AOE 5104 Assignment 3

1. Write out the three components of acceleration in the Eulerian scheme for each of the fllowing:

a) the rectangular Cartesian system,

b) the cylindrical coordinate system, and

c) the spherical coordinate system.

2. In class 6, we found that the rate of change (R.O.C.) of a property N of a system is given by

R S
DN
dR dS
Dt t

= +

v n i

where density,
N
mass
= (N may be one of many things:
mass of the system, momentum of the system, energy of the system, etc.), R is a fixed(i.e., independent of
time) volume in an inertial reference frame (called the control volume), S is the surface that encloses R,
v is the velocity and n is the unit-vector field normal to the surface of S.

a) Define system and explain how it differs from particle.

b) Explain the difference indicated by the symbols
D
Dt
and
t

.

c) If N denotes the mass of the system, show that the general formula above reduces to:


( )
0
R S
D mass
dR dS
Dt t

= +

v n i

=

3. The equation in part c) can be converted into a differential equation by shrinking the volume R to a
point, i.e., by letting 0 R :

We note that
0
lim
R
R
dR dR
t t

, also that ( )
0
lim
R
R dR

and, from the integral definition of the divergence of a vector (see slide 5 of the slides for Class 4),

( )
0 0 0
1 1
lim lim lim Div( )
R R R
S S
dS R dS R dR
R R



= =




v n v n v i i

;

thus,
0 0 0
1
lim lim lim
R R R
R S R S
dR dS dR dS R
t t R




+ = +





v n v n i i



Div( ) 0 Div( ) 0 dR
t t



= + = + =



v v

The statement of conservation of mass is called the continuity equation in fluid mechanics.




a) Using the integral definition, show that, for a Cartesian coordinate system,


0
1
Div lim
y
x z
R
S
v
v v
dS
R x y z

= +

+

v v n i

where
x y z
v v v = + + v i j k and R is the volume
enclosed by S

b) Then show that the continuity equation can be written as


( ) ( ) ( )
Div( ) Div 0
y
x z
v
v v D
t t x y z Dt

+ = + + + = +

v v =