Optical Communication, Assignment . FKE, UTM.

OCT, 2009

Prepared for: PROF.ABU BAKAR

Abstract Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network
(PON) systems have been standardized and are now being
deployed widely around the world such as GPON
(standardized in ITU-T Rec. G.984 series) and 1G-EPON
(IEEE 802.3ah, now part of IEEE 802.3-2008). While,
GPON and 1G-EPON capacity are not enough by the next
few years, because of the continuous increase in bandwidth
demand. Therefore the need for a new higher capacity
access network is more desirable. This paper presents the
expected next generation PON by looking for the latest
activities of the two Standard Development Organizations
(SDOs), i.e. 10G-EPON in IEEE, as part of P802.3av, and
NG-PON in FSAN/ITU-T.

Keywords:10G-EPON,NG-PON1,XGPON1,XGPON2,NG-
PON2,WDM-PON,CDM-PON,TDMA-PON,IEEE,FSAN
/ITU-T.
I. INTRODUCTION

The next generation applications and services such as high-
definition Television (HDTV), video on demand (VoD),
videoconferencing, e-learning, interactive games, voice over
IP, and others, are bandwidthhungry applications and
services. Therefore, a new generation of high capacity access
network is needed. Providing higher bandwidth than the
existing ones and a low deployment cost, since customers are
not willing to pay for an increased bandwidth of the network
,are the key requirements of the new access networks.
Nowadays, there are several technologies providing broad
band access services as follows: Digital Subscriber Loop
(DSL), Coaxial cable, wireless, and FTTX (FTTX stands for
fiber to the X, where X stands for home, curb, neighborhood,
office, business, premise, user, etc.)[1]. Table 1 lists the
bandwidth (per user) and the reach of these competing
technologies [1].We can see from Table 1 ,in general, the
XPON has the highest reach distance with highest
bandwidth/user, while bandwidth/user and reach are limited
for the copper-wire and wireless access technologies, due to
the physical media restrictions. Therefore to satisfy the
increasing bandwidth demands without a huge increase in
deployment cost, service provider will need to deploy Passive
optical network (PON) as an access network.



A number of passive optical networks (PONs) have been
standardized to provide broadband access services including
ATM PON and broadband PON (APON and BPON,
respectively; ITU G983), Gigabit PON (GPON; ITU G984),
and Ethernet PON (EPON; IEEE 802.3ah) [1] .These
networks employ time-division multiplexing (TDM) to
achieve cost effectiveness and have been widely accepted as
the current-generation optical access solutions [1]. On the
other hand TDM-PONs are suffering from many
disadvantages such as, the capacity is limited and the
possibility to upgrade them is difficult. Therefore TDM-PON
now is mature technology and the need for the next generation
PON is more desirable. The NG-PON should satisfy the
following features, connecting a large number of end-users at
lower cost per user and delivering elastic bandwidth on-
demand. Furthermore, it should be up-gradable without
modification to the Outside Plant (OSP). In the meantime NG-
PON systems are currently under standardization in two
Standard Development Organizations (SDOs), i.e.10G-EPON
in IEEE, as part of P802.3av, and NG-PON in FSAN/ITU-T
[2].

This paper is organized as follows. Section II, reviews the
current generation TDM-PON technologies. Section III,
investigates the activities of several SDOs in developing the
NG-PON. Section IV and V discuss the expected IEEE and
FSAN/ITU NG-PON systems which are under standardization
respectively.

Next Generation Passive Optical Network
PON
Omar Ahmad Abdelaziz Mashaal
TABLE 1
BANDWIDTH/USER AND MAX REACH OFVARIOUS ACCESS
TECHNOLOGIES [1]
Service Bandwidth/user Max Reach
ADSL 20 Mb/s (typical) 5.5 km
VDSL 20 Mb/s(typical) 1 km
Coax 2 Mb/s* 0.5 km
Wi-Fi 54 Mb/s (max) 0.1 km
WiMax 28 Mb/s (max) 15 km
BPON 20 Mb/s* 20 km
EPON 60 Mb/s* 20 km
GPON 40 Mb/s* 20 km

