Midterm Reviewer

Ariel Estrada Besagar English 16.1 Gwapa ko at way mupalag

COVERAGE
Qualities of an Effective Paragraph
(Unity,Coherence & Emphasis)
Summarizing
Paraphrasing
Outlining



Guidelines to Outlining


*there are three types: Topic Sentence,
Sentence(recommended), and Paragraph

*sub points following the sub. sub. points may
start again from the arabic followed by a
parenthesis
The Rule of Division
Main points and sub-points represent a division of
a whole; therefore, you must have at least two
main points for every topic since you cannot
divide something into less than two parts. For
example: each time you use a Roman numeral I
you must also have a Roman numeral II. Also,
whenever you have an A you must also have a
division B.
The Rule of Parallel Wording
Main points at least should also have parallel
wording. They should be stated in a similar
manner and contain only one idea.





.












Guidelines to Paraphrasing
How to paraphrase
Read and dnderstand the source.
Identify the main point(s) and key words.
Rewrite everything in your own words, but at
the same time, keeping the idea intact.
Write the paraphrase in your own style.
Meaning: ensure that you keep the
original meaning .
Words: Use synonyms whenever
appropriate..
Use quotation marks ( ) if you want to
keep something intact.
Change the order of delivery but make
sure the shizz still makes sense.
Remember to CITE using APA format.

When to paraphrase

Paraphrase short sections of work only; a
sentence or two or a short paragraph.
Use it in placeof direct quotation
To rewrite someone else's ideas without
changing the meaning.
To express someone else's ideas in your own
words.
Symbols Function
Roman Numerals
(I, II, III)
Head/Major points
Capital Letters
(A, B, C)
Minor points
Arabic Numbers
(1, 2, 3)
Sub. Points
Lowercase Letters
(a, b, c)
Sub. Sub. Points
Think of it as a skeleton of a composition.
... a framework of a composition. (Nara, 2014)
Example:
A. Parts of a Sentence
1. Subject
2. Predicate
B. Types of Clauses
1. Independent Clause
2. Dependent Clause
C. Classification of Sentences
1. According to Use
a. Interrigative Sentence
b. Declarative Sentence
c. Explanatory Sentence
d. Imperative Sentence
2. According to Grammatical Structure
a. Compound Sentence
b. Compound-Complex Sentence
c. Simple Sentence
d. Complex Sentence
3. According to Rhetorical Structure
a. Periodic Sentence
b. Repetition
c. Balanced Sentence
d. Loose sentence
Midterm Reviewer
Ariel Estrada Besagar English 16.1 Gwapa ko at way mupalag

To support claims in, or provide evidence for,
your writing.
** In other words, keeping your ass safe from
copyright infringement.

Guidelines to Summarizing
How to summarise

Start by reading a short text and highlighting the
main points as you read.
Reread the text and make notes of the main
points, leaving out examples, evidence etc.
Without the text, rewrite your notes in your own
words;restate the main idea at the beginning plus
all major points.
When to summarise

Summarise long sections of work, like a long
paragraph, page or chapter.
To outline the main points of someone else's
work in your own words, without the details
or examples.
To include an author's ideas using fewer
words than the original text.
To briefly give examples of several differing
points of view on a topic.
To support claims in, or provide evidence for,
your writing.


Guidelines to finding the
Qualities of an Effective
Paragraph
Unity












Unity Through Topic Sentence
Topic sentence is the central idea. If it is
expressed, it should be found at the beginning,
middle, or end of the paragraph. If implied, the
central idea is hinted in developing sentences.
Unity Through Supporting Detail
Supporting details helo develop or
expand the main idea in the topic sentence. It
may come in form of description, example,
comparison/contrast, and classification.
Unity Through Clinching Sentence
A clinching sentence could be a
restatement, summary, or a conclusion based on
supporting details.
*Sometimes, the clinching sentence is also the
topic sentence.

Coherence



A coherent pargraph allows the reader to easily
grasp the meaning of a paragraph of that he reads
because of the sequencing of ideas and their
relationship to one another. (Dagdag, 2010)
I. Orderly Movement
A. Chronological order
Events are arranged on the basis
of time. past to present, first stage
to last stage, and vice versa.
B. Space Order
Sentences are expressed in the
order of space such as from the
nearest to the farthest (and vice
versa), from left to right, top to
bottom each of these conversely.
C. Logical Order
It is the arrangment of Ideas
widely used in exposition in which the
-Unity is the oneness of idea achieved by (1) a
topic sentence with its controlling idea, (2)
supporting details, and (3) a clinching sentence.

