A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected
devices. 1.1.1 What is a Networking? Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data and resources. 1.1.2 Types of Network LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) 1.2 Web Services A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. It is a software function provided at a network address over the web with the service always on as in the concept of utility computing. The W3C defines a Web service generally as: a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. The W3C Web Services Architecture Working Group defined a Web Services Architecture, requiring a specific implementation of a "web service." In this a web service has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. Many organizations use multiple software systems for management. Different software systems often need to exchange data with each other, and a web service is a method of communication that allows two software systems to exchange this data over the internet. The software system that requests data is called a service requester, whereas the software system that would process the request and provide the data is called a service provider. Different software might be built using different programming languages, and hence there is a need for a method of data exchange that doesn't depend upon a particular programming 1
language. Most types of software can, however, interpret XML tags. Thus, web services can use XML files for data exchange.
Fig1.2.1 Web services in a service-oriented architecture. Rules for communication between different systems need to be defined, such as: How one system can request data from another system Which specific parameters are needed in the data request What would be the structure of the data produced? Normally, data is exchanged in XML files, and the structure of the XML file is validated against an .xsd file. What error messages to display when a certain rule for communication is not observed, to make troubleshooting easier 1.3 Domain Services A domain is a network of computers and devices, which have an administrator who keeps the computers and devices working as a single unit. Domains within the network are defined by use of an IP address. The devices all share a common IP address and therefore they belong to the same domain. Domain is a one type of Database which convert the host Name to IP Address. A website domain is the name of the website or URL, and is sometimes called the host name. The host name is a more memorable name to stand in for the numeric, and hard to 2
remember, IP address of a website. This allows the website visitors to find and return to a web page more easily. It also allows advertisers the ability to give a website a memorable name that visitors will remember and come to, hopefully leading to conversions for the web page. The domain is the human readable address for a web site. Owning a domain name involves registering the name you want with an organization called ICANN through a domain name registrar like XnYnZ.com . For example, if you choose a name like "example.com", you will have to go to a registrar, pay a registration fee for that name. 1.3.1 Domain Name System (DNS) The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. The Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.119 (IPv4) and 2606:2800:220:6d:26bf:1447:1097:aa7 (IPv6). Unlike a phone book, the DNS can be quickly updated, allowing a service's location on the network to change without affecting the end users, who continue to use the same host name. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates the services. The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their supported domains, and may delegate authority over subdomains to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault tolerant service and was designed to avoid the need for a single central database.
1.4 IP ADDERSSING 3
IP (INTERNER PROTOCOL) is a 32 bit computer address. It is numerical identification of computer on network. It is divided in 4 octet each octet contain 8 bit. It has two parts one is network id and second is host id. We use private IP address in LAN which is reserved by IANA (INTERNET ASSIGNING NUMBRING AUTHOURTIY) for free of cost usage. The minimum value (per octet) is 0 and the maximum value is 255. IP address is divided in five classes: Address Class IP Range Subnet Mask Value Total Valid Address Class A 1to 127 255.0.0.0 16,777,214 Class B 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 65,534 Class C 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 254 Class D 224 to 239 Reserved for multicasting Class E 240 to 255 Reserved for research and development Table 1: IP Classes 1.5 IP Routing IP Routing is an umbrella term for the set of protocols that determine the path that data follows in order to travel across multiple networks from its source to its destination. Data is routed from its source to its destination through a series of routers, and across multiple networks. The IP Routing protocols enable routers to build up a forwarding table that correlates final destinations with next hop addresses. These protocols include: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) IS-IS (Intermediate System - Intermediate System) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) RIP (Routing Information Protocol) When an IP packet is to be forwarded, a router uses its forwarding table to determine the next hop for the packet's destination (based on the destination IP address in the IP packet header), 4
and forwards the packet appropriately. The next router then repeats this process using its own forwarding table, and so on until the packet reaches its destination. At each stage, the IP address in the packet header is sufficient information to determine the next hop; no additional protocol headers are required. 1.6 VLAN A VLAN (virtual LAN) is a group of end stations with a common set of requirements, independent of physical location. VLANs have the same attributes as a physical LAN but allow you to group end stations even if they are not located physically on the same LAN segment. VLANs are usually associated with IP subnetworks. For example, all the end stations in a particular IP subnet belong to the same VLAN. Traffic between VLANs must be routed. LAN port VLAN membership is assigned manually on an port-by-port basis.
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1. GOALS OF THE PROJECT This project will focus on developing services with a client point of view, bringing together governance, content managers, end users, and service providers to clearly define the service offerings that support our web presence. Goals of Web Services include: Defining web services in a way that is meaningful to the customer and aligns service providers to delivery and support Improving the experience of end-users in accessing campus web services and obtaining support for incidents and requests Establishing a web service team to plan and support the lifecycle of web services, create effective processes, and set expectations for customers and web service providers Defining roles and responsibilities across the spectrum of web services Goals of Domain Services include: Reliability: The most common thing done with a domain is looking it up. Often this is automatic, and users are not even aware of it. It happens many billions of times a day. People want name look ups to be fast and reliable. Permanence: When people get a domain, they would like it to last forever, or at least until they say otherwise. Of course, all dispute resolution systems which can take a domain away are at odds with this goal. Uniqueness: People want a domain to point precisely at one thing. If I give you my business card with an E-mail address on it, you and I both want that address to mail to me, and me alone. You might consider this a subset of reliability. Cheap and for everybody: People would like the domain name system to be cost- effective, with minimal cost to both the holders and users of domains, financially and technically. No Control: A counter to that goal is that people don't want outside forces running the system against their wishes. They don't want any one powerful party (that isn't them) to have too much say or control, with the ability to take away their name unfairly or to enforce rules they don't desire. 6
2. METHODOLOGY Virtualization, in computing, refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware platform, operating system (OS), storage device, or computer network resources. Hardware virtualization or platform virtualization refers to the creation of a virtual machine that acts like a real computer with an operating system. Software executed on these virtual machines is separated from the underlying hardware resources. For example, a computer that is running Microsoft Windows may host a virtual machine that looks like a computer with the Ubuntu Linux operating system; Ubuntu-based software can be run on the virtual machine. In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the actual machine on which the virtualization takes place, and the guest machine is the virtual machine. The words host and guest are used to distinguish the software that runs on the physical machine from the software that runs on the virtual machine. The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager. Different types of hardware virtualization include: Full virtualization: Almost complete simulation of the actual hardware Partial virtualization: Some but not all of the target environment is simulated. In our project we choose virtualization as our methodology because implementing the actual project will be too costly (several thousands of dollars) physically. So to test that if our project is feasible and according to the requirements we will virtualize various hardware devices and operating systems, this will help us to reduce the cost required to remove various problems we may face after actual/physical implementation of the project.
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3.1 Implementation of Project (Overview)
Branch Office (Similar to Head Office) Head Office
Web pages, APIs etc. Various services are configured VMware Server O.S Client O.S Router 1 (Head Office) ISP/VLAN Router 2 (Branch Office) Client 1, , Client n ISP Client 1, , Client n 8
3. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Hardware Requirements for Physical Implementation I. IBM Server II. CISCO Routers 3 III. CISCO Switches IV. Lab Systems 3 4.2 Software Requirements for Virtualization I. GNS v3 II. CISCO IOS III. VMware workstation
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