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II. PON OVERVIEW

PON enjoys a dominant position in the access technologies
used in the access markets. High signal rate, format
transparency, long distances, low cost and high reliability
these features are the main reason behind the large scale
deployment of PON around the world. The current generation
PONs are TDM networks. A typical TDM-PON architecture is
shown in Fig.1 which is a passive fiber tree topology. Separate
light waves at 1 and 2 are used to carry the traffic from the
central office ( CO) to an end user (downstream) and from an
end user to the CO (upstream), respectively. The optical line
terminal (OLT) and the optical network unit (ONU) are
deployed as the two ends of the passive optical distribution
network (ODN) [1]. The tree topology allows flexibility and
minimizes the number of network splits, thus reducing the
optical power loss and increasing the physical reach [1].
Moreover in TDM-PONs the hardware and the bandwidth at
the user end are shared among users which decrease the cost.
On the other hand, TDM-PONs have only one wavelength for
downstream data and one for upstream data, thus limiting the
average bandwidth per user to a few tens of megabits per
second [4], also, the tree topology of current-generation TDM-
PONs prevents features such as protection and restoration[3].
PON is a point-to-multipoint network, which requires
multiplexing techniques to provide multiple-access capability.
In TDM-PONs, TDM is used for users to access and share the
bandwidth in time domain [1]. To be more precise, we can say
that, TDM PON do not have the best capacity and upgrade
possibility but due to its low cost and the use of passive
components make them the current architecture of choice. The
TDM PONs standards are summarized in the next paragraph.

.






The current generation standardized PON family includes
three members as follows: Broadband PON (B-PON),
Ethernet PON (E-PON) and Gigabit PON (G-PON). B-PON is
the oldest member of the PON family and ATM based
technique. The initial deployment of PONs was focused on B-
PON technology but due to its low bit rate (622Mbps)
nowadays this technology become mature. The second
member of the PON family is E-PON which is an IEEE
standard which uses Ethernet for packet data and it supports
(1250 Mbps) bit rate, moreover its widely deployed. However
E-PON still may not be scalable enough for HDTV and other
high BW applications. The youngest member of the PON
family is G-PON which can be seen as the next generation of
B-PON. G-PON supports ATM and Ethernet protocols. To
make the issue of PON family standards easier a comparison
between the three members is summarized in Table 2which
compares three standardized TDM-PONs. G-PON (ITU-T
G.984) has the maximum bit rate (2.488Gbps) with the longest
reach (20km) and highest split ratio (1:64) but it has the
highest deployment cost. E-PON is the direct competitor of G-
PON it has the highest bit rate per user but the lowest split-
ration and span. However, G-PON and E-PON has been
deployed in large scale which make them the base for the next
generation optical networks. The next section is going to
discuss NG-PON activities in various Standard Development
Organizations (SDOs).




TABLE 2
TDM-PON COMPARASION
Characteristics BPON EPON GPON
Standard
ITU-T
G.983
IEEE
802.3ah
ITU-T G.984
Protocol ATM Ethernet Ethernet/ATM
Rates (Mbps) down 622 1250 2488
Rates (Mbps) up 155 1250 1244
Split-ratio 1:32 1:16 1:64
Avg.Bitrate/user(Mbps) 20 60 40
Span (km) 20 10 20
Video RF RF/IP RF/IP
Estimated cost Low Lowest Medium
*Bit rates depends on the number of users, and the number listed here is a
typical values


Fig .1.TDM-PON Architecture.
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III. NG-PON ACTIVITIES IN VARIOUS SDOS
The NG-PON complete system is under development and
standardization by two SDOs. IEEE is currently working on
the development of 10 Gbit/s extensions for EPON system,
under the P802.3av 10G-EPON Task Force [2]. The task was
formed in September 2006 and its expected to be finished,
P802.3av 10G-EPON standard, in September 2009. At the
same time, development activity for NG-PON system is under
way at FSAN, which is working on consensus draft
recommendations to be submitted to ITU-T SG15 Q2 for
approval in September 2009 (G.987.1 and
G.987.2specifications) and mid 2010 (G.987.3 and G.987.4
specifications)[2]. As expected, on 24 of September2009,
FSAN announced the NG-PON1 White Paper, which is the
framework for the XG-PON (10 Gigabit-capable PON)
specification, has been reviewed and accepted for publication
by the IEEE communications magazine in November 2009
issue. The scope of the XG-PON specification, expected to be
finalized in September 2009, includes the terminology
framework, system requirements, and physical layer aspects,
and will bring the FSAN standard to an equivalent level of
completion vs. the 'to-be-announced' 10G EPON standard by
IEEE. In addition, the XG-PON specifications also take
operators' requirements of management and maintenance into
consideration. The transmission convergence and management
parts of XG-PON specifications are expected to be finished in
mid-2010 [6]. Fig.2, shows the past and ongoing IEEE and
ITU-T standardization activities for various PON system
generations. For instance, it is not clear how much
convergence between the two next standards; however a
discussion between both standardizing groups to make
potential convergence at both physical (PHY) and medium
access control (MAC) levels. There are also other SDOs
focusing only on selected aspects of ngPON systems, e.g. BBF
working on the XPON architecture aspects [2].