Coherence derives from the word cohere, which
literally means to hold together. These sentences
should be orderly sequenced and linked to one
another to ensure a smooth progression of ideas.
Midterm Reviewer
Ariel Estrada Besagar English 16.1 Gwapa ko at way mupalag

writer judges appropriate for
expanding a particular topic.

II. Structural Devices
A. Transitional or Signal Words
It steers the attention of the readers into
the right direction by showing the
relationships between the words in a
sentence.
















B. Pronoun Reference
Uses pronouns in relation to their
antecedents.









C. Repetition of Keywords or Their
Synonyms.
The writer reeats the keywords or
phrases or their synony,s to clarify the
important ideas in the readers mind. Such
recurrent terms form a networkof words
closely related in meaning




Emphasis


A. Emphasis through Position
Emphasis is given prominence by placing
in the beginning or at the end of the
paragraph.








B. Emphasis Through Parallel
Grammatical Structures
Parallelism refers to the grammatical
patterns to express ideas in a series.











Type Description
Deductive From general topic with
specific sentences.
Inductive From specific to general
sentences.
Type Examples
Personal I, he, she it, they
Demonstrative This, that, these, those
Relative Who, whose, whom, which, that.
Example:
Having been accepted by the University, I
started college. In high school, my grades have
satisfactory but unfortunately, I was not prepared
for the difficult period of adjustment in college.
Consequently, I soon became discouraged with
myself and dissatisfied with my studies that I was on
the point of quitting. I think my adviser sensed thism,
for he called me to his office and talked to me about
both the duties of a student and the difficulties of
first year college. That talk helped me considerably.
From then on, I realized that there was nothing
wrong with me or the school that experience could
not cure; hence, I decided to stay.
Example:
There are some people who never give up.
They stick it out through thick and thin. They never
see to get discouraged. Keeping the faith, they never
lose hope; and eventually, they are rewarded.
Example:
I have always looked at life as an exciting adventure.
Ever since I was a boy, life has held a great
excitement for me. I have been full of dreams.
Dreams of leaving y country to go abroad, to the
mysterious East. Dreams of doing great tthings for
mandkind and making a name for myself. Dreams of
achieving anything that is meaningful and
worthwhile.
-Emphasis is concerned with how important ideas
can be made prominent.
Example:
Then why a life of suffering and white and existence
that led to the hard bed of the Cross? Why the
shedding of the last drop of blood? For something
like the same reason that there are more grains than
necessary for the needed song of man, more grains
of sand are necessary for a seashore. Love that is
real loves even to the point of sacrifice, in fact loves
even to the end, which is the giving of one's own life.
Christ loves to that extent, for greater love than
this no man hath that he lay down his life for his
friend.
Examples:
Parallel Word Structure
Pride, greed and mistrust are the acids that
corrode human relations.
Parallel Phrase Structure
Happiness is found
in the simplicity ofandmodesty of life,
in the piety of the Angelus,
in the sincerity of our devotion to our God and
country.
Parallel Clause Structure
Each of us likes to belong to some groups of
tightly knit people,
where we are know and accepted,
where we are committed to each other,
where we are loyal and honest to one
another.
Parallel Sentence Structure
It was the force of an unconquerable faith
It was the though of native land and all that
it holds most dear.
It wasthe though of freedom, and dignity,
and pride.
Midterm Reviewer
Ariel Estrada Besagar English 16.1 Gwapa ko at way mupalag






C. Emphasis Through Climactic Order
The ideas are arranged in an
ascending degree of importance or
interest.





**note the ascending order of importance
The Kings of the earth
The great men of the earth
The Earth
The Sea










Example:

The sea did not hear the cry, for the sea was filled with
its own voice. The earth did not hear the cry, for the
earth slept. The great men of the earth did not hear
the cry, for they could not understand how a child could
be greater than a man. The kings of the earth did not
hear the cry, for they could not fathom how a King
could be born in a stable.

Good luck sa Midterms,
Mayer <3
Just keep praying