be unhappy with the changes too but so far none
has put their head above the parapet.
Texas-based stenographer Mark Kislingbury holds the world record for note-
taking at speed - a jaw-dropping 360 wpm.
He says: "In important cases - anything higher than a traffic court - we really
need a human there."
A spokesman for HM Courts Service says Darts would begin rolling out at all 97
Crown Courts in England and Wales in June and the process would be
completed in March 2012.
He says it would result in "efficiency savings by eliminating the need for separate
court loggers/stenographers during proceedings".
The Courts Service currently pays a number of private transcription services,
which staff courts with stenographers.
Mrs Sorene, who trains stenographers, says: "It's basically trying to do justice on
the cheap. Machines can't be trusted. Sometimes you have child witnesses, poor
things, who are sometimes whispering."
Ms Lines says: "In court, during cross-examination, you often get two people
speaking over each other and you always go for the witness. Sometimes you
have to shut out the barrister and just take down what the witness says because
that is evidence.
"Will a machine be able to do that?"
The National Court Reporters Association represents 20,000 stenographers in
the United States and its senior director, Jim Cudahy, says: "In capital murder
and felony cases they are almost always going for stenographers."
End of an era
But in March 2012 the last stenographer will down their tools at the Old Bailey
and hand over to the automated era.
The HM Courts Service spokesman accepts the new system will involve
additional duties for court clerks, who would be given the responsibility of
supervising the recording, but adds: "We are satisfied that there are sufficient
Crown Court staff to cover supervision of digital recording and other duties."
While stenographers will no longer be a fixture in court cases, there is a bright
future for them elsewhere.
Merrill Legal Solutions, which employs an army of freelance stenographers, has
had to diversify.
The company's director of resourcing, Anne Kiss, says: "We have all sorts of
clients. Our private diary includes public inquiries, Parliamentary select
committees, AGMs, shareholder meetings, roadshows, press conferences,
disciplinary hearings, captioning (for television), even the Baftas.
"We were hired recently by Warner Brothers who wanted a stenographer in each
room to take down a note of interviews by actors promoting a film."
So while court stenography closes down one avenue, the worlds of business and
showbiz are opening up others.
But stenographer Chris Grzesik is thinking of quitting altogether once the Old
Bailey contract runs out.
"Covering annual general meetings and shareholders' meetings sounds so dull.
The primary reason I'm a stenographer is that I like being at the Old Bailey. It's
the best theatre in the world," he says


4.) 5 Things You May Not Know About Court
Reporting
At Patti Blair, we are passionate about everything to do with court reporting,
from constantly honing our skills to studying our fields history and trivia. If
you work with court reporters, take this opportunity to learn more about our
world.
1. Court Reporters Outperform Technology
One might think that with the advance of computers, audio/video, and voice
recognition (VR) technology, the job of court reporters would have become
extinct. Just the opposite is true.
Audio/video recording presents problems such as transcript backlog, readback
for juries and even "gaps" where testimony is inaudible. (VR technology, for
example, must be "trained" to recognize its user and will not understand
unfamiliar speakers.) While court reporters may use VR to edit transcripts and
computer-aided transcription (CAT) for Realtime transcripts and captioning,
live court reporting is still the most reliable service available.
2. Court Reporters Move Fast
Court reporters take down testimony and other spoken matter at speeds of
225 words per minute and more, using machine shorthand. The machines
keys are used to encode syllables, entire words, and even phrases. It's
somewhat like keyboarding, but much faster. (At Patti Blair, we are not just
interested in speed but also accuracy, which is why many of our court
reporters have earned a 1% untranslated rate.)

3. Court Reporters May Be Getting a Promotion
The federal government is considering placing court reporters in the category
of legal professionals for the next update of the Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
After all, court reporters are officers of the court and may make suggestions
to judges regarding courtroom administration and procedures. They play an
important role in the courtroom, gathering information and preserving it in
formats that are quickly accessible and readily usable.
4. A Court Reporters Life is Never Dull
When it comes to sensational and groundbreaking courtroom cases, court
reporters not only have a ringside seat, but play a role as history is made. For
instance, court reporters in the OJ Simpson trial took down more than one
million lines of trial transcript.
Trivia: actresses Michelle Pfeifer and Kim Delaney once studied to be court
reporters. Before making it big, tough-guy actor Harvey Keitel supported
himself as a court reporter. And author Charles Dickens is perhaps the worlds
most famous court reporter.
5. Shorthand Has a 2,500 Year History
Think the Pittman shorthand system (1837) or the Gregg system (1887),
were the first? Not even close. In the 4th century B.C., a freed slave named
Marcus Tillius Tiro used a system of shorthand to record the speeches of
Cicero and other Roman leaders. One of his shorthand devices, the
ampersandthe familiar "&" symbolis still widely used today.
Modern shorthand began in 1913 with the stenotype machine, still the most
reliable, flexible means for creating a verbatim record. By pressing one or
more keys at a time, reporters capture the sound of words in a phonetic code.
Today, these notes are usually pitted on narrow paper tape and
simultaneously captured in computer format. Court reporters were already
becoming computerized more than 25 years ago, long before most of the
court systems and attorneys they serve.

