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2, MAY 2011
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I. INTRODUCTION
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Fig. 1. Simplified schematic of the fossil fuel steam power plant process.
Fig. 2. Physical system of boiler pressure effects. (a) Schematic view. (b) Electric analogue model.
storage volume
and out of the storage volume
is
obtained as proportional to the square root of pressure difference between the two storage volumes.
is determined by the heat release
Steam generation flow
in the furnace with a time lag due to the heat capacitance of the
. Finally, the fuel system dynamics can
water wall metal
and a dead time
.
be represented by a time constant
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that there are two major nonlinearities in the plant: one from the governor valve position to the
flow rate through the valve and its control system and another
from the steam flow in superheater because of the square root
relationship between pressure drop and steam flow. Comparatively, the latter is insignificant compared to the former [3].
The recommended model is a simplified model since it is limited to pressure/flow effects. However, field tests have shown
that this model is precise enough for the purpose of long-term
power system stability studies [8].
B. Boiler Turbine Controls
Traditionally, conventional turbine control operates in a
boiler follows turbine mode where changes in steam generation
are initiated by turbine control valves and the boiler controls
respond with appropriate action upon sensing steam pressure
and flow. Another mode of control is the turbine follows boiler
mode where turbine valves are controlled to regulate the boiler
pressure. As a compromise, integrated boiler and turbine
control may be used to achieve both a quick turbine response
and limiting of the changes in the boiler variables. More details
about these control schemes and other control alternatives of
the prime-mover systems can be found in the literature [1], [4].
As the purpose of this work is to study the boiler dynamic
behavior itself, only the boiler follows turbine control mode is
considered. In this control mode, a proportional-integral controller is usually employed to regulate the throttle pressure via
fuel signal.
The model parameters of a specific unit can be derived by
conducting field tests. However, the parameters of the drum type
boiler model can also be derived by the procedure discussed in
the next section.
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(1)
where
,
, and are the mass, volume and density of
the stored steam in kg,
, and
, respectively. In many
cases, there is more than one superheater in series with each
other which are located after the drum output. In this case, the
contribution of all superheaters can be approximated by [5]
(2)
where denotes the number of superheater section. In order to
calculate
, the volume and pressure of each superheater
section and connecting steam leads are required. It is worth
mentioning that pressure and flow units in boiler model are in
per unit and the storage and time constants are in seconds (see
Fig. 3). Therefore, (2) must be modified by normalizing
around the operating point as follows:
(3)
and
are quiescent values of related superheater
where
section pressure and steam flow, respectively.
Drum and water walls contain saturated water which makes
. The
it more complicated to express the storage constant
778
TABLE I
DATA OF A 160-MW STEAM UNIT
TABLE II
SUPERHEATER DATA
(4)
(5)
(6)
and assuming
By solving these equations for
the storage constant of drum and water walls can be
expressed by (7) at the bottom of the page, where the subscript
denotes the variables quiescent values. Similar to storage
should be normalized in vicinity of
constant of superheater,
the operating point. Then we have
(8)
where
is drum pressure and
is the steady state value
of steam mass flow rate in drum output. According to Fig. 3,
the superheater coefficient can be determined by the following
equation:
(9)
As it will be seen in the next section, the overall boiler dynamics is slow. On the other hand, the fuel dynamics are faster
than steam generation dynamics. Furthermore, the typical range
(7)
of the unit in superheaters (9000 kPa to 10 000 kPa) can be expressed by a function of pressure as follows ( in kPa):
779
TABLE III
DRUM TYPE BOILER MODEL PARAMETERS (SEE FIG. 3)
(10)
Then, according to (3) and Tables I and II the storage constant
of the superheaters can be expressed by the following equation:
(11)
These functions and their derivatives can be used in (7) to
. Furthermore, the total mass of saturated steam and
derivate
water are necessary. Depending on the boiler design, the steady
state volume of saturated steam and water can be estimated.
Total mass of saturated steam and saturated water can be easily
calculated by their total volume and the specific volume in operating pressure of drum using (11). As mentioned before, the
steam drum is kept about half full of water during normal operand
ating conditions. Therefore, the approximate values of
are
Fig. 5. Ten percent change in turbine valve, 100% load point without pressure
control.
Parameter
can be obtained from pressure drop between
drum and turbine. According to Table I, at full load
the drum and throttle pressures are 98 500 kPa and 90 000 kPa
respectively. According to (9) we extract:
Figs. 5 and 6 show the response of steam flow, drum pressure, and throttle pressure to a change in turbine control valve
flow area with no change in energy input to the boiler for 100%
and 50% load points, respectively. In this situation, the change
in steam flow will be transient as energy is drawn from boiler
and superheater storage. It can be seen that the change in steam
flow results from change in steam flow area and boiler pressure
deviations.
The dynamic of steam generation process is slower than
dynamics of other components of the power plant. Hence, its
behavior should be considered in long-term transient stability
studies where the time frame of phenomena is in the range of
tens of seconds to several minutes.
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Fig. 6. Ten percent change in turbine valve, 50% load point without pressure
control.
Fig. 8. Ten percent change in turbine valve, 50% load point with pressure control.
Fig. 10. Measured active power of the steam power plant (P = 160 MW).
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REFERENCES
[1] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGrawHill, 1994.
[2] IEEE Committee Report, Dynamic models for steam and hydro turbines in power system studies, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol.
PAS-92, no. 6, pp. 19041915, Nov./Dec. 1973.
[3] IEEE Working Group Report, Dynamic models for fossil fueled steam
units in power system studies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 753761, May 1991.
[4] IEEE Working Group Report, MW response of fossil fueled steam
units, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-92, no. 2, pp. 455463,
Mar./Apr. 1973.
[5] F. P. de Mello, Boiler models for system dynamic performance
studies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 6674, Feb. 1991.
[6] B. Vahidi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, and W. Gawlik, Determining parameters of turbines model using heat balance data of steam power unit
for educational purposes, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
15471553, Nov. 2007.
[7] M. R. Bank Tavakoli, B. Vahidi, and W. Gawlik, An educational guide
to extract the parameters of heavy duty gas turbines model in dynamic
studies based on operational data, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24,
no. 3, pp. 13661374, Aug. 2009.
[8] E. Cheres, Small and medium size drum boiler models suitable for
long term dynamic response, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 5,
no. 4, pp. 686692, Dec. 1990.
[9] G. J. Van Wylen, R. E. Sonntag, and C. Borgnakke, Fundamentals of
Classical Thermodynamics, 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.
Ramezan Ali Naghizadeh (S10) was born in
Hamedan, Iran, in 1981. He received the B.S. degree
in electrical engineering from K. N. Toosi University
of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2004 and M.S. degree
in electrical engineering from Amirkabir University
of Technology, Tehran, in 2007. Currently, he is
pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the Department of
Electrical Engineering of Amirkabir University of
Technology.
His main fields of interest are component modeling
and transients of power systems. He also has been
with the IGMC Company, working on extensive analysis of the Iranian power
system. He is currently with the Iran Grid Secure Operation Research Center.