IV. IEEE 10G-EPON (P802.3AV)

1G-EPON is widely deployed, for example, in Japan only
there is more than 13 million subscribers are served through
1G-EPON FTTH system [7]. Second, in many developing
countries, the major part of broadband users are living in
multiple dwelling units (MDUs), therefore FTTB is the
appropriate way to provide broadband services for
them[8].For example, if each MDU ONU provides services to
24 subscribers and 32 ONUs are connected to one OLT, one
EPON can serve 768 subscribers[8]. Third, wireless networks
need EPON as a backhaul. On the other hand, the capacity of
1G-EPON is not enough for the newly high bit rate
applications and for the fourth generation of mobile
communication needs. Therefore the bandwidth of 1G-EPON
should be increased. 10G-EPON is the natural upgrade for 1G-
EPON. In the mean time, 10G- EPON being defined by IEEE
802.3av Task Force (TF) is expected to be standardized late
2009. There is a list of requirements and challenges are
waiting the developers of the 10G-EPON that should be
satisfied in the new EPON system. The requirements and
challenges are:-

The co-existence and backward compatibility
with the currently deployed 1G EPON to assure
smooth transition path from 1G-EPON to 10G-EPON
equipment and to avoid a significant loss in the
capital expenditure investment of the 1G-EPON.

Wavelength allocation plan for 10 Gbit/s
EPON systems must take into account existence of
1G-EPON equipment on the same PON plant for
both downstream and upstream channels [10].






Fig .2.Optical access technology evolution [5].
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Also 10G-EPON is faced with. PHY layer
challenges include dispersion penalties and decreased
receiver sensitivity, due to the 10-fold increase of the
data-rate, non-linear effects in the Optical
Distribution Network (ODN) due to high launch
powers for newly introduced 29 dB power budgets,
together with inherent jitter and clock recovery
problems due to dual rate operation [2].

These challenges are expected to be resolved by 2009Q3
2010Q2. Some research papers have discussed several designs
that satisfy the requirements and challenges mentioned above.
The latest paper, which addressing 10G-EPON the major
technical specifications, was issued in IEEE website on
September 2009, reference number [9]. The most important
specifications from that paper and others are summarized as
follows:-

10G downstream will adopt (1577-1590 nm)
to co-existent with 1G downstream in (1480-
1500nm), relying on high-power cooled laser
sources, potentially in the form of amplified
Externally Modulated Lasers (EMLs); while
reserving 1540-1560nm for video overlay. For
upstream all ONUs will use (1260-1360nm) to keep
the cost of ONUs low, which allows both
asymmetric operation (downstream 10G and
upstream 1G) and symmetric operation (both
downstream and upstream 10G).Moreover, 1G and
10G downstream channels are wavelength
multiplexed, creating two separate logical channels
on the same optical plant, as illustrated in Fig.3[9].





Stream-based Forward error correction (FEC)
in all 10 Gbit/s links, is mandatory based on the RS
(255,223) code, which has better error correction
properties than FEC used in 1G-EPON. moreover
FEC is based on the bit stream coding instead of the
frame coding.[2],[9]

The new OLT device needs to provide the
transparent operation to the current 1G/1G ONU by
supporting dual media access control (MAC) stacks
that to support the co-existence compatibility. To
support backward compatibility, the new ONU
device needs to operate at either 10G rate or 1G rate
at a time. Fig.4 illustrates a typical design and
implementation of 10G-EPON where the 1G/1G
ONU currently deployed in the network will remain
operational when other new types of ONU continue
to be added onto the existing network over time.

Other specifications were addressed such as types of OLT
and ONU, dual rate burst mode receiver, dual rate dynamic
bandwidth allocation (DBA) Engine and downstream
multicast was addressed in reference [9]. Table 3 provides the
differences between 1G-EPON and 10G/EPON specifications.
To save the capital expenditure investments, moving from 1G-
EPON toward 10G-EPON will occur in a gradual manner (see
Fig.4). The 10G/1G ONU is a first logical step to upgrade the
network to support 10G downstream operation, and it is
followed by the ultimate addition of symmetric 10G/10G
ONU. The newly developed dual rate OLT needs to be
provided at the central office, which can support both legacy
and emerging types of ONU [9].

