.

Lithos 45 1998 2944

Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites
Paul J. Sylvester
),1
Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National Uniersity, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Received 28 January 1998; accepted 25 June 1998
Abstract
.
Strongly peraluminous SP granites have formed as a result of post-collisional processes in various orogens. In
high-pressure collisions such as the European Alps and Himalayas, post-collisional exhumation of overthickened crust
.
)50 km , heated by radiogenic decay of K, U and Th during syn-collisional thickening, produced small- to moderate-
.
volume, cool -8758C SP granite melts with high Al O rTiO ratios. In high-temperature collisions such as the
2 3 2
. .
Hercynides and Lachlan Fold Belt LFB , there was less syn-collisional crustal thickening F50 km . Crustal anatexis was
related to post-collisional lithospheric delamination and upwelling of hot asthenosphere, forming large-volume, hot
. .
G8758C SP granite melts with low Al O rTiO ratios. Both clay-rich, plagioclase-poor -5% pelitic rocks and
2 3 2
.
clay-poor, plagioclase-rich )25% psammitic rocks have been partially melted in high-pressure and high-temperature
.
collisional orogens, with the pelite-derived SP granites tending to have lower CaOrNa O ratios -0.3 than their
2
psammite-derived counterparts. The predominance of pelite-derived SP granites in the Himalayas and psammite-derived SP
granites in the LFB suggests that mature continental platforms made up more of the accreted crust in the Himalayan collision
than in the LFB. q1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Granites; Plate collision; Suture zones; Orogeny; Anatexis
1. Introduction
Subduction of oceanic lithosphere has invariably
led to closure of ocean basins, collisions between
island-arcs and continental blocks, and the formation
of granite magmatism along the resulting sutures

Pitcher, 1983; Pearce et al., 1984; Harris et al.,

.
1986 . This collisional tectonic setting is distinct
)
Tel.: q709-737-4736; Fax: q709-737-2589; E-mail:
pauls@sparky2.esd.mua.ca
1
Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial
University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NF, Canada A1B 3X5.
from the preceding one of oceanic plate subduction
.
and commonly involves 1 an early syn-collisional
stage of thrusting and folding, resulting in crustal
.
thickening; and 2 a later post-collisional stage of
strikeslip and extensional faulting, reflecting ad-
justment of the accreted blocks to waning compres-
sional stresses and leading to final stabilization.
Collision-related granites exhibit a variety of
compositions, commonly divided into calc-alkaline
. .
Pitcher, 1983 , alkaline Sylvester, 1989 and, the
particular concern of this paper, strongly peralumi-
nous varieties. Peraluminous granites have ratios of
.
molecular Al O r CaOqNa OqK O or Ar
2 3 2 2
0024-4937r98r$ - see front matter q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
. PII: S0024- 4937 98 00024- 3
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 30
.
CNK exceeding 1, but strongly peraluminous SP
granites possess ArCNK ratios G1.1. This is re-
flected in a mineralogy that includes highly-
aluminous primary phases such as muscovite,

cordierite, garnet, tourmaline and andalusite Miller,

.
1985 . Many are leucogranites, by definition contain-
ing -5% mafic minerals, but others are granites
.
s.s. , granodiorites and even some tonalites Chap-
.
pell and White, 1992 . SiO concentrations are gen-
2
erally )67 wt.%, initial
87
Srr
86
Sr )0.706, initial
18

-y2 and d O)q9.5 Le Fort et al., 1987;

Nd
.
White and Chappell, 1988 .
Collision-related SP granites appear to have origi-
nated through a diverse set of processes. Some are
exposed along thrust sheets or shear zones and are
deformed; others crop out as completely post-tectonic
.
plutons Searle et al., 1997; Finger et al., 1997 .
Some may have formed from partial melts of quartz-
.
ofeldspathic meta-igneous orthogneiss crustal rocks
.
Miller, 1985 or by reaction between basaltic melts
.
and crustal rocks Patino Douce, 1995 . However,
many others contain metasedimentary enclaves
.
White and Chappell, 1988 or are associated with
.
migmatitic paragneiss Le Fort et al., 1987 , suggest-
ing an origin wholly or dominantly from partial
melts of metasedimentary rocks in the crust. Both
mature argillaceous-rich pelitic rocks, principally
.
meta-shales Searle et al., 1997 , and immature
quartzofeldspathic-rich psammitic rocks, principally
.
meta-greywackes White and Chappell, 1988 , seem
to have been involved. Anatexis may have resulted

from decompression of over-thickened crust Le Fort

.
et al., 1987 , fluid focusing along crustal shear zones
.
Strong and Hanmer, 1981 , or advectionrconduc-
tion of mantle-derived heat into the lower crust
.
Wickham and Oxburgh, 1987 .
In part because of the diversity of SP granite
magmatism, there is considerable uncertainty about
its relationship to collisional tectonism. Are most
collision-related SP granites the products of syn-col-
lisional crustal thickening or are they related to
subsequent post-collisional events? Were all colli-
sion-related SP granite generated at similar tempera-
tures in the crust or were certain collisional orogens
characterized by hotter granite magmas than oth-
ers? What would hot SP granite magmas indicate
about the evolution of the lithosphere in collision
zones? Do metasedimentary-derived SP granites have
dominantly pelitic sources in certain collision-related
orogens and psammitic sources in others? If so, what
does this suggest about the nature of the crustal
blocks involved in the collisions?
This paper addresses these questions and presents
a general framework in which collision-related SP
granites can be understood. In essence it is argued
that there is a spectrum of collisional orogens, which
is reflected in the diversity of collision-related SP
granites. In high-pressure collisions, the crust was
thickened to more than ;50 km by thrust stacking
.
and shortening. Cool ;8758C or less SP granite
melts formed primarily by a two-step process involv-
.
ing 1 syn-collisional, in situ radiogenic heating;
.
and 2 post-collisional decompression melting along
some of the deep-rooted thrusts. In high-tempera-
ture collisions, the crust remained comparatively
. .
thin F50 km , and hot G8758C SP granite
magmatism was primarily the product of a post-colli-
sional, mantle-derived heat source. This model is
developed by examining both the geologic character-
istics and chemical compositions of collision-related
SP granites and, in particular, their CaOrNa O and
2
Al O rTiO ratios.
2 3 2
2. Timing of SP granites: syn-collisional or post-
collisional?
. .
Pitcher 1983 , Pearce et al. 1984 and Harris et
.
al. 1986 suggested that collision-related SP granites
formed during the early syn-collisional phase of
crustal shortening and stacking, and contrasted them
with a later post-collisional phase of potassium-rich
calc-alkaline or I-type Caledonian granites, formed
during uplift, extension and strikeslip faulting.
However, it is now apparent that the large majority
of collision-related SP granites are best described as
post-collisional, in that they were emplaced after
the climax of crustal thickening. This is certainly
true of the voluminous and widespread 340300 Ma
SP granites of the Hercynian orogeny of Europe:
almost all post-date an early collision-related
.
medium-pressure Barrovian metamorphic event and
are instead associated with later high-temperaturer
low-pressure regional metamorphism and extensional

