Indonesian Welding Society (IWS)

Topic : Topic :
Welding High Tensile Steel & Welding High Temperature Steel Welding High Tensile Steel & Welding High Temperature Steel
Speaker : Ir. Speaker : Ir. Soeweify Soeweify, , M.Eng M.Eng ( ITS Surabaya ) ( ITS Surabaya )
Welding High Welding High
Tensile Steel Tensile Steel
Soeweify
Department of Shipbuilding Engineering
Institute Technology 10 November Surabaya
Type and feature of high Type and feature of high--
strength steel strength steel
n n Used in ship,bridge,building, high Used in ship,bridge,building, high- -pressure pressure
vessels, penstocks,rolling stock,etc vessels, penstocks,rolling stock,etc
nn Tensile strength minimum 50 Kg/mm2 and yield Tensile strength minimum 50 Kg/mm2 and yield
strength 30 Kg/mm2 ( strength 30 Kg/mm2 ( yield ratio yield ratio ))
nn Ability to design larger steel construction Ability to design larger steel construction
n n Ability to design lighter steel construction Ability to design lighter steel construction
( ( weight ratio weight ratio ))
nn Ability to sustain larger stresses construction Ability to sustain larger stresses construction
n n Production of high tensile used alloying Production of high tensile used alloying
C,Mn,Ni,Cr,Mo,V,Nb,Cu,Ti,B C,Mn,Ni,Cr,Mo,V,Nb,Cu,Ti,B
nn Heat treated to provided high yield strength, high Heat treated to provided high yield strength, high
tensile strength and high toughness tensile strength and high toughness
nn Classified into 50,60,70,80,and 100 kgf/mm2 Classified into 50,60,70,80,and 100 kgf/mm2
Relation between Yield strength and Relation between Yield strength and
Tensile strength Tensile strength
Main High Tensile Steel Main High Tensile Steel
Line Pipe Clasification Line Pipe Clasification
Non thermal refining type Non thermal refining type
n n Under 60 kgf/mm2 usually non thermal refining Under 60 kgf/mm2 usually non thermal refining
type. type.
n n Upper 60 kgf/mm2 thermal refining type. Upper 60 kgf/mm2 thermal refining type.
n n Non thermal refining type Non thermal refining type
n n It is easier to produce steel product of various It is easier to produce steel product of various
size. size.
n n Hot forming can be applied Hot forming can be applied
n n It is difficult to satisfy preferable tensile It is difficult to satisfy preferable tensile
strength, notch toughness, and crack strength, notch toughness, and crack
resistability at the same time with a increase resistability at the same time with a increase
of plate thickness and tensile strength. of plate thickness and tensile strength.
Thermal refining type Thermal refining type
n n Thermal refining type Thermal refining type > 600 N/mm2 > 600 N/mm2
n n Better notch toughness, good crack Better notch toughness, good crack
resistibility and higher strength resistibility and higher strength
nn Heat Affected Zone is lessable to tolerate the Heat Affected Zone is lessable to tolerate the
heat input heat input adversely adversely affect tensile strength affect tensile strength
and notch toughness and notch toughness
nn Hot forming Hot forming adversely adversely affect tensile strength affect tensile strength
and notch toughness and notch toughness
nn During PWHT to minimize distortion and During PWHT to minimize distortion and
residual stress the heating temp must be residual stress the heating temp must be
limited to prevent a decrease of tensile limited to prevent a decrease of tensile
strength and notch toughness strength and notch toughness
Microstructures of HSS Microstructures of HSS
Weldability of high strength steel Weldability of high strength steel
n n Weldability mean Weldability mean acceptable weld sound, acceptable weld sound,
reasonable welding cost,weld properties taking reasonable welding cost,weld properties taking
into account requirement, no welding defect into account requirement, no welding defect
such hot or cold crack, and imcomplete fusion such hot or cold crack, and imcomplete fusion
n n HSS Weld tend to harden HSS Weld tend to harden
n n Ductility decrease Ductility decrease
nn Crack easy to occur by diffusible hydrogen in Crack easy to occur by diffusible hydrogen in
weld metal or HAZ weld metal or HAZ
nn Weldability should therefore be examined Weldability should therefore be examined
Hardening of HAZ Hardening of HAZ
nn Hardening of HAZ cause by thermal cycle Hardening of HAZ cause by thermal cycle
nn Hardening also cause by Carbon and can Hardening also cause by Carbon and can
indicate on carbon equivalent . indicate on carbon equivalent .