Fig .3.EPON Wavelength allocation [9].
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V. FSAN/ITU-T NG-PON

The gigabit- capable passive optical network (GPON)
was developed by FSAN and was standardized by the
International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T) a typical GPON system
provides 2.488 Gbps of downstream bandwidth and 1.244
Gbps of upstream bandwidth[11]. Having turned over the
work of GPON standard maintenance to ITU, FSAN is now
studying the next-generation access (NGA). The objective of
NGA is to facilitate high bandwidth provision, large split ratio,
and extended network reach. FSAN has planned two stages of
NGA evolution: NGA1 and NGA2 [12]. The categorizing of
FSAN/ITU NG-PON system into two categories, NG-PON1
and NG-PON2 generations, is based on their characteristics of
coexistence with legacy GPON systems.
























A. FSAN/ITU-T NG-PON1 (G.987)

NGA1 focuses on PON technologies that are compatible
with GPON standards (ITU-T G.984 series) and compatible
with the current optical distribution network (ODN) without
the need to introduce any changes in the ODN or disrupt the
existing services for customers served over GPON [2],[11].
According to the upstream bit rate, NG-GPON1 is divided into
two systems XG-PON1and XG-PON2; both of them are
supporting 10Gbps downstream for the upstream data rate
2.5Gbps is supported by XGPON1 while a fully symmetric bit
rate, 10Gbps upstream, is supported by XNG-PON2. FSAN
operators elaborated a detailed list of system level
requirements for NG-PON1 systems, which is a direct
extension of former GPON system requirements, with the
main focus on system scalability into a larger number of
connected customers, better QoS measures and security
mechanisms [2]. According to FSAN there is five typical
candidate network architectures have been proposed for
NGA1 [12]. In this paper we will present two of them because
the first three candidates dont satisfy the 10Gbps rate.

1. XG-PON1 WITH 10-G DOWNSTREAM,
NX2.5-G UPSTREAM [11].

This architecture upgrades the downstream link capacity to
10 Gb/s. The difficulty with the architecture of 10 Gb/s is
enabling the burst mode time-division multiple access
(TDMA) operated at 10 Gb/s. Because of the limitation of
available components and design practices, many simple
circuit techniques become impractical when the rate goes
beyond 5 Gb/s.

Fig .4.10G-EPON architecture design [9]
TABLE 3
1G-EPON AND10G-EPON COMPARASION [9]
1G-EPON 10G-EPON
Downstream wavelength 1490nm
1590nm or
1577nm
Upstream wavelength 1310nm 1270nm
Mode of operation
Symmetric
only
Asymmetric or
symmetric
Forward error
correction
Optional and
frame based
Mandatory or
symmetric
PMD type
(point-to-multipoint)

PX10, and
PX20

PRX10,
PRX20, PRX30
PR10, PR20,
PR30
PCS line coding
8b/10b

64b/66b

Single channel broadcast
(SCB) LLID
0x7FFF

0x7FFE


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Overcoming this limit requires specialized hardware and is
thus costly. To minimize additional investment, architecture
was proposed to upgrade only the downstream to 10 Gb/s, but
to use one or more 2.5-Gb/s wavelengths in the upstream as
shown in Fig.5. This architecture still can be considered as a
TDM system both in the downstream and upstream. The
downstream transmission is modeled as 32 ONUs sharing a
10-Gb/s link. Depending on the number of available upstream
wavelengths, the ONUs in the upstream scenario are divided
into a different number of groups operating at 2.5 Gb/s. If two
wavelengths are adopted in the upstream, the ONUs in the
upstream scenario are divided into two virtual groups, each of
which has 16 ONUs sharing a 2.5-Gb/s upstream link. If one
wavelength is adopted, it is abstracted as 32 ONUs sharing a
2.5-Gb/s upstream link.


2. XG-PON2 WITH10-G BIDIRECTIONAL [11]

When devices capable of a 10-Gb/s burst mode become
commercially available, the architecture with both the
downstream and upstream trans-mission being upgraded to 10
Gb/s can be realized (see Fig.6). In this case, the transmission
in both upstream and downstream can be abstracted as 32
ONUs sharing a 10-Gb/s link.

Among [11] the five candidate architectures, XG-PON1
architecture is a promising and economical architecture to
meet the future bandwidth requirement in NGA1. First, the
upstream and downstream bandwidths are increased to 2.5
Gb/s and 10 Gb/s, respectively. The increased bandwidths are
potentially able to accommodate the future bandwidth-
consuming applications in NGA1. Second, the 2.5-Gb/s burst
mode receiver requires lower cost compared to the 10-Gb/s
burst mode receiver in XG-PON2 architecture, making XG-
PON1 architecture a more economical solution for a GPON
upgrade. Essentially, the upgraded systems are still TDM
systems. By abstraction, the typical 32 ONUs in GPON are

divided into multiple virtual groups, where the ONUs in each
group share a link in TDM fashion. Hence, the five candidate
architectures can be regarded as TDM systems with different
link rates and different numbers of shared ONUs.