and strikeslip fault movements Strong and Han-

.
mer, 1981; Wickham, 1987; Finger et al., 1997 . The
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 31
SP granites are spatially and temporally associated

with calc-alkaline granites Emmermann, 1977; Frasl

.
and Finger, 1991; Pamic et al., 1996 that would
undoubtedly be classified as post-collisional using
the PitcherPearceHarris scheme.
Collision-related SP granites in the European Alps
also appear to be post-collisional. Following colli-
sion-related high-pressure regional metamorphism at
4535 Ma, a trivial amount of SP granite formed
between 3325 Ma, along with moderate volumes of

calc-alkaline granite Visona and Zirpoli, 1984; von

.
Blanckenburg, 1992; Bellieni et al., 1996 and minor
extension-related shoshoniticrultrapotassic magma-
.
tism Venturelli et al., 1984 . The granites were
emplaced along the PeriadriaticInsubric strikeslip
fault system during post-folding northsouth trans-
gression and eastwest extension, commonly de-

scribed as post-collisional e.g., Altherr et al.,

.
1995 .
In the Caledonian orogeny of Britain, the main
440390 Ma phase of plutonism is the type example
of the post-collisional calc-alkaline granite suite of
.
Pitcher 1983 , but this event also involved the em-
placement of numerous SP granites, particularly south

of the Iapetus suture Hall, 1972; Harmon et al.,

.
1984; OBrien et al., 1985; Sweetman, 1987 . There
are some SP granites that formed before the main
phase of plutonism, during or just after the climax of
;480 Ma Barrovian metamorphism of the Grampian
Orogeny. However, as this tectonothermal event oc-
curred before final closure of the Iapetus Ocean, it is
unclear how these granites relate to the Caledonian
.
collision Harmon et al., 1984 .
Even in the High Himalaya, moderate volumes of
so-called syn-collisional SP granites were emplaced
.
between 2414 Ma Scharer et al., 1986 , probably
just after the climax of high-pressure metamorphism
and at the beginning of a period of rapid uplift and
.
exhumation Searle et al., 1997 . At just about the
.
same time ;20 Mapresent , small volumes of
shoshoniticrultrapotassic volcanics and SP granites
.
McKenna and Walker, 1990 began forming to the
north on the Tibetan Plateau, during extension-driven
collapse that is widely described as post-collisional
.
e.g., Turner et al., 1996 . Thus, Himalayan SP
granites formed very late in the period of collision-
related crustal thickening, some 30 million years or
.
more after the collision began Scharer et al., 1986 ,
and it is likely their appearance marked the start of
post-collisional events in this orogen.
3. High-pressure vs. high-temperature collisional
orogens
The well-studied Himalayan orogen is often used
as a template for collisional orogenesis; however it
has been long known that there is significant diver-
.
sity among collisional belts. Zwart 1967 introduced
the concept of a duality of orogens, referring in
part to the higher pressure regional metamorphism of
the Alps as compared to that in the Hercynides. This
concept remains relevant, and helps understand the
diversity of post-collisional SP granites.
In the Alps and Himalayas, widespread high-pres-
sure metamorphism preceded SP granite plutonism
.
Scharer et al., 1986; von Blanckenburg, 1992 , sug-
gesting that syn-collisional crustal thickening was
extreme in these orogens. For instance, the presence
of pyropecoesite rocks in the Alps suggests subduc-
tion of sialic crust to depths of ;130 km during the

Alpine collision, at least locally Gebauer et al.,

.
1997 . Moreover, seismic data indicate that the crust

beneath Tibet is now ;70 km thick Hirn et al.,

.
1984 , twice the thickness of normal continental
crust. Post-collisional exhumation of the overthick-
ened crust, after an incubation period of in situ

radiogenic decay of heat-producing elements K, U,

.
Th at depth, probably led to the production of small
to moderate volumes of SP granites in these belts
.
Le Fort et al., 1987; Searle et al., 1997 . Modelling

of this process of anatexis Zen, 1988; Thompson

.
and Connolly, 1995 indicates that the extent of
melting would have increased with the length of the
incubation period, and decreased with the exhuma-
tion rate of the thickened crust. This may explain
why SP granites are much rarer in the Alps than in
the Himalayas. Although both collisions began at
;50 Ma, exhumation of high-pressure Alpine meta-
morphic rocks occurred somewhat earlier than in the

Himalayas ;35 vs. 25 Ma; Scharer et al., 1986;

.
von Blanckenburg, 1992 and, at least locally, oper-

ated at remarkably rapid rates 20 kmrMa; Gebauer

.
et al., 1997 .
Compared to the Alpine and Himalayan colli-
sions, crustal thickening during the Hercynian colli-
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 32
sion was probably modest, as reflected in the early,
syn-collisional regional metamorphism being more
.
generally of a medium-pressure Barrovian type
.
e.g., Finger et al., 1997 . Estimates of maximum
crustal thicknesses produced during collisions in an-
cient orogens are necessarily model dependent but
.
the balanced cross sections of Behrmann et al. 1991
suggest ;50 km for the Hercynides. Moreover,
large volumes of Hercynian granites are associated
with a widespread post-collisional high-tempera-
turerlow pressure metamorphic event that is largely
absent in the Alpine and Himalayan collisions. In
situ radiogenic heating will not typically produce
extensive high-temperaturerlow pressure metamor-

phism and melting in -50-km thick crust Thomp-

.
son and Connolly, 1995 . Instead, the high-tempera-
ture metamorphism and SP granite genesis probably
reflect a large mantle heat source at the base of the