n n Ceq Ceq increase Hardness also increase increase Hardness also increase
nn Hardness of 60 Hardness of 60 Kgf Kgf/mm2 /mm2 appr appr Hv Hv 420 420
nn More hardness more brittle, crack easy to More hardness more brittle, crack easy to
developes developes
Relation hardness,structure and Relation hardness,structure and
cooling rate cooling rate
Hardening of HAZ vs Ceq Hardening of HAZ vs Ceq
Weld cracks Weld cracks
nn Cracking in steel weld can be Cracking in steel weld can be catagorized catagorized
nn Cracking during or after welding Cracking during or after welding
n n Cracking during and after Cracking during and after postweld postweld heat treatment heat treatment
n n Cracking during or after services Cracking during or after services
n n Cold crack Cold crack
nn Hardening decrease ductility Hardening decrease ductility
n n Hydrogen diffusible Hydrogen diffusible
nn Restraint stress Restraint stress
nn Hot crack Hot crack
nn Ductility of weld metal to low Ductility of weld metal to low
n n Low melting point caused by impurity of steel such as Low melting point caused by impurity of steel such as sulphur sulphur, ,
phosporus phosporus
n n Reheat cracking Reheat cracking, , stress corrosion cracking , stress corrosion cracking , fatique fatique
cracking cracking
Type and feature of weld crack Type and feature of weld crack
Type and feature of weld crack Type and feature of weld crack
Crack sensitivity of HSS Crack sensitivity of HSS
n n It is not easy to estimate the crack sensitivity of It is not easy to estimate the crack sensitivity of
HS steel by only refering to HS steel by only refering to
nn The hardness of HAZ and The hardness of HAZ and
n n Carbon equivalent Ceq Carbon equivalent Ceq
n n Another parameter can be used Pcm = C+Si/30 Another parameter can be used Pcm = C+Si/30
+Mn/20+Cu/20 +Ni/60+Cr/20+ +Mn/20+Cu/20 +Ni/60+Cr/20+
Mo/20+V/10+H/60+5B +t/600 Mo/20+V/10+H/60+5B +t/600
n n Pcm= Cracking parameter Pcm= Cracking parameter
nn H =Hydrogen diffusible H =Hydrogen diffusible
nn t = Plate thickness t = Plate thickness
Pre heating temperature can be estimate = 1400xPc Pre heating temperature can be estimate = 1400xPc - -
392 [ C 392 [ C ] and At least 150 C ] and At least 150 C
Pre heating temperatures estimation Pre heating temperatures estimation
Diffusible hydrogen Diffusible hydrogen
n n Hydrogen is readily during the welding steel Hydrogen is readily during the welding steel
n n Moisture in admosfir, welding consumable, Moisture in admosfir, welding consumable,
moisture in surface moisture in surface
nn Hydrogen may cause crack Hydrogen may cause crack
nn Hydrogen assisted cracking depending Hydrogen assisted cracking depending
n n Hydrogen disolve Hydrogen disolve
nn Cooling rate Cooling rate
n n Chemical composition Chemical composition
nn Stress on weld Stress on weld
n n Hydrogen diffusible depend on water vopur Hydrogen diffusible depend on water vopur
pressure of the air pressure of the air
Relation between diffusible hydrogen Relation between diffusible hydrogen
and vapour pressure and vapour pressure
Diffusible hydrogen Diffusible hydrogen
n n Vapour Vapour pressure on the air have small affect pressure on the air have small affect
nn Moisture absorbed by flux affect amount of diffusible Moisture absorbed by flux affect amount of diffusible
hydrogen hydrogen
n n The electrode moisture is the importing thing The electrode moisture is the importing thing
n n The welding electrode manufacturer develop low, The welding electrode manufacturer develop low,
extra low, ultra low hydrogen extra low, ultra low hydrogen
n n Exposure time cause the level of diffusible hydrogen Exposure time cause the level of diffusible hydrogen
increase increase
nn Almost use the less moisture Almost use the less moisture
n n Covered electrode must be keep dry, Low hydrogen Covered electrode must be keep dry, Low hydrogen
must be baking before use at least 350 must be baking before use at least 350
o o
CC
Typical value of diffusible Typical value of diffusible
hidrogen hidrogen
Moisture absorbtion test result Moisture absorbtion test result
