Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985

1876-6102 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of International Materials Science Society.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.302
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com


Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
Energy
Procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

2012 International Conference on Future Engery, Environment, and Materials
Coordination of Generation and Transmission Planning for
Power System with Large Wind Farms
Xiufan Ma, Ying Zhou
Electricity Market Research Institution
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China

Abstract
This paper proposes a model of coordination planning between the power plants and the power network including
large wind farms. The objective function consists of expansion costs of both transmission and generation. In the part
of transmission planning cost, it uses risk factor to express risky constraints, and risk assessment fee to evaluate
overload risk. The risk factor has realized quantization of risk, so it is able to deal with the uncertainty of wind power
output and loads. The risk assessment cost reflects transmission programming risk as an economic index, which is
comparable with the network investment cost. In the part of generation planning cost, the environmental costs of all
generators are used to achieve optimal comprehensive social benefits. The impacts of wind farms on system peak
regulation and frequency regulation are considered in the form of constraints.

2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [name organizer]

Keywords-wind farm; generation expansion; transmission expansion; coordinated planning
1. Introduction
In order to deal with the world-wide energy crisis, wind farms have been developed rapidly in recent
years to generate electric power from renewable wind power. However, unlike conventional generation
sources, wind power is low-controllable, stochastic, intermittent and anti-peak-shaving, and it therefore
introduces uncertainties for operation and planning of power system with large proportion of wind farms.
Large wind farms are generally far from the load center, and the grid in the access point grid is weak, so
there is need to strengthen the construction of power transmission network to accept more wind power,
which requires coordination of generation and transmission planning. With the separation of generation
from transmission, the original single investor was differentiated into multiple investors. It is necessary to
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of International Materials Science Society.
1980 Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
research coordination of generation and transmission planning for power system with large wind farms
under the interaction among multiple investors investment strategies.
Nowadays, research on coordination of generation and transmission planning for power system with
large wind farms is still in the exploration period. In the literature about planning methods of transmission
system with large wind farm, [1] has analyzed how to deal with large amounts of intermittent generation
resources connected to the grid. The impact of wind power integration in bulk electric system reliability
analysis is conducted on the selected transmission reinforcement alternatives to determine the optimum
planning option in [2]. [3-4] proposes a chance constrained formulation to tackle the uncertainties of load
and wind generator in transmission network expansion planning. Based on the multi-scenario probability
method, the uncertain factors, such as wind farm power output, load change and economy, are described
by scenario occurrence in [5]. Wind energy exploitation indexes and energy saving indexes are proposed
to evaluate the planning models in [6]. In the literature about generation expansion planning with wind
power plants, [7] utilizes WASP, a state-of-the art computer model, to obtain optimal generation
expansion plans for an electric utility. A forward dynamic programming algorithm is utilized to determine
the optimal expansion planning of a generation system with renewable energy sources operating in
parallel with a large-scale network in [8]. [9] studies the long-term competitiveness of introducing
renewable energy sources alongside the conventional generating units in a generation expansion plan by
linking a short-term study and a long-term planning model. [10] proposes a model of the optimal
expansion planning of wind-diesel energy system based on improved genetic algorithm, using penalty
function to penalize the scheme not meeting constraints.
This paper proposes a model of coordination planning between the power plants and the power
network including large wind farms. The objective function consists of expansion costs of both
transmission and generation. In the part of transmission planning cost: The variable characteristics of
wind power are similar to those of the loads, in that both of them are uncontrollable. When the load and
wind generator are considered in transmission network planning, the investment of the newly-built power
lines may be very high to guarantee all the transmission lines will not be overloaded at any time. A
rational choice is to relax some constraints appropriately, so that the optimal planning scheme will be
obtained within the risk constraint that some lines may be overloaded. This thesis, using quantification
risk assessment cost as a part of transmission planning cost to show the cost caused by these security
risks, establishes power transmission system model which considers risk constraint. As a result, a
comparison between the risk expense and investment expense becomes obvious. In the part of generation
planning cost, the environmental costs of all generators are used to achieve optimal comprehensive social
benefits. The impacts of wind farms on system peak regulation and frequency regulation are considered in
the form of constraints.
2. Wind Farms
There are two modes to integrate wind farms into power system[11]: large-scale wind farm is directly
connected with the power network through transmission lines; small-capacity wind farm or wind turbine
is integrated into distribution network in the form of distributed generation. This article focuses on the
former.
Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985 1981
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000