crust caused by asthenospheric upwelling Wickham

.
and Oxburgh, 1987; Thompson and Connolly, 1995

following slab break-off Davies and von Blancken-

.
burg, 1995 and lithospheric delamination Black and
.
Liegeois, 1993 . Modelling e.g., Davies and von
.
Blanckenburg, 1995 indicates that if the astheno-
sphere was able to ascend to depths of 50 km or less,
in the wake of lithosphere thinned by delamination,
mantle melting would have been possible and basaltic
magmatism injected into the crust could have led to
widespread melting and post-collisional granite gen-
esis. Unlike in the Alps and Himalayas, Hercynian
SP granites are associated with large volumes of
contemporaneous post-collisional calc-alkaline gran-
ites, which exhibit evidence for interaction with
widespread mantle-derived magmas that may have

been derived from the asthenosphere Rottura et al.,

.
1991; Pamic et al., 1996; Finger et al., 1997 .
In the Alps and Himalayas, the main evidence for
post-collisional mantle melting is small-volume
shoshoniticrultrapotassic rocks, which probably re-
flect small-degrees of melting of the mantle litho-
.
sphere Venturelli et al., 1984; Turner et al., 1996 .
Post-collisional calc-alkaline granites are rare or ab-
sent in the Himalayas and form only small to moder-
.
ate volumes in the Alps Bellieni et al., 1996 .
Because syn-collisional lithospheric thickening was
much more substantial in the Alps and Himalayas, it
is likely that post-collisional lithospheric delamina-
tion was insufficient to allow upwelling astheno-
sphere to rise to melting depths. Asthenospheric
mantle heat would have been transferred to the crust
and mantle lithosphere by conduction, which has
long lag times compared to advective heat transfer
.
Davies and von Blanckenburg, 1995 . Conductive
heating from the mantle may have assisted SP gran-
ite genesis in these orogens but in situ crustal radio-
genic heating and decompression melting during
crustal uplift would have dominated.
These observations suggest that a distinction may
.
be made between 1 high-pressure collisions such
.
as the Alps and Himalayas Fig. 1A , where small-
to moderate-volume cool post-collisional SP gran-
ites formed by decompression melting of overthick-
.
ened crust )50 km heated by the in situ decay of
.
K, U and Th; and 2 high-temperature collisions
.
such as the Hercynides Fig. 1B , in which large-
volume hot post-collisional SP granites formed by
mantle-derived heating of normally thickened crust
.
F50 km after lithospheric delamination. The Cale-
donian orogeny of Britain may represent an interme-
diate case, as it lacks both widespread syn-collisional
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the generation of post-colli-
. . sional SP granites in A thick, high-pressure orogens, and B
thin, high-temperature orogens. Not drawn to scale. Intermediate
cases would be likely where crustal thicknesses on opposing sides
of the suture differed significantly.
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 33
high-pressure metamorphism and post-collisional

high-temperature metamorphism Harmon et al.,

.
1984 .
Another example of a high-temperature collisional
.
orogen may be the Lachlan Fold Belt LFB of
southeastern Australia. The belt lacks the characteris-
tic high-pressure metamorphism and extreme
. . Fig. 2. SiO vs. A molecular Al O r CaOqNa OqK O or
2 2 3 2 2
. . ArCNK and B FeO qMgOqTiO wt.% for post-collisional
t 2
SP granite intrusions compiled from the literature. Data sources:
. European Alps: Bellieni et al. 1996 , Cima di Vila granite dike
. . . number of sampless1 ; Harris et al. 1986 , Novate 1 ; Visona
. . and Zirpoli 1984 , Moschumandl 4 . Himalayas: Ayres and
. . . Harris 1997 , biotite 13 and tourmaline 25 phases of Zanskar;
. . Crawford and Windley 1990 , Sumayar 5 ; Dietrich and Gansser
. . . . 1981 , Chung La 3 , Gophu La 1 , Monlakarchung-Pasalum 5 ;
. . . . Harris et al. 1986 , Gabug 1 ; Inger and Harris 1993 , biotite 4
. . and tourmaline 3 phases of Langtang; Le Fort et al. 1983 ,
. . . Karakorum 2 ; Le Fort et al. 1987 , Manaslu 201 ; McKenna
. . . . and Walker 1990 , BKSP 1 , UBTG 1 and 2MGR 1 of Ulugh
. . . Muztagh; Scaillet et al. 1990 , Gangotri 40 ; Searle et al. 1997 ,
. . biotite 6 and tourmaline 6 phases of Shisha Pangma. European
. . . Hercynides: Arniaud et al. 1984 , Auriat 10 ; Bea et al. 1994 ,
. . . Pedrobernardo 37 ; Emmermann 1977 , Buhlertal 30 , Forbach
. . . . 57 , Oberkirch 20 , Raumunzach 22 , St. Blasien 65 , Steebach
. . . . 55 ; Frasl and Finger 1991 , Altenberg 1 , Eisgarn 1 , Freistadt
. . . . 1 , Plochwald 1 , Scharding 1 ; Gil Ibarguchi et al. 1984 ,
. . . . Dumbria 1 , La Runa 1 , Muxia 1 ; Harris et al. 1986 ,
. . . Barousse 1 ; Cornwall 1 ; Holtz and Barbey 1991 , Tourem
. . . felsic 3 and heterogeneous 5 granites; Neiva et al. 1987 ,
. . . Covao do Curral 1 , Lagoa Comprida 1 , Vale do Rossim 3 ,
. . . Covao do Meio 2 ; Pamic et al. 1996 , Slavonian Mts 38 ;
. . . Rottura et al. 1989 , Bejar MCG 8 ; Rottura et al. 1991 , Capo
. . . Vaticano 12 ; Rottura et al. 1993 , Capo Rasocolmo 8 ; Villa
. . . San Giovanni 4 ; Shaw and Guilbert 1990 , Almendra 1 ,
. . . Barruecopardo 1 , Carnmenellis 1 , Clisson-Mortangne 1 ,
. . . . Duero R. 1 , Lands End 1 , Martinamor 1 , St. Austell 1 , St.
. . . Sylvestre 2 , Tolaba 1 , Vysoky-Kamen 1 ; Strong and Hanmer
. . . . . 1981 , Ploermel 5 , Plomeur 9 , Pontivy 7 , Questembert 16 ,
. . . Quimper 12 ; Wickham 1987 , Trois Seigneurs leucogranite 8 .
. . British Caledonides: Dunham et al. 1965 , Weardale 2 ; Hall
. . . 1972 , Foxdale 1 , northern unit, Leinster 1 , Tullow Lowlands
. . . unit, Leinster 1 ; OBrien et al. 1985 , Threlkeld 13 , Eskdale
. . . 9 , Skiddaw 25 ; Phillips et al. 1981 , Stephens and Halliday
. . . 1980 , Criffell inner granite 2 ; Sweetman 1987 , Non-
. porphyritic Blackstairs Unit, Leinster 9 ; Tindle and Pearce
. . 1981 , Loch Doon cordierite microgranite 1 . Lachlan Fold
. . . Belt: Chappell and White 1992 , Bethanga 1 , Cooma 1 ,
. . . Dalgety 1 , Granya 1 , Jillamatong 1 ; Elburg and Nicholls
. . 1995 , Wilsons Promontory biotite adamellite 1 ; Higgins et al.
. . . . 1985 , Ansons Bay 1 ; Price 1983 , Koetong 5 ; White and
. . . Chappell 1988 , KB142 1 and KB45 1 of Bullenbalong,
. . CV130 1 and CV115 1 of Strathbogie.
amounts of crustal thickening and uplift seen in the
.
Alps and Himalayas Coney, 1992 but does have
many features suggesting plate convergence and col-
lision, including early island-arc rock assemblages