5.) A History of Court Reporting

Anyone familiar with the judicial system knows that a court reporter is an essential part of the
courtroom process, but have you ever stopped to think about court reporting history?
The history of court reporting shows that various forms of shorthand reporting go back thousands of
years and have always been an integral part of the legal system.
The Birth of Shorthand
Shorthand can be traced back to a man named Marcus Tullius Tiro around the year 63 BC. Tiro was
a slave belonging to Roman philosopher, lawyer and orator Cicero.
Tiros duties showed that he was highly intelligent and capable: he was in charge of taking dictation
and managing Ciceros financial affairs.
To keep up with transcribing speeches, Tiro developed a system of symbols and abbreviations. He
omitted short or common words that he could add later by memory or context. Tiro expanded his
shorthand system to include over 4,000 signs, which were adopted by other scribes in Rome and
eventually other countries.
Tironian notes werent just used for court reporting, dictation and other legal affairs during
Medieval times, Tironian notes were taught in monasteries and were common in everyday writing.
Monks and scholars continued to expand Tironian notes to about 13,000 signs, but the system
declined in use after the year 1100 AD.
Shorthand for English Speakers
In 1180, a monk named John of Tilbury created the first shorthand system for English speakers.
Shorthand wasnt widely used by English speakers until Dr. Timothie Bright published a system of
500 symbols to be used as English shorthand in his 1588 book Characterie: An Arte of Shorte,
Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character.
In 1602, John Willis published a shorthand system based on the English alphabet, rather than
symbols. Over the next few decades, several people developed English alphabet shorthand
systems, including a man named Thomas Gurney, who was appointed the first official shorthand
writer of the English government in 1772.
English Shorthand in Court
Novelist Charles Dickens adopted Thomas Gurneys shorthand methods when he began working as
a junior law clerk, and again as a freelance reporter covering legal proceedings. His shorthand notes
inspired scenes in novels like Bleak House and Nicholas Nickleby.
Gurneys son, Joseph, used his fathers system when he acted as a court reporter for the 1788 trial
of Warren Hastings, the first English governor-general of Bengal, who was accused of corruption
and other high crimes and misdemeanors.
In 1837, Isaac Pitman created a shorthand system based on phonetics. The Pitman method is still
widely used in the United Kingdom today.
Shorthand Comes to the US
Court reporters, secretaries and other professionals in the United States began using a shorthand
system by John Robert Gregg, who left England to open shorthand schools in Chicago and Boston.
Greggs method, published in the US in 1893, only began to decline in use when the first stenotype
machine began to rise in popularity, patented by an American court reporter named Miles
Bartholomew.
Technology Improves Court Reporting
In the early part of the 20th century, court reporters experimented with adding recording devices to
the stenotype machines to produce even more accurate transcripts.
In the 1950s, IBM partnered with the US military to create stenotype machines wheretyped words
and even symbols could be translated into many different languages. When that project was
scrapped, court reporters lobbied for computer-assisted stenotype machines.
Modern stenotype machines are more akin to a computer than a typewriter. They have
microprocessors, individual keys with different sensitivity settings and LCD screens where the
shorthand words appear in English.
As technology like voice recognition and translation software improves, court reporting techniques
will continue to evolve. After reviewing the history, its clear that court reporting has always been a
profession for those who are highly skilled, efficient and accurate.