Figure 1. Typical connection mode of large wind farm with transmission network




Figure 2. Connection mode of small wind turbine with distribution network as distributed generation

A grid connected wind farm is usually composed of more than one wind turbine generators with large
capacity, so it has large-scale units (50kW5 MW) and can be installed and controlled centralized. Wind
turbine generator, composed of wind turbine and generator, is the main generation equipment, and is
integrated into transmission network after its output voltage boosts several times from the initial value
690V. The typical connection mode is shown in Fig. 1. The output voltage of wind turbine generator rises
to 35kV through 0.69/35 kV box substation, and then access 220kV booster substation to do a second
boosting. In addition to maintenance of power systems, large wind farm is always lined with the power
grid
A wind farm or wind turbine generator usually connects with distribution grid as distributed generation
if its capacity is small. Distributed wind power, energy storage devices, energy conversion devices, load,
monitor equipments and protection installation can constitute a micro-grid system operating
independently or grid-connectedly. The connection mode of small wind turbine with distribution network
as distributed generation is shown in Fig. 2.



1982 Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
3. Concordant model of generation and transmission expansion
From the perspective of physical operating rules in power system, generation and transmission are
integrated in essence. The network is a tache between electricity production and electricity transaction,
but on the other hand it may be a barrier to transact reasonably and compete impartially in electricity
market, which needs to construct a strong network structure. However, excessively emphasizing network
construction will lead some problems such as utilization efficiency reduction, resources wasting, and
overlapping investment. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate the expansion planning between
generation and transmission.
The mathematical model is

G T
C C Z + = min (1)
where Z is the total construction cost of power system planning. and are transmission
expansion cost and generation expansion cost respectively.
T
C
G
C
3.1 The Transmission Expansion Cost
When uncertainty of loads and wind generator is considered in transmission network planning, the
investment of the newly built power lines may be very high to guarantee all the transmission lines not
overloaded at any time. A rational choice is to relax some constraints appropriately, so that the optimal
planning scheme will be obtained within the risk constraint that some lines may be overloaded. This
chapter, using chance constraints risk denotation and basing itself on risk factor, and using quantification
risk assessment cost to show the cost caused by these security risks. As a result, a comparison between
the risk expense and investment expense becomes obvious, and the planning of transmission system with
large wind farm will achieve both safety and economy in this way.
The transmission expansion cost can be expressed as

S I T
C C C + = (2)
Subject to:
P B = (3)
{ } > =
Lmax L r
P P P r (4)
( ) 0 X f (5)
( ) 0 X (6)
In formulation (2), C is the total cost of transmission expansion including cost of lines added to the
network and risk cost. C is the cost of lines added to the network. is risk assessment cost.
T
I S
C is risk
coefficient, whose appropriate value is selected according to the needs of network reliability.
In the equality constraint (3), B is the node admittance matrix, is node voltage phase angle vector.
is the nodal injected active power array. P
In the inequality constraint (4), r is risk factor, and is a given threshold value of risk factor, which is
set by transmission planners according to risk preference or the development stage of the grid. {}
r
L
P is
probability of events. is active power flow array. is power flow limit array. P
Lmax
P
Inequality constraint (5) demonstrates network structure constraints such as maximum number of lines
that can be added to every two buses. Inequality constraint (6) describes constraints of transmission
Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985 1983
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
network optimal operation, including generator output constraints, load constraints and available transfer
capability limitations of lines.
3.2 The Generation Expansion Cost
When research the power system with large-scale wind farms, it is necessary to analyze
comprehensive social benefits of wind power. Compared with conventional generation sources, wind
power will economize the cost on fuel consumption, construction investment and contaminated
environment remediation. Meanwhile, it should be considered that the peak-valley difference is tending to
increase because of the connection between wind farm and grid. To reply the impact of variable wind
farm output on power system, it should ensure that the system has sufficient peak modulation capacity
and frequency regulation besides meeting the electric power and energy balance constraint.
According to the unit features, construction requirements and running roles in system, power source
can be divided into several kinds: a) Nuclear power plants, operate as base-load supply; b) Thermal power
plants, including Coal-fired units, gas units, fuel units and thermal units, operate as base-load supply or
peak-load supply, and can take part in peak load and frequency regulation; c) Hydropower plants, whose
unit commitment and adjustment are rapid, are suitable to be peak-load supply; d) Wind farms, whose
output are low-controllable, are base-load supply not involving in proactive peak load and frequency
regulation.
The generation expansion cost can be denoted as