and thin-skinned thrusts Scheibner, 1985; Gray et

.
al., 1997 . In addition, large volumes of syn- to
.
post-tectonic ;430380 Ma calc-alkaline I-type
.
and SP S-type granites Price, 1983; White and
Chappell, 1988; Chappell and White, 1992; Elburg
.
and Nicholls, 1995 were emplaced over a wide area,
including in and along a high-temperaturerlow-pres-
.
sure metamorphic complex the WaggaOmeo zone ,
similar to the situation in the Hercynides. The LFB
I-type granites are similar in composition to the
post-collisional calc-alkaline granites of the British

Caledonides Pitcher, 1983; Chappell and Stephens,

.
1988 , adding further weight to a collisional model
for the LFB.
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 34
4. Chemical compositions of post-collisional SP
granites
In order to test the idea that some collisions
produce hotter SP granites than others, and to exam-
ine differences in the sources of SP granites in
different orogens, the chemical compositions of 88
felsic intrusions from the Alps, Himalayas, Her-
cynides, British Caledonides and LFB have been

compiled from the literature Fig. 2; complete data

.
available from the author on request . Where multi-

ple analyses from an individual intrusion or a dis-

.
tinct magmatic unit of an intrusion were available, a
mean was calculated. Because the large majority of
the SP felsic intrusions have SiO concentrations of
2
67 to 77 wt.%, samples falling outside this range
were excluded. Only samples with ArCNK ratios
G1.1 were considered: most intrusions have ratios
.
falling between 1.1 and 1.4 Fig. 2A . Concentra-
. .
tions in wt.% of TiO 0.030.73 , Al O 13.1
2 2 3
. . .
16.5 , FeO 0.234.64 , MgO 0.012.22 , CaO
t
. .
0.352.92 , Na O 1.384.57 and K O 2.90
2 2
.
6.02 span wide ranges. The high concentrations of

K O suggest that SP trondhjemitic intrusions -2.5

2
.
wt.% K O are rare or absent in these orogens. The
2
sum of FeO qMgOqTiO varies inversely with
t 2
.
SiO Fig. 2B . Many intrusions with )72 wt.%
2
SiO have -2 wt.% FeO qMgOqTiO , consis-
2 t 2
tent with a large proportion of the SP granites being
leucogranites.
Fig. 3 illustrates that Al O rTiO ratios of post-
2 3 2
collisional SP granites tend to increase as CaOrNa O
2
.
ratios decrease Fig. 3A , a trend identified previ-
.
ously by Sylvester 1994 on the basis of a smaller
data base. The array of granite analyses plotted in
Al O rTiO CaOrNa O space are encompassed
2 3 2 2
largely by a quadrilateral which can be defined by
four end-members whose compositions are given in
Table 1. Individual intrusions within the quadrilateral
could be related to one another by fractional crystal-
lization but this is an unlikely explanation for the
overall trend. The net effect of precipitating oligo-
Fig. 3. CaOrNa O vs. Al O rTiO ratios for post-collisional SP granite intrusions subdivided by orogen. Most data fall within the field
2 2 3 2
defined by four end-member intrusions: BesBethanga; MosMoschumandl; VysVysoky-Kamen; ShsShisha Pangma. Data sources as
. . . . in Fig. 2. Vectors for fractional crystallization of oligoclase An , K-feldspar kspar , biotite biot and ilmenite ilm are shown.
20
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 35
Table 1
Compositions of end-member SP granites
Pluton Be Mo Vy Sh
( ) Major elements wt.%
SiO 67.87 69.88 72.98 74.71
2
TiO 0.73 0.22 0.20 0.03
2
Al O 14.80 16.28 13.60 14.31
2 3
FeO 4.64 2.04 1.28 0.77
t
MnO 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05
MgO 2.01 0.80 0.30 0.10
CaO 1.05 2.92 0.35 0.47
Na O 1.38 3.17 3.24 4.15
2
K O 4.37 3.25 4.74 4.17
2
P O 0.19 0.27 0.22
2 5
Ratios
ArCNK 1.66 1.16 1.23 1.17
Al O rTiO 20 75 68 480
2 3 2
CaOrNa O 0.761 0.921 0.11 0.11
2
( ) Trace elements ppm
Rb 186 110 300 456
Sr 126 279 54 10
Ba 610 299 18
Ratios
RbrSr 1.48 0.394 5.6 46
RbrBa 0.305 1.00 25
BesBethanga number of sampless1, Chappell and White,
. . 1992 ; MosMoschumandl ns4, Visona and Zirpoli, 1984 ;
. VysVysoky-Kamen ns1, Shaw and Guilbert, 1990 ; Shs
. tourmaline-bearing Shisha Pangma ns6, Searle et al., 1997 .
. .
clase An , K-feldspar Or , biotite and ilmenite,
20 90
a likely assemblage, from SP granite magmas with
.
high CaOrNa O ratios )0.3 would be to increase
2
both CaOrNa O and Al O rTiO ratios in the
2 2 3 2

derivative liquids, oblique to the observed trend Fig.

