3.

1 Types of Energy
3.2 Thermodynamics
3.3
Energy Changes in
Chemical Reactions
3.4
Measuring Energy
Changes: Calorimetry
3.5 Enthalpy (H)
Thermochemistry
3.1 Types of Energy
Learning Objective
Recognize the types of energy of interest to chemists.
The Types of Energy
Energy the ability to do work
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Potential
Energy
Electrical
Chemical
Mass
Thermal
Energy
Radiant
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy due to motion
Energy associated with random
molecular motion, thermal energy
htnett
2
All moving objects have kinetic energy,
dependent on velocity (v) and mass (m)
Joule (J): the SI energy unit
2
2
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
Energy due to condition, position or
composition
Energy associated with forces of
attraction or repulsion between
objects
Three Types:
Electrical Energy Chemical Energy Mass
Potential Energy
1) Electrical Energy Energy from positive and
negative ions held a small distance apart.
q
1
and q
2
are the charges of two ions
r is the distance between the ions in pm.
(k = 2.31 x 10
-16
J pm)
eletrtal
1 2
Potential Energy
2) Chemical Energy Energy
resulting from attraction of the
electrons and nuclei in molecules
(bond energy)
3) Mass: Transformation of mass
into energy
2
Thermal Energy
the total energy of random
movements of molecules
energy as a result of
electromagnetic radiation.
Thermal & Radiant Energy
Radiant Energy
Energy Transfer &
Transformations
Energy can be transferred
from one type to another.
Energy transformations
accompany chemical
reactions.
3.2 Thermodynamics
Learning Objective
Understand the first law of thermodynamics and the concepts
of heat and work.
Thermodynamics
Key terms:
System
Surroundings
Boundary
The study of energy transfers and transformations
how much energy goes where?
Three Systems
Open
System
Closed
System
Isolated
System
Energy
&
Matter
Exchanged
Energy
Exchanged
No Matter
Exchanged
No
Energy
&
Matter
Exchanged
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Energy can be converted from one form to another.
Energy of the universe is constant
The 1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
Application of the conversation of energy
Energy may be transferred as work or heat, but no
energy can be lost, nor can heat or work be
obtained from nothing
Transfer of Energy
Two Ways!
Heat Energy transferred due to a temperature
difference. Energy, as heat, flows from warm to
cool.
Work Transfer of energy by the action of a force
through a distance.
Temperature reflects the random motion of
particles and related to kinetic energy
htnett
Heat
Thermal energy that is exchanged with its surroundings
is referred to as heat (q) and is measured in joules (J).
Some heat flows can be determined from
temperature changes:
Itnal tntttal
Heat Flows and Temperature
1. T depends on q, the amount of heat
transferred.
2. T depends on the direction of heat flow:
If a substance absorbs heat, T > 0
If a substance releases heat, T < 0
3. T depends inversely on the amount of
material.
4. T depends on the identity of the material.
Molar heat capacity (C) amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of 1 mol of substance by
1 C.
Temperature Change
Where
q is the amount of heat transferred
n is the number of moles of material
C is the molar heat capacity of the substance
(C has units of J mol
1
C
1
)
Se can also say that
Energy transfer is directional, so we must keep track of
the signs associated with heat flows
surruundtngs system
Reminder:
T = final temperature initial temperature
Remember to use the correct algebraic sign!
(If T
f
< T
i
, then the T should be negative)
An iron kettle weighing 1.35 kg contains 2.75 kg of water at 23 C. The
kettle and water are heated to 95.0 C. How many joules of energy are
absorbed by the water and by the kettle?
(
Fc s
-1 -1
;
H
2
O I
-1 -1
)
Example 1
Work
Work (w): energy used to move an object against an
opposing force
Work is a product of force (F) and displacement (d):
The amount of work depends on the magnitude of the
force
surruundtngs system
Work done by a gas: Pressure-Volume Work
Work involved in the expansion or compression of gases
Work in a Chemical Process
Consider a gas confined to a cylinder with a moveable
piston of area A.
Work in a Chemical Process
The external pressure is force per unit area
When the gas expands it pushes against the piston
and the piston moves a distance h
ext
Work in Gases
Expansion
Work done by the gas
V
f
> V
i
, therefore V > 0
w < 0
E
system
decreases
Compression
Work done on the gas
V
f
< V
i
, therefore V < 0
w > 0
E
system
increases
A gas is allowed to expand from a volume of 2.3 L to a volume of 5.8 L.
During the process, 460 J of heat is transferred from the surroundings to
the gas. (1.00 L atm= 101.325 J )
a) How much work has been done if the gas expands against a
vacuum?
b) How much work has been done if the gas expands against a pressure
of 1.3 atm?
Example 3
Breathing requires work, even if you are unaware of it. The lung volume
of a 70 kg man at rest changed from 2.20 L to 2.70 L when he inhaled,
while his lungs maintained a pressure of approximately 1.0 atm.
How much work, in liter-atmospheres and joules, was required to take a
single breath? (1.00 L atm= 101.325 J )
During exercise, his lung volume changed from 2.20 L to 5.20 L on each
in-breath. How much additional work, in joules, did he require to take a
breath while exercising?
Example 2
First Law of Thermodynamics
Simply a restatement of the law of conservation of
energy
Internal energy (E) The sum of the potential and
kinetic energies of all the particles in the system!
A change in the internal energy of a system is due to
the energy transfer, the result of a flow of work (w)
and/or heat (q).
system surruundtngs
State & Path Functions
State Function A property of the system that
depends only on its present state, and not how it got
there. It is independent of pathway.
Path Function properties that depend on how the
change occurs. Distance travelled is a path function.
In thermodynamics
Work (w) and heat (q) are path dependent functions.
How much work is done and how much heat is transferred
does depend on the pathway taken.
Distance Travelled is a Path Function
Thermodynamic Path Functions
Energy is a state function, but heat and work
are path functions
cngInc cngInc cngInc
Iurnacc Iurnacc
A silver coin weighing 27.4 g is heated to 100.0 C in boiling water. It is
then dropped into 37.5 g of water initially at 20.5 C. Find the final
temperature of the coin + water.
Example 3