0
C C C C C C
w h f n G
+ + + + = (7)
where , , and are expansion costs of the alternative nuclear power plants, thermal
power plants, hydropower plants and wind farms respectively. is costs of the existing power plants.
n
C C
f
C
h
)
)
)
)
)
d
w
C
0
C
(

=
+ + =
n
N
i
i i i i n
d c b a C
1
N
(8)
(9) (

=
+ + =
f
j
j j j j f
d c b a C
1
N
(

=
+ =
h
k
k k k h
c b a C
1
N
(10)
(

=
+ =
w
l
l l l w
c b a C
1
N
(11)
(

=
+ =
0
1
0
m
m m m
d c b C (12)
In the formulations (8)~(12), a , , and are fixed cost, operation cost, additional income and
environmental cost of the i -th nuclear power plant respectively. , , and are fixed cost,
operation cost, additional income and environmental cost of the
i i
b
i
c
i
d
j
a
j
b c
j j
j -th thermal power plant respectively.
, and are fixed cost, operation cost and additional income of the k -th hydropower plant
respectively. , b and are fixed cost, operation cost and additional income of the l -th wind farm
k
a
k
b
k
c
l l
a
l
c
1984 Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
m m
respectively. , and are operation cost, additional income and environmental cost of the m-th
existing power plant respectively.
m
b c d
The constraint conditions includes generator construction, electric power and energy balance,
reliability requirement, system peak regulation and frequency regulation.
The peak modulation capacity constraint is
max
1
max
1 1 1 1
0
L
N
m
m
N
l
l l
N
k
k k
N
j
j j
N
i
i i
P P
P P P P
W
h
f
n
+
+ + +

=
= = = =

(13)
are the peak modulation depth of nuclear power plant i , thermal power plant Where
i
,
j
,
k
,
l

j , hydropower plant k and the existing power plant l . , , , and are the amount of
alternative nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, hydropower plants, wind farms and the existing
power plants respectively. is the maximum output change of the m-th wind farm. is the
maximum peakvalley load difference in system.
n
N
f
N
h
N
W
N
0
N
max
m
P
max
L
P
The frequency regulation constrain is
max
1
max
1 1 1 1
0
L P
P P P P
L
N
m
m m
N
l
l l
N
k
k k
N
j
j j
N
i
i i
W
h
f
n


+
+ + +

=
= = = =
(14)
i

l
, , and Where are the maximum regulation speed of nuclear power plant i , thermal power
plant j , hydropower plant k and the existing power plant l . , , , and are the
amount of alternative nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, hydropower plants, wind farms and the
existing power plants respectively.
n
N
f
N
h
N N
W 0
N
m
is the maximum output change ratio of m-th wind farm in the
opposite direction with load variation.
L
is the maximum load variation rate in system. L is the
maximum load in system.
max
4. Model Calculation
It is difficult to calculate this model using traditional optimization methods. Heuristic algorithm can be
used to solve this massive mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. An initial solution is calculated
without considering the constraints of transmission and generation firstly. and then the optimum solution
under the constrains will be obtained by using heuristic algorithm.
5. Conclusion
This paper proposes a model of coordination planning between the power plants and the power
network including large wind farms. The objective function consists of expansion costs of both
transmission and generation. An optimal scheme with minimum social total cost will be obtained .
In the part of transmission planning cost, it uses risk factor to express risky constraints, and risk
assessment fee to evaluate overload risk. The risk factor has realized quantization of risk, so it is able to
Xiufan Ma and Ying Zhou / Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1979 1985 1985
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2011) 000000
deal with the uncertainty of wind power output and loads. The risk assessment cost reflects transmission
programming risk as an economic index, which is comparable with the network investment cost. In the
part of generation planning cost, the environmental costs of all generators are used to achieve optimal
comprehensive social benefits. The impacts of wind farms on system peak regulation and frequency
regulation are considered in the form of constraints.
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