.
3A .
Post-collisional SP granites from different oro-
gens occupy different parts of the quadrilateral. The

rare Alpine SP granites have high CaOrNa O )

2
. .
0.3 and medium to high Al O rTiO )60 ratios
2 3 2
.
Fig. 3B , whereas Caledonian SP granites tend to
have low CaOrNa O and medium Al O rTiO ra-
2 2 3 2
.
tios Fig. 3C . Hercynian SP granites fall largely all
along the low Al O rTiO join of the quadrilateral
2 3 2
.
Fig. 3D , whereas Himalayan SP granites tend to
plot along the high Al O rTiO join, but only with
2 3 2
.
medium to low CaOrNa O ratios Fig. 3E . LFB SP
2
granites mostly occupy the low Al O rTiO , high
2 3 2
.
CaOrNa O region of the quadrilateral Fig. 3F .
2
5. Significance of CaOrr rrrNa O and Al O rr rrrTiO
2 2 3 2
relationships
5.1. CaOrNa O as an index of source composition
2
.
Chappell and White 1992 argued that the low
concentrations of CaO and Na O in SP granites in
2
the LFB are inherited from their sedimentary sources,
which lost these elements during the formation of
clay from feldspar. They suggested that variations in
the abundances of these oxides in LFB SP granites
reflect different amounts of clay in their protolith. In
fact, CaOrNa O ratios are probably a better mea-
2
sure of the fraction of argillaceous material in the
sedimentary sources of SP granites. This is because
melts of SP granite composition produced by partial
.
fusion of pelites meta-shales and psammites
.
meta-greywackes in laboratory experiments exhibit
a wide range of CaO and Na O concentrations,
2
.
being a function of temperature extent of melting ,
pressure and H O activity, as well as protolith com-
2

position Holtz and Johannes, 1991; Patino Douce

and Johnston, 1991; Patino Douce and Beard, 1995;
.
Skjerlie and Johnston, 1996 . CaOrNa O ratios are
2
affected by each of these variables as well but the
dominant control is the plagioclaserclay ratio of the
source: SP granite melts produced from plagioclase-
poor, clay-rich sources will tend to have lower
CaOrNa O ratios than melts derived from sources
2
which are plagioclase-rich and clay-poor.
In both pelites and psammites, much of the CaO
and Na O is held in plagioclase. In pelites, plagio-
2
clase is commonly a minor phase, having been mostly
converted to clay. According to the vapor-absent
melting experiments of Patino Douce and Johnston
. .
1991 on a plagioclase-poor 4% natural pelite,
when plagioclase reacts with muscovite to form alu-
minosilicate, and the aluminosilicate reacts with bi-
otite to form melt and garnet, Na O dissolves in the
2
melt, and CaO is stabilized in garnet. Thus, once the
.
plagioclase disappears completely ;8008C , the
melt is much richer in Na O than the pelite source
2
but poorer in CaO. As melting proceeds in the
absence of plagioclase, concentrations of CaO and
Na O become progressively diluted in the melt but
2
CaOrNa O ratios remain very much lower than that
2
of the pelite, until garnet is consumed at very high
.
temperatures G9758C . Below temperatures at
which garnet disappears, there is little variation of
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 36
CaOrNa O ratios with pressure between 7 and 13
2
kbar.
In contrast to pelites, psammites contain large
proportions of plagioclase, which is not commonly
consumed completely during partial melting. Accord-
ing to the vapor-absent melting experiments of Skjer-
. .
lie and Johnston 1996 on a plagioclase-rich 26%
natural psammitic paragneiss, concentrations of both
CaO and Na O in initial melts are lower than those
2
in their psammitic sources but increase steadily as
plagioclase is progressively consumed with further
melting. CaOrNa O ratios in the melts will be thus
2
equal to or, if a refractory Ca-bearing phase such as
garnet or amphibole is present, slightly lower than
those in the psammitic source rocks, and remain
broadly constant with increasing temperature. How-
ever, as pressure increases from 10 to 20 kbar, and
garnet is increasingly stabilized by reaction of or-
thopyroxene and the anorthite component of plagio-
clase, CaOrNa O ratios in the melts will decrease.
2
As pressure decreases from 10 to 5 kbar, there is also
a decrease in the CaOrNa O ratios of the melts,
2
according to the vapor-absent melting experiments of
.
Patino Douce and Beard 1995 on a plagioclase-rich
.
26% synthetic psammite-like biotite gneiss. This
presumably reflects preferential stability of the anor-
thite component of plagioclase at low pressures.

As the mean CaOrNa O ratios of shales 0.96,

2
.
Shaw, 1956; 1.2, Condie, 1993 and greywackes
.
0.86, Pettijohn, 1963; 0.93, Condie, 1993 are
broadly comparable, pelite-derived SP granites
should have, on average, lower CaOrNa O ratios
2
than psammite-derived SP granites. However, the
distinction may be less clear for psammite-derived
.
SP granites generated at low 5 kbar or very high
.
20 kbar pressures. Also, as the mineralogy and
mean CaOrNa O ratios of igneous rocks of interme-
2

diaterfelsic composition ;1 for tonalitesrgrano-

.
diorites; Condie, 1993 are not much different than
psammites, it is not possible to distinguish between
.
psammitic and meta-igneous orthogneiss sources
on the basis of the CaOrNa O ratios of SP granites
2
alone.
5.2. Al O rTiO as a measure of temperature
2 3 2
The relatie temperatures of SP granite melts are
reflected in their Al O rTiO ratios. During ana-
2 3 2

texis of both pelites and psammites Patino Douce

and Johnston, 1991; Patino Douce and Beard, 1995;
.
Skjerlie and Johnston, 1996 , concentrations of
Al O in SP granite melts remain nearly constant
2 3
with increasing temperatures of melting due to the
stability of aluminous refractory phases such as gar-
net, aluminosilicate or plagioclase. In contrast, con-
centrations of TiO increase steadily with increasing
2
temperature due to the progressive breakdown of
Ti-bearing phases such as biotite and ilmenite. As

