Fundamentals of Color

Measurement
ISA NorCal TECH May 2
Bill Deutschlander
WorleyParsons 925-313-5628
Spectrum of Light
Near Infrared Ultraviolet
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Microwave
Radio Wave Infrared (IR)
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Ray
10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13
3um 2um 1um 700nm 400nm 200nm
Spectrum of Color measurement
100 206 400 700 1100 Wavelength
(nm)
385 430 550 620 670
Yellow red blue green = color of liquid
Visible Light
(VIS)
Ultraviolett
(UV)
Near Infrared
(NIR)
Color Scales and Terms
APHA - American Public Health Assoc., Hazen
Standard
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials,
Hazen and SayBolt Standards
EBC European Brewery Convention; 430 nm, 1 cm
Hazen Unit of the Color Standard Scale for
APHA/ASTM. Also know as Pt-Co.
Saybolt Color Scale unit for Petroleum Products
based upon visual comparison of Optical Filters
Photometry - Principles
I
0
I
R
Absorption of light:
Scattering of light:
I
S
I
0
I
D
Absorption - Lambert Beers Law I
I = I
0
exp[- c d]
T = I / I
0
A: Absorbance
T: Transmission
: Molar decading coefficient
of absorption (l / mol*cm)
c: Concentration of absorbing
substance (mol / l)
d: optical path length (OPL) (cm)
I
0
I
d
A = log T = c d
Absorption - Lambert Beers Law II
A: Absorbance
E: Extinction (Europe)
AU: Absorbance Units
CU: Concentration Units
(competitor)
OD: Optical Density
A = log T = c d
Units of Absorption:
OD = A / OPL
cm
Absorption - Lambert Beers Law III
0
1
2
3
4
5
Concentration
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Absorbance
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
(
A
)
% Transmission
%

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Absorption - Lambert Beers Law IV
Absorbance Transmission
(CU) (%)

0 100
0,5 32
1 10
2 1
3 0,1
4 0,01


A = -log T
Absorption - Different Colors
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wellenlnge / Wavelength (nm)
S
i
g
n
a
l

(
C
U
)
Gelb/Yellow
Rot/Red
Blau/Blue
Color Analysis, e.g. APHA
0
1
2
3
4
380 430 480 530 580
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
380 430 480 530 580
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
Wavelength (nm)
500 APHA
5 cmcuvette
50 APHA
5 cmcuvette
Color Analysis
Single Beam
Absorption:
Dual Beam
Absorption:
A = c d
A = A
meas
- A
ref
A
ref
A
meas
Color Analysis - Comparison Single
and Dual Beam
Single Beam Absorption:
No Turbidity
No Bubbles
Significant color changes
Dual Beam Absorption:
Compensation of turbidity
Compensation of bubbles
High sensitivity
Compensation of lamp aging
A
ref
A
meas
Color Intensity
Color Analysis - Typical Apps Single
and Dual Beam
A
ref
A
meas
Color dosage
Quality control / Purity (absence of color)
Decolorization control
Color scales: APHA, Hazen, EBC, ASBC, ASTM,
ICUMSA, Lovibond
Concentration of inks / colorants
Residual color in waste water
Metals in solution: Iron, copper, nickel, chromium
Huminic matter in drinking water
Chlorophyll in edible oil
Bleaching of edible oil, sugar syrup...
Lignin in hydrosulforic acid
Dissolved water in organics
Phase separation: organic and aqueous phase
Chlorine / chlorine dioxide / hypochlorite
Phase separation:
- Beer / Water
- Wine / Water
- Juice / Water
- Hemoglobin
concentration in blood
Color Analyzer Manufacturers
Ametek Process Instruments Model 4000
Galvanic Applied Sciences Monitek Monispec AD
Optek Model AF26
Sigrist ColorPlus
Wedgewood Analytical Model AF21, AF22
Ametek Model 4000
GAS Monitek Monispec AD
Optek Control 4000/AF26
Sigrist ColorPlus
Wedgewood Analytical
980/AF21,AF22