B. NG-PON2 AND WDM-PON ACTIVITIES

NG-PON2 is a long-term solution with an entirely new
optical network type [11]. The objective of NGA2 is to
provision an independent PON scheme, without being
constrained by the GPON standards and the currently
deployed outside plant. NG-PON2 at this time does not have
any preferred technology, and therefore a plethora of possible
access system implementations were submitted for FSAN
consideration, ranging from higher capacity multi-channel
TDMA PON, through WDM-PON, and ending with such
exotic systems as CDMA PON with dynamic code allocation
[2]. Each of these architectures features a number of technical
challenges which need yet to be addressed by industry and
academia, in order to provide a cost-effective solution suitable
for access network development. Higher capacity TDMA
PON systems will have to combat dispersion effects and
reduction in receiver sensitivity, which beyond 10 Gbit/s begin
to challenge support for higher power budgets targeted by
carriers to guarantee higher port densities at the CO sites.
WDM-PON will always be troubled by the use of wavelength
selective devices at the ONU side. Despite rapid progress in
the colorless ONU transceivers (via the use of RSOA devices
or tunable lasers), such solutions remain at this time
substantially more expensive when compared with existing
TDMA PON transceivers, thus failing to meet the test of cost-
efficiency that so many technologies have already failed in the
access domain.

Fig .5.XG-PON1 proposed architecture [11].

Fig .6.XG-PON2 proposed architecture [11].
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More exotic approaches, mainly in the form of CDMA PON
systems, have the form of research projects at this time, with
numerous technical and system-level challenges, struggling
with basic research and material limitations, imposing
constraints typical PON architectures have never faced before.
[2]

From the existing NG-PON2 technologies, WDM-PON
seems to have the nearest commercial future, provided that
emerging customer applications support delivery of dedicated
high capacity bandwidth pipes to each customer. A number of
commercial WDM-PON systems are already available for
deployment, though their market share is very limited, mainly
due to limited carrier interest and high deployment and
maintenance costs, as well as lack of customer interest, except
for business customers, who are typically served with P2P
solutions at this time [2].

Table 4 summarizes the activities of many research and
development organizations, including the project name
objective, key technology, and the sponsor.


VI. CONCLUSION

After reading more than fifteen papers I have concluded
the following points. The plan to migrate from the current
PON to the NG-PON will occur in two phases, short term and
long term. Phase one, is the short term one which is under
standardization which includes 10G-EPON and 10GPON


























by two SDOs, IEEE and FSAN/ITUT respectively which is
expected to be ready for implementation in the next two years.
The closer cooperation between IEEE and ITU-T may
eventually result in increased convergence between ngPON
systems, at least in the PHY layer, The main feature of phase
one is to extend the already access network architecture into
higher capacity, capable of supporting future customer
applications. IEEE ,10G-EPON standard is the most
promising one because it will provide the highest transmission
capacity, the lowest cost per user and the easiest way to
upgrade from 1Gbps to 10 Gbps. On the other hand, because
of the large scale deployment of 10GPON, it will be the NG-
PON for many countries despite of the 10G-EPON features.
Therefore, the financial factor is affecting the NG-PON
technology.

Phase 2, is the long term plan which will be independent
from the current TDM-PON. For the meant time, is not clear
how the architecture will be arranged and which technology is
going to be used for the phase2. Many papers are proposing
the WDM-PON for the long term phase, because its capable
to provide virtual point to point communication which can
provide a huge bit rate to the users, but still the financial factor
and the available technology restrict the migration to WDM-
PON.




TABLE 4
NG-PON projects
Standard
Project Name Objective Key Technology Sponsor
NG-PON 1
Burst Mode Transmission Toward 10Gbps BM-CDR
Dual loop (DLL + PLL) and
synchronization

Stanford

SUCCESS-LCO (Line
Code Overlay)

Co-existence of 2.5G and
10G on the same

Spectral line coding
KDDI Labs

SUCCESS-DWA
(Dynamic Allocation)

Smooth upgrade from 1 to
N s

Tuneable lasers and AWG

KDDI Labs

NG-PON2
success- H PON (Hybrid
TDM/WDM

Co-existence of TDM
and WDM PONs

RSOA and ring
architecture

Motorola


Multi-Wavelength Multi-
Rate NG-PON

Co-existence of 2.5-
10G over multiple s

SOA and burst mode
transmission

Huawei
SureON (Secure Optical
Network)

Enhance physical layer
security

PON attack detection
and countermeasure

ANDevices

LEON (Latchable)

Reconfigurable and
passive remote node

Latchable optics

NSF

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