the mean Al O rTiO ratios of shales 21, Shaw,

2 3 2
.
1956; 22, Condie, 1993 and greywackes 21, Petti-
.
john, 1963; 20, Condie, 1993 are almost identical,
pelite- and psammite-derived SP granites with low
Al O rTiO ratios will have been derived at higher
2 3 2
temperatures than those with high Al O rTiO ra-
2 3 2
tios.
There is a secondary dependence of Al O rTiO
2 3 2
ratios on pressure during vapor-absent melting caused
by the decrease of H O activity with increasing
2
.
pressure Patino Douce and Beard, 1995 . For con-
stant melt fractions, refractory mafic phases will be
progressively preserved with increasing pressure at
the expense of feldspar and quartz. Thus,
Al O rTiO ratios in SP granite melts increase with
2 3 2
pressure from 5 to 10 kbar where Ti-bearing biotite
and ilmenite are the major refractory phases involved
.
Patino Douce and Beard, 1995 , and decrease from
10 to 20 kbar where Ti-poor garnet is increasingly
.
stabilized instead Skjerlie and Johnston, 1996 .
5.3. Comparison of experimental and natural SP
granite compositions
Fig. 4 compares the CaOrNa O and Al O rTiO
2 2 3 2
ratios of experimental melts of plagioclase-poor nat-
.
ural pelite Patino Douce and Johnston, 1991 and

plagioclase-rich synthetic Patino Douce and Beard,

. .
1995 and natural Skjerlie and Johnston, 1996
psammitic gneisses, at various temperatures, melt
fractions and pressures, to the same ratios in the SP
granites. The data illustrate that the pelite-derived
.
melts have lower CaOrNa O ratios -0.3 than the
2
.
psammite-derived melts )0.3 , even when the lat-
.
ter are produced at low 5 kbar or very high 20
.
kbar pressures. Also, for a given source composition
and pressure, hotter, large-fraction melts have lower
Al O rTiO ratios than do cooler, small-degree
2 3 2
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 37
Fig. 4. CaOrNa O vs. Al O rTiO ratios for experimental
2 2 3 2
. . vapor-absent melts of A natural pelite; B synthetic biotite
. gneiss; and C natural volcanoclastic paragneiss, compared to
field of post-collisional SP granite intrusions data sources as in
. Fig. 2 . Temperatures, pressures and percentages of melt produced
. in the experiments are indicated. Vectors shown in B schemati-
cally illustrate that Al O rTiO ratios decrease with increasing
2 3 2
melt temperature, whereas CaOrNa O ratios decrease with in-
2
creasing clay-rich source rocks.
melts. These relationships are illustrated schemati-
cally by the vectors shown in Fig. 4B.
Comparison of Figs. 3 and 4 suggests that SP
granites in the Himalayas and Caledonides formed
dominantly from mature, clay-rich source rocks
.
pelites , whereas those from the Alps and LFB had
more immature, quartzofeldspathic-rich sources
.
psammites or tonalitesrgranodiorites . Moreover,
most Himalayan and Alpine SP granite melts seem

to have been cooler -8758C, according to tempera-

.
tures of the experimental melts than their Caledo-
.
nian and, particularly, LFB 87510008C counter-
parts. Hercynian SP granites appear to have both
mature and immature sources, generated largely at
.
high temperatures 87510008C . Thus, the
Al O rTiO data are consistent with the notion that
2 3 2
the LFB and Hercynides represent higher tempera-
ture collisional orogens than do the Himalayas and
Alps, as postulated in Fig. 1.
5.4. Effect of added H O
2
The preceding discussion pertains to anatexis of
source rocks that contain H O held only in their
2
constituent mineral phases, primarily micas and am-
phiboles. Production of SP granite melt can also
occur in the presence of a H O-rich fluid phase that
2
has been added to the source rocks. The melting
.
experiments of Holtz and Johannes 1991 on a
natural SP gneiss show how added H O affects the
2
CaOrNa O and Al O rTiO ratios of SP granite
2 2 3 2
.
melts Fig. 5A . With increasing amounts of added
H O, CaOrNa O ratios increase progressively, as
2 2
the melting point of plagioclase, and particularly the
anorthite component, decreases. In contrast,
Al O rTiO ratios change little because biotite sta-
2 3 2
bility remains virtually unchanged with the addition
of H O. Thus, some pelite-derived SP granite melts
2
generated in the presence of a H O-rich fluid phase
2
could, in principle, have high CaOrNa O ratios
2
.
)0.3 . However, because of the negative d PrdT
slope of the H O-saturated granite solidus, SP melts
2
containing excess H O are unlikely to have risen far
2
from their sources before solidifying.
5.5. Interlayered source rocks and magma mixing
Another factor that may affect CaOrNa O and
2
Al O rTiO ratios of SP granite melts is exchange
2 3 2
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 38
. Fig. 5. CaOrNa O vs. Al O rTiO ratios for A experimental
2 2 3 2
melts of SP gneiss in the presence of various amounts of added
. . water indicated in wt.% ; B experimental vapor-absent melts of
. natural pelite interlayered with tonalite and basalt; and C the
mixing curve between the average Phanerozoic basalt of Condie
. 1993 and the 8508C, 10 kbar pelite-derived melt of Patino Douce
. and Johnston 1991 , compared to field of post-collisional SP
. granite intrusions data sources as in Fig. 2 . Temperatures and
. . pressures of the experimental melts are shown in A and B .
. Percentages of basalt mixing are indicated in C .
of elements between sedimentary protoliths and in-
terlayered meta-igneous rocks during melting, as-
suming crustal temperatures exceed the solidii of
both. If the interlayered rocks have CaOrNa O and
2
Al O rTiO ratios similar to those of pelites and
2 3 2
psammites, as would be the case for many intermedi-
ate and felsic meta-igneous compositions, changes in
these ratios are not likely to be great. Skjerlie et al.
.
1993 found that, when interlayered with a tonalite
gneiss, laboratory melt derived from the pelite of
.
Patino Douce and Johnston 1991 had only slightly
higher CaOrNa O and Al O rTiO ratios than
2 2 3 2
.
when the pelite was melted alone Fig. 5B .
If the interlayered material is mafic, however,
CaOrNa O ratios of pelite-derived SP granite melts
2
may be increased significantly. McCarthy and Patino
.
Douce 1997 found that, when interlayered with
subliquidus basalt, the pelite of Patino Douce and
.
Johnston 1991 produced SP granite melts with high
.
CaOrNa O ratios )0.3 , particularly at the inter-
2
.
face with the basalt layer Fig. 5B . The same effect
can be produced by mixing of basalt melt with
pelite-derived SP granite melt. As shown in Fig. 5C,
.
SP granites with high CaOrNa O ratios )0.3 can
2
be generated by mixing the pelite-derived SP granite
.
melt 8508C, 10 kbar of Patino Douce and Johnston
.
1991 with up to ;20% of the average Phanero-
.
zoic basalt of Condie 1993 . Thus, it is possible that

some SP granites with high CaOrNa O ratios )