6.) Speedbuilding Tips

Im no expert on speedbuilding; I never made it all the way to my 225 words-
per-minute goal. But I have my thoughts on the subject and since failure
frequently teaches us more than success, I figured I'd share what I've learned.
There are two separate things to keep in mind: factors of shorthand speed
and the process of speedbuilding itself.
Factors of shorthand speed
To my thinking, shorthand speed depends upon several factors:
1. If you try to write longhand really fast, you'll only reach about 50 w.p.m. if
you write words out in full. No matter how much practice you get, your speed
is hampered by the mechanics of forming legible words. Most alpha
shorthand systems are capable of reaching speeds upwards of 100
w.p.m. Most symbol systems can go 20-40 w.p.m. faster with adequate work;
the old symbol systems, the ones intended for court work, can be cranked up
to over 200 w.p.m.
(For comparison purposes, average speech is about 150 w.p.m. Beginning
secretaries were required [in years past] to write at least 80 w.p.m. for three or
five minutes. Experienced secretaries were said to have speeds of 120
w.p.m. or more since they would be familiar with the vocabulary of their
field. Really good executive assistants had speeds of 150 and up. While
certified court reporting speeds vary with the requirements of each state, in
New Jersey, for example, a speed of 225 w.p.m. is required.)
2. For short bursts of time, you can take down and read back faster dictation
than for longer periods. As the dictation continues, mental fatigue sets in
quickly, causing you to fall further behind the longer the dictation lasts.
3. Whether you write Gregg or Pitman, pencils are not recommended for
writing shorthand. Pencils drag on the paper; the points dull with continued
writing, forcing you to make larger outlines. Use a pen for best results.
4. Easy material, with common words, is easier to write and can be written
faster. Uncommon words, technical material, and text sprinkled with foreign
words must be written at a lower speed.
5. Shorthand must be automatic to be written swiftly. If you have to pause to
think, you're in trouble!
6. Nervousness (whether from test conditions or other causes) and stress will
hamper shorthand speed. My personal solution to nervousness was to take
lots of job interviews and take lots of shorthand tests. Eventually, I calmed
down and was able to test well because my nervousness of being tested had
faded.
7. It may sound detrimental to speed building, but writing accurately is better
than scrawling something you won't be able to read later. Your mind will build
speed faster if you write outlines according to the rules of your system.
8. Shorthand is written with your brain. Most of us are all physically capable
of writing at high rates of speed if only our minds can supply outlines fast
enough. A thorough review of your shorthand system will help stock your
mind with correct forms.
Speedbuilding
Given the above, how do I suggest you build speed? Here are some tips:
a. Know your system. You cant base speed on a faulty knowledge of
your shorthand system. If you pause to think Isn't that a brief form? youre
in big trouble. Hesitation is bad. Knowing your system thoroughly allows you
to write according to rule, actually making it easier to read back your notes,
even when they're stone cold. So, get out your old introductory book or a
good theory book and start reviewing/practicing with Lesson One. A good
review always helps.
b. Read back what you're written. Sure, you say, I can get something
down for every word. That's great IF you can read it back! The proof is
always in the transcript. Compare your transcript against the original EVERY
TIME. Youll be surprised how often you think you did well, but
didnt. Consider every mistake an error. Dont go for faster takes unless you
canconsistently write with 95% accuracy. Missed words or wrong words
(even if your notes have it right and you transcribed it wrong) are errors. If
your notes are sloppy and hard (or impossible) to read, the dictation was too
fast. Again, accuracy before speed.
c. Consistent (daily) practice. It is better to write hour a day than to
cram a week's worth of practice into one 3-hour session. Your mind needs
to absorb the work and it needs to rest between practice sessions. Certainly,
more than hour a day is desirable. More IS better.
d. Practice Matter. There are those who insist that easy material is
better for speed buildingand that it should be practiced at a slightly higher
rate than real dictation. Of course, there are those who argue that hard
material is better. Ive done both and cannot say which is better. Ive also
been told the Gregg materials are easier than Pitman because Gregg sticks to
the more common words. Regardless, practicing legal matter is fine if youre
going to be taking legal dictation; if youre only ever going to write business
correspondence, then business correspondence might be a better practice
vehicle. However, no matter what you write, a good shorthand vocabulary
never hurts.
e. To repeat or not? Should you take the same take more than
once? The experts differ on this one; their answer also depends upon what
speed you're writing. I've always felt thatrepetition builds speed. You should
go over and over the same take as often as necessary to get good, clean
notes. If you have the kind of tape player which can increase the speed of the
output, you might even want to repeat the dictation enough so you can
eventually write it 10 or 20 words more per minute than the speed at which it
was originally dictated.
f. What to take. There are those who say that ANY dictation is
good. Well, dictation can be too fast, too uneven, too technical. Dictation
rates vary widely, even on "professional" tapes. Like typing (excuse
me, keyboarding), speed is measured in a "standard" word of 5 strokes
regardless of how many keystrokes actually make up the individual words
Gregg standardized on 1.4 syllables equaling one word. The Pitman people,
as court reporters still do today, say one word is one
word. Therefore, electricity (five syllables) will count just as much as the (one
syllable). I dont think either method is better; theyre just different. You
should be aware of how your dictation was counted to get maximum practice
results. Certainly, if youre going to count and record your own material for
practice, the one word/one word is easier. When youre counting up your
errors, regardless of how the material was counted, missing the
word electricity is one error, just as missing the is one error.
g. Some days, it just doesn't pay. We all have days where it is clear NO
PROGRESS is going to happen when we sit down for a practice session. My
advice is to stop and try again later. If you start thinking I can make 120
errors a minute and really write only 10 words per, come back to your practice
later in the day.
h. Read shorthand Read lots of well-written shorthand. The older
systems used to publish "literature" written in shorthand. See if you can get
your hands on a few of those old books and start reading. It's perfectly OK to
read and reread your own textbooks as well.
i. Practice what doesn't flow. If writing numbers is difficult for you,
practice writing numbers. If certain word beginnings or word endings drive
you crazy, create your own takes of words with those beginnings and endings
and practice them. Shorthand speed is a complex thing and it requires
that all phases of theory be cranked up at the same rate. Unfortunately, some
principles lag behind others in your mental machinery, so work on the problem
areas in each practice session.
j. Vocabulary. The better your vocabulary, the more rapid your
shorthand writing will be. Unfamiliar words will slow you down; familiar words,
even if you've never written then in shorthand, won't slow you down as much.
j. Attitude. Im told a positive attitude helps and it probably does. Don't
think you're not making progress if you practice regularly; it is the cumulative
effect which will produce increased shorthand speed. It will come but there's
no way to predict when.
You may also want to keep track of your progress by keeping a log of your
shorthand sessions. List the date, the speed of the take, and the number of
errors made. When you think you're not making any forward progress, take
out your list and review it. You'll be surprised

