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( )
= 0.620 M
b) Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar
Titration 1
Volume of NaOH
(ml)
pH
0 3.17
2 3.88
4 4.25
6 4.47
8 4.67
10 4.84
12 4.97
14 5.09
16 5.21
18 5.35
20 5.46
22 5.61
24 5.77
26 5.99
28 6.31
30 7.45
32 12.11
34 12.45
36 12.55
When pH is 7, the volume of NaOH is 28.5mL
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
p
H
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Titration of Vinegar with NaOH
Titration 1
Titration 2
Volume of NaOH
(ml)
pH
0 3.29
2 4.02
4 4.34
6 4.57
8 4.75
10 4.90
12 5.05
14 5.18
16 5.30
18 5.43
20 5.55
22 5.70
24 5.86
26 6.06
28 6.32
30 7.03
32 12.03
34 12.49
36 12.65
When the pH is 7, the NaOH is 29.9mL
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
p
H
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Titration of Vinegar with NaOH
Titration 2
Calculation
1
st
titration
a) Moles of NaOH that reacted :
= 0.01767 mol NaOH
b) Molarity of the CHCOOH :
1 mole of NaOH 1 moles of CHCOOH
0.01767 mole of NaOH 0.01767 moles of CHCOOH
CHCOOH
c) Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution
d) Percentage by mass of acetic acid in the solution
2
nd
titration
a) Moles of NaOH that reacted :
= 0.018538 mol NaOH
b) Molarity of the CHCOOH :
1 mole of NaOH 1 moles of CHCOOH
0.018538 mole of NaOH 0.018538 moles of CHCOOH
CHCOOH
c) Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution
d) Percentage by mass of acetic acid in the solution
Average molarity of acetic acid
( )
= 1.8104 M
Average percentage
( )
( )
= 10.87%
Sample calculation for standardization a base with NaOH
Let, equivalence point =
Mass of KHP = Y grams (g)
moles of KHP (KCH
3
H
4
O
4
) used in the titration
= Y g KHP
= V mol of KHP
Number of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used
= V
mol KHP
= Z
mol
Volume of solution
= Y mL
=Y L
Molarity of NaOH solution
Molarity ( M ) =
( )
( )
=
= A Molal (M)
Sample calculation for determine the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration with
standardized base.
A 40.00 mL aliquot of vinegar requires U mL of A M standardized NaOH solution to reach the
equivalence point of the titration. Calculate the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
the vinegar solution. Assume the density of the vinegar solution is 1.00 g/mL.
Equivalence point: U mL
Number of moles of NaOH that reacted
= y mL
= y L NaOH
=y L NaOH
= Z mol NaOH
Z mol NaOH react with T mol of CH
3
COOH
Volume of solution
= 10.0 mL
= 0.01 L
Molarity of acetic acid (CH
3
COOH)
Molarity ( M ) =
( )
( )
=
= C Molal (M)
Mass of acetic acid
Number of moles =
( )
(
)
T mol of CH
3
COOH =
( )
(
)
mass = H g
Mass of solution
= 1 mL
= 10 g
Mass percent of acetic acid
Percent solute =
( )
( )
=
= D % of CH
3
COOH
DISCUSSION
This experiment was constructed to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass
of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution. The
experiment perform by a titration of the sodium hydroxide into the KHP and vinegar. From the
titration, the volume of the sodium hydroxide titrate was recorded to plot the graph. From the
graph, we can determine the accurate volume to neutralize the KHP and vinegar solution. From
the volume, we can determine the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by do
the several calculation.
In this experiment, we get the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. Even
though we get the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid, it might be not the accurate one.
This is because of the several errors that might be happened during the experiment. One of the
error that might be happen during the experiment is parallax error. The reading of the sodium
hydroxide solution in the burette may be not accurate. This is because it might have air bubble at
the end of the burette. This will give the effect to the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used
to neutralize the KHP and the vinegar.
Besides that, it might be an error happen during the measurement of pH value. The pH reading
taken may not the actual reading because the solution might be not mixed well. This happen
because we take the pH reading after the titration without wait it until it really mixed. It will give
effect on the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize the KHP and the
vinegar.
Furthermore, it might be an error happen that cause by the surrounding. For example when we
want to measure the mass of KHP in the balance. We might not get the accurate 1.5 grams of
KHP. This is because of the balance is too sensitive. It can detect the small change in mass. The
air molecule might influence the mass of KHP because we not close the surrounding of the
beaker while taking the mass of the KHP.
An error also might be happen during we measure the volume of vinegar for titration. We use the
volumetric pipette to measure the volume of vinegar. The pipette that we use is not function well.
We just take the approximate reading of the pipette.All this error will influence the result that we
get.
RECOMMANDATIONS
In a way to get more accurate results, several steps can be done to give us more accurate results.
The steps that can be do during the experiment to get more accurate results is make sure the eye
is parallel to the reading of burette during we do the titration. Also make sure there is no air
bubble at the end of the burette. The air bubble must be removed to get the accurate volume of
sodium hydroxide. Furthermore, during we measure the mass of KHP, make sure we close the
balance. Therefore, the air molecule will not effected the reading of balance. Another way to get
the more accurate result, make sure we mixed the solution well before we take the pH reading of
the solution. If the solution not mixed well, it will give the different reading of pH. Moreover, we
have to make sure that the apparatus that we use during the experiment must be in good in a way
to get more accurate reading.
CONCLUSION
The objective of the experiment was achieved. The molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid
in vinegar was determine from the calculation of the results. From the experiment, we get the
average molarity of sodium hydroxide is 0.620 M, the average molarity of acetic acid is 1.8104
M and the average percent by mass of acetic acid is 10.87 % .
REFERENCES
ChemCollective (2014) Determine the concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar .
Retrieved at 10 October 2014 : http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/131
TitrationInfo(n.d) Determination of acetic acid in vinegar by titration
Retrieved at 10 October 2014 :http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-acetic-acid-
in-vinegar
Eileen Y.L and Cham (2009) Determination of Ethanoic Acid in Vinegar
Retrieved at 10 October 2014: http://www.slideshare.net/wkkok1957/determination-of-
concentration-of-ethanoic-acid-in-vinegar-by-titration
Lab Manual (UiTM Shah Alam, 2014) Determination of Acetic Acid in Vineger.
APPENDIXES