Relation diffusible hydrogen of difference Relation diffusible hydrogen of difference
low hydrogen electrode low hydrogen electrode
Welded by Shield Metal arc Welded by Shield Metal arc
Welding Welding
n n Mechanical properties must meet the specification Mechanical properties must meet the specification
nn The weld crack sensitivity must sufficient to prevent The weld crack sensitivity must sufficient to prevent
cracking cracking
nn Workability must be sufficient to get sound and effective Workability must be sufficient to get sound and effective
welding welding
nn The ilmenite The ilmenite ( 01 ) ( 01 ) and lime titania and lime titania (13 ) (13 ) can be used for can be used for
50 kgf/mm 50 kgf/mm
nn Low hydrogen Low hydrogen ( 16 ) ( 16 ) make more better weldability make more better weldability
n n Advance cover electrode Advance cover electrode
nn Moisture resistance type , pre heating can be lower Moisture resistance type , pre heating can be lower
n n Extra low hydrogen type Extra low hydrogen type
n n Ultra low hydrogen type will be better Ultra low hydrogen type will be better
n n Less fume type Less fume type
Standard cover electrode for HSS Standard cover electrode for HSS
Selecting correct covered electrodes Selecting correct covered electrodes
and pre heating temp for HSS and pre heating temp for HSS
Suitable covered electrode for Suitable covered electrode for
welding dissimilar HTS welding dissimilar HTS
Note of welding procedures Note of welding procedures
n n Drying electrode Drying electrode
n n Majority of hydrogen contained in weld metal come Majority of hydrogen contained in weld metal come
from the coating material from the coating material
nn Cover electrode keep dry during handling or drying Cover electrode keep dry during handling or drying
before used before used
nn The drying conducted according to the specification of The drying conducted according to the specification of
manufacturer of welding consumable manufacturer of welding consumable
n n Preheating Preheating
n n Pre heating reduced cooling rate, HAZ and weld metal Pre heating reduced cooling rate, HAZ and weld metal
more ductile no martensit. more ductile no martensit.
n n HAZ more wider but no martensit HAZ more wider but no martensit
nn Pre heating temp should be higher with increase of Pre heating temp should be higher with increase of
the amount of alloying element in the steel, the the amount of alloying element in the steel, the
amount of diffusible hydrogen,the plate thickness amount of diffusible hydrogen,the plate thickness
Typical drying condition for covered Typical drying condition for covered
electrode for High strength steel electrode for High strength steel
Minimum preheating for HHB Minimum preheating for HHB
Note of welding procedures Note of welding procedures
nn Welding condition and mechanical properties Welding condition and mechanical properties
nn Mechanical properties change as the welding condition change ( Mechanical properties change as the welding condition change (
amperage, voltage, and speed). amperage, voltage, and speed).
n n Tensile strength and the toughness decrease as the heat input Tensile strength and the toughness decrease as the heat input
increase increase
n n Post weld heat treatment and mechanical properties Post weld heat treatment and mechanical properties
nn PWHT is applied in order to remove residual stress PWHT is applied in order to remove residual stress
nn PWHT can result in a lower level of tensile strength PWHT can result in a lower level of tensile strength
n n Effect of PWHT on notch toughness depent on chemical Effect of PWHT on notch toughness depent on chemical
composition composition
n n The notch toughness of 50 Kgf/mm2 is improve by applying the The notch toughness of 50 Kgf/mm2 is improve by applying the
PWHT PWHT
nn However The notch toughness of 60 Kgf/mm2 or more is However The notch toughness of 60 Kgf/mm2 or more is
generally decrease because of Stress relief embritlement generally decrease because of Stress relief embritlement
n n The PWHT temp and heating time must, therefore, be thoroughly The PWHT temