Lecture F10 Mud: Momentum Theorem Applications

(37respondents)
1. Whats the dierence between D()/Dt and d()/dt ? (1student)
Whatwereafteristhetimerateofchangeofsomeoweldquantitylikep(x, y, z, t),
asseenbyasensormovingasauidelement. Justwritingdp/dt isverysloppymath,
sincep dependsonfourvariablesx, y, z, t,notjustont. Sowemustworkwiththe
fourpartialderivativesofp. Thecorrectexpressionforthetimerateofchangeseen
by thesensoris
p p p p
+ u +v +w
t x y z
butthisislongandtedioustowrite. SoweusetheshorthandDp/Dt forthiswhole
expression.
2. Not clear how D/Dt diers from /t. (2students)
Thepartialderivative/t merelygivestherateofchangeofdensityseenbyxed
sensorsitting at oneparticularx, y, z location. But wereaftertherateseenby asensor
which moves with the ow velocity, so the sensors x, y, z are continually changing.
Using the chain rule then brings in the three spatial partial derivatives /x, y, z
whosecontributionsareaddedtothe/t term. Seepoint1above.
3. Why does time dependence depend on where youre at? (1student)
Look attherstgureintheF10 notesandtrytoseewhythep
1
(t) signalhasadierent
shapethanthep
2
(t) signal. Inparticular,wereafterthet derivativeof asignal,which
aredierentforthetwosensors,evenwhenthesensorsareinstantaneously atthesame
point.
4. What is the substantial derivative used for? (3students)
Aphysicist might useitforformulating equationswhichdescribesomephysicalprocess
happeningtoauid element(combustion,precipitateformation,heat conduction,...).
Anexperimentalistmightuseittodetermineuidaccelerationsfromthe

V (x, y, z, t)
eld measured in the lab frame. A computational aerodynamicist might use it to
formulatetheequationsofmotiontoallownumericalsolution,etc,etc,etc.
5. What are some example applications? (2students)
Inthecurrentproblemsetyouwill useD/Dt todeducethepressureeldfromagiven
velocityeld. Wewillcomebacktoitoccasionallylaterinthecourse.
6. What is

F
viscous
? How do you calculate it? (2students)
F
viscous
is theforceapplied tothe controlvolume boundaryby viscous stresses, the
mainonebeingtheviscousshearstress. Thefullexpression for

F
viscous
usingthe
velocitiesandviscosityislongandtedious,andnotreallyimportantatthispoint. We
willlookatitindetaillaterinthecoursewhendealingwithviscousows.
7. How do you know that p/x +g
x
+(F
x
)
viscous
is force/volume? (1student)
Firstofall,theunitsofeachtermisN/m
3
,whichisoneclue. Second,thepressure
gradientalsoappearsintheprimaryhydrostaticbuoyancyequation:
(F
x
)
buoyancy
= (p/x) volume

whichclearlyshowsthatp/x isequaltotheappliedforce/volume.
8. Clarify the interpretations of Control-Volume vs. Substantial Derivative
forms of continuity. (3students)
LookatthelastgureintheF10notestohelpvisualization. Seealsomudpoint2
above. Thecontrol-volume(CV)formis

=

V
t
or...TherateofchangeofmassinsideaxedCVisequaltothemassowoutof
theCV,allperunitvolume
Thesubstantialderivativeformis
1D
= V
Dt
or ...Fractional rate of change of density of a moving uid element is equal and
oppositetotheexpansionrateoftheuidelement
9. When asked to nd the derivative (.e.g acceleration), will it be specied
what the sensor motion should be? (1student)
Thesubstantialderivative(sensormoveswithlocal

V ) istheonlyphysically-meaningful
way togettheaccelerationof theuid,ifyouwanttoapplyF =ma forinstance. In
practice,physicalconsiderationsdictatehowthederivativeshouldbedened.
10. Can the substantial derivative be used to get 2nd derivatives? (1student)
Yes, butits notnecessary in practice, since second time derivatives do notappear
inphysically-derivedequationsofuidmotion. Secondderivativeslike
2
()/t
2
might
appear,but only aftersomeelaboratemathematical manipulationsof theequations. In
8.01,forexample,F =ma couldhavebeenwrittenasdF/dt =m da/dt =m d
2
u/dt
2
,
butthed
2
u/dt
2
hereiscompletelyarticial.
11. Many sections in Chapter 3 of Anderson apply to Pset questions. Can you
add these to the reading list? (1student)
Chapter2isfortoolbuilding, whileChapters3onwardaremoreconcernedwith
applicationsofthesetools. Ifyoundithelpfultoreadahead,thenbyallmeansdo
so. Itsnotpracticalformetoassignreadingnotonlyforthebasicmaterial,butalso
alllaterapplicationswhich appearinthebook. Thereadinglistforeachlecturewould
behuge,withlotsofmaterialextraneoustowhatweretryingtofocuson.
12. No mud (15students)