2
.
0.3 , and thus appearing to have clay-poor sources,
were actually produced from pelite-derived melts
that interacted with mafic magmas.
5.6. Relationship of CaOrNa O to SiO and FeO
2 2 t
qMgOqTiO
2
As noted in Fig. 2B, SP granites exhibit an in-
verse relationship between SiO and FeO qMgOq
2 t
.
TiO . Fig. 6 compares SP granites with high )0.3
2
.
and low -0.3 CaOrNa O ratios in terms of SiO
2 2
and FeO qMgOqTiO . Granites with high SiO
t 2 2
.
)71 wt.% and low FeO qMgOqTiO -4
t 2
.
wt.% have both high and low CaOrNa O ratios but
2
.
granites with low SiO -71 wt.% and high FeO
2 t
.
qMgO qTiO )4 wt.% have only high
2
CaOrNa O ratios. These relationships are consistent
2
with the low-CaOrNa O SP granites having pelitic
2
sources and high-CaOrNa O SP granites having
2
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 39
. . Fig. 6. SiO vs. FeO qMgOqTiO wt.% for low -0.3 and
2 t 2
. high )0.3 CaOrNa O, post-collisional SP granite intrusions
2
. data sources as in Fig. 2 , compared to experimental vapor-absent
. 10 kbar melts of natural pelite Patino Douce and Johnston, 1991 ,
. synthetic biotite gneiss Patino Douce and Beard, 1995 and
. natural volcanoclastic paragneiss Skjerlie and Johnston, 1996 .
End-member intrusions labelled as in Fig. 3. Also shown is part of
the basaltrpelite-derived melt mixing curve of Fig. 5C. Tempera-
tures of the experiments and percentages of basalt mixing are
indicated.
psammitic sources. Whereas SP granite melts pro-
duced from the synthetic biotite gneiss of Patino
.
Douce and Beard 1995 and natural paragneiss of
.
Skjerlie and Johnston 1996 exhibit strong decreases
in SiO and increases in FeO qMgOqTiO with
2 t 2
progressive melting, the pelite-derived SP granite
.
melts of Patino Douce and Johnston 1991 do not
.
Fig. 6 . However, high-CaOrNa O SP granites
2
formed by mixing of basalt and pelite-derived SP
melt would also be expected to have low SiO and
2
high FeO qMgOqTiO , again with up to ;20%
t 2
.
basalt in the mixture Fig. 6 .
6. RbSrBa systematics
6.1. Pelite and psammite melting
RbSrBa variations in post-collisional SP gran-
ites are consistent with both pelitic and psammitic
sources playing a role in their origin. Unlike many
trace elements, whose interpretation in granitic sys-
tems is complicated by the presence of accessory
mineral phases, practically all of the Rb, Sr and Ba
in granitic systems is contained in mica and feldspar
.
e.g., Harris and Inger, 1992 .
Fig. 7 plots RbrSr vs. RbrBa ratios for the SP
granites. The data form a linear array of increasing
.
RbrSr with RbrBa Fig. 7A . SP granites with high
.
CaOrNa O ratios )0.3 tend to have lower RbrSr
2
and RbrBa than do those with low CaOrNa O
2
Fig. 7. RbrSr and RbrBa ratios for post-collisional SP granite
. . intrusions subdivided on the basis of A orogen and B low
. . -0.3 and high )0.3 CaOrNa O ratio. Data sources as in
2
Fig. 2. End-member intrusions labelled as in Fig. 3, except
Moschumandl, for which there are incomplete data. The dashed
line divides SP granites derived mostly from clay-poor sources
from those formed mostly from clay-rich source rocks. Also
plotted are calculated compositions of pelite- and psammite-de-
rived SP granite melts, the average compositions of Phanerozoic
. basalt, shale and greywacke of Condie 1993 , and a calculated
basaltrpelite-derived melt mixing curve with various percentages
. of mixing indicated .
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 40
.
ratios, albeit with some overlap Fig. 7B . This
distinction probably reflects the higher RbrSr and
RbrBa ratios of clay-rich sources as compared to
clay-poor ones. For instance, as shown in Fig. 7B,
the average shale has higher RbrSr and RbrBa than
.
does the average greywacke Condie, 1993 .
The overlap of low- and high-CaOrNa O SP
2
granites in Fig. 7B is probably the result of differ-
ences in the mineralogy of restites formed from
pelite and psammite melting. Large amounts of pla-
gioclase will be left behind after psammite melting

Patino Douce and Beard, 1995; Skjerlie and John-

.
ston, 1996 . Because Sr and Ba are compatible in

plagioclase, whereas Rb is incompatible e.g., Harris

.
and Inger, 1992 , psammite-derived melts will tend
to have higher RbrSr and RbrBa than their sources.
In contrast, pelite melting will leave behind little

residual plagioclase Patino Douce and Johnston,

.
1991 . Thus, pelite-derived SP granite melts do not
get the same residual plagioclase boost to their
RbrSr and RbrBa ratios seen in their psammite-de-
rived counterparts. However, formation of residual
K-feldspar, which, like plagioclase, partitions Sr and
.
Ba in preference to Rb e.g., Harris and Inger, 1992 ,
would provide some increase in the RbrSr and
RbrBa of pelite-derived SP granite melts relative to
their sources. Thus, RbrSr and RbrBa of SP granite
melts is a function not only of source composition
but also the amounts of plagioclase and K-feldspar
left behind in the source region.
To illustrate these melting relationships, calcu-
lated compositions of possible pelite- and
psammite-derived SP granite melts are plotted in Fig.
7B. The pelite-derived melt composition is derived
.
from the calculation of Harris and Inger 1992 ,
using their preferred mineral-melt distribution coeffi-
cients, and assumes breakdown of all biotite and
most plagioclase via the reaction,
biotiteqaluminosilicateqquartzqplagioclase
sK-feldsparqgarnet qmelt. 1 .
Their calculation assumes equilibrium batch melting
.
melt fraction s28% with residual quartzrsil-
limanitergarnetrplagioclaserK-feldspar in the pro-
portions 24r13r42r6r14. Concentrations of Rb, Sr
and Ba in the source are those of the average shale
.
of Condie 1993 . As quartz, sillimanite and garnet
do not partition Rb, Sr and Ba to any significant
.
degree Harris and Inger, 1992 , the observed in-
crease of RbrSr and RbrBa in the calculated melt
relative to the shale parent is simply a function of the
amount of residual plagioclase and K-feldspar pre-
sent.
The psammite-derived melt composition was cal-
culated here in an analogous manner, with the same
distribution coefficients used by Harris and Inger
.
1992 . Biotite breakdown is assumed to have oc-
curred by,
biotiteqquartzqplagioclasesorthopyroxene
qorthoclase component of plagioclase
qgarnet qmelt 2 .
.
Vielzeuf and Montel, 1994 producing 50% melt
and leaving a residual assemblage of quartzrortho-
pyroxenergarnetrplagioclase in the proportions
15r40r10r35. The melt fraction and residual as-
semblage are similar to those found in the psammite
melting experiments of Patino Douce and Beard
. .
1995 and Skjerlie and Johnston 1996 . Concentra-
tions of Rb, Sr and Ba in the source are those of the
.
average greywacke of Condie 1993 . Because quartz,
orthopyroxene and garnet do not concentrate Rb, Sr
.
and Ba significantly Harris and Inger, 1992 , the
increase of RbrSr and RbrBa in the calculated melt
relative to the greywacke parent is a function of the
amount of residual plagioclase.
6.2. Mixing of basalt with pelite-deried SP melt

On the basis of major elements Fig. 5C and Fig.

.
6 , high-CaOrNa O SP granites can be explained as
2
mixtures of basalt and low-CaOrNa O, pelite-de-
2
rived SP melt, with as much as ;20% basalt in-
volved. In terms of RbSrBa, progressive addition
.
of the average Phanerozoic basalt of Condie 1993
to the calculated pelite-derived melt of Fig. 7B will
reduce the RbrSr and RbrBa ratios of the mixture
to levels typical of most high-CaOrNa O SP gran-
2
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 41
ites. This is because the RbrSr and RbrBa ratios of
the basalt are much lower than those of the pelite-de-
rived melt. However, unrealistically large fractions
.
of basalt )80% would be needed to produce the
. .
lowest RbrSr -0.4 and RbrBa -0.2 ratios of
high-CaOrNa O SP granites. Moreover, most of the
2
remaining high-CaOrNa O SP granites would re-
2
.
quire larger basalt fractions )30% than those cal-
.
culated on the basis of major elements -20% .
This presents a problem for the magma mixing model.
7. Discussion and conclusions
In collisional orogens, syn-collisional crustal
thickening has been followed by delamination of

substantial amounts of mantle lithosphere Black and

.
Liegeois, 1993; Davies and von Blanckenburg, 1995
and the formation of post-collisional SP granites. In
high-pressure collisions, such as the Alps and Hi-
.
malayas, crustal thickening was extreme )50 km .
Post-collisional exhumation of the overthickened
crust, previously heated by radiogenic decay of K, U
and Th during syn-collisional thickening, produced
.
small- to moderate-volume cool -8758C SP gran-
ite melts with high Al O rTiO ratios. Because
2 3 2
syn-collisional crustal thickening was extensive,
post-collisional upwelling of asthenosphere beneath
the delaminated lithosphere boundary was largely
unable to reach depths sufficiently shallow for melt-
ing. Mantle heat was transferred to the crust and
remaining mantle lithosphere mainly by conduction,
producing minor ultrapotassic volcanics and, in the
Alps, calc-alkaline granites. In comparison, crustal
.
thickening was modest F50 km in high-tempera-
ture collisions such as the Hercynides and LFB.
Upwelling asthenosphere was able to rise to shallow
mantle depths and produce basaltic magmas that
carried heat to the crust, inducing anatexis. Volumi-
nous SP and calc-alkaline granites resulted. The SP
.
granites formed from hot G8758C SP melts with
low Al O rTiO ratios.
2 3 2
Chemical compositions of post-collisional SP
granites suggest that both clay-rich, plagioclase-poor
.
-5% pelitic rocks and clay-poor, plagioclase-rich
.
)25% psammitic rocks have been partially melted
in high-pressure and high-temperature collisional
orogens. In particular, pelite-derived SP granite melts
.
tend to have lower CaOrNa O ratios -0.3 than
2
psammite-derived SP granite melts. SP granites with
.
high CaOrNa O ratios )0.3 could, in principle,
2
have been produced through mixing of basaltic melts
with pelite-derived melts, rather than simply by ana-
texis of psammites. This would be especially likely
in high-temperature collisional orogens where as-
thenospheric-derived basaltic melts have invaded the
.
crust Patino Douce, 1995 . In practice, however,
there are difficulties in reconciling the amounts of
basalt involved, as recorded by major elements on
one hand and RbSrBa on the other.
It is also possible that SP granites with high
CaOrNa O ratios were derived from orthogneiss
2
.
sources rather than psammites Miller, 1985 . The
mineralogy of many orthogneisses are similar to
those of psammites and, assuming the orthogneisses

possessed the proper isotopic characteristics initial

87
Srr
86
Sr )0.706, initial -y2 and d
18
O)
Nd
.
q9.5 , it would not be possible to distinguish
orthogneiss-derived SP granites from their psam-
mite-derived counterparts on chemical grounds.
However, the widespread association of SP granites
with metasedimentary enclaves and migmatitic
paragneiss country rocks suggests that psammitic
sources have dominated. Psammitic rocks, particu-
larly meta-greywackes, are widespread at convergent
plate margins and are thus likely to have been avail-
able for anatexis in many crustal blocks accreted in
.
collisional zones Vielzeuf and Montel, 1994 .
The predominance of pelite or psammite sources
of SP granites in a particular collision belt may
reflect the maturity of the accreted crustal blocks,
with pelite sources indicating mature deeply-eroded
continental platforms and psammite sources pointing
.
to immature plate margin island- and continental-arc
successions. The situation in the Alps is ambiguous
because there are so few SP granites present but in
the Himalayas and Caledonides, where dominantly
pelite-derived SP granites are found, collision and
anatexis of mature platforms is suggested. In the
LFB, the dominantly psammite-derived SP granites
probably reflect accretion and anatexis of immature
arcs. In the Hercynides, the presence of both pelite-
and psammite-derived SP granites suggests collision
of both mature and immature crustal blocks.
( ) P.J. SylesterrLithos 45 1998 2944 42
Acknowledgements
D. Demaiffe and A. Patino Douce are thanked for
helpful reviews.
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