7.) 5 ways to increase shorthand speed
About a year ago, I wrote an introduction to teeline shorthand post. Its by far my most popular post,
and brings a steady flow of visitors to the blog. As there must be at least a handful of people
who have found it useful, I thought Id revisit the subject with five tips on increasing your
shorthand speed. My own experience is in Teeline shorthand, but these general principles can
be applied to other methods, such as Pitmans.
1. Practice
Practice, practice and more practice. Shorthand tutors usually recommend around an hour a day
spent perfecting outlines and dictation. The more time you give shorthand, the more success
youll have with it. From personal experience, if you cant manage an hour a day, its better to
practice little and often than for hours on end. I sometimes found after an extended time period
you tend to question why a word has a certain outline, and get bogged down in unnecessary
details. Try practicing for 30 minutes a day to keep the theory fresh in your mind.
2. Special Outlines
Commonly used words have special outlines to save even more time than writing with just the
teeline alphabet. In some cases, theyll be the same outline as a singular teeline letter but the
context of the text will help when transcribing. Ive noted some examples below:
3. Special Phrases
If you think your speed will increase by using special outlines for words, just think how much
time youll save when using special outlines for entire phrases. Below are two sets of special
phrases containing the words be and that. This should be useful if youre just starting out
with Teeline as theyre very commonly used word groupings.
4. Control your nerves
The worst part of taking shorthand notes from dictation is not knowing what words youll need
to write in advance. Inevitably youll come across words youve not used before but dont panic.
Putting a technically incorrect outline which will hopefully remind you of the correct word later
is fine. If youre totally stuck dont waste time dwelling on it. Move on to words youre more
familiar with so you can keep up with dictation. Obviously this links back to point one, practice.
Drill those unknown words until you can write from muscle memory but dont sweat it when
you dont know the answer.
5. Set realistic targets and achieve them.
Be realistic you can only achieve speeds of 100 words per minute or more if you have the time
to dedicate to shorthand. Set goals which are achievable (but challenging) within the time and
effort youre willing to put in. Set a target of 40wpm and master this before moving on to
50wpm, and so on.
It can be difficult to find comprehensive shorthand resources online, particularly free ones, so I
hope these tips are useful for you whether youre a beginner or just want to improve your
skills. If its still a bit baffling then refer back to my previous post for a reminder of the basics of
Teeline shorthand. As Ive said before, signing up for a course where you can ask questions and
get one to one teaching will be the most effective way to learn shorthand. Please do leave a
comment as Id love to get your feedback, Ill also do my best to answer any questions you
might have.

Footnotes:
1.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_reporter
2.) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13035979
3.) http://www.occupationalinfo.org/20/202362010.html
4.) http://www.pattiblair.com/history.htm
5.) http://www.legallanguage.com/legal-articles/court-reporting-history/
6.) http://www.shorthandshorthandshorthand.com/Speedbuilding.htm
7.) http://emmalaw.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/5-ways-to-increase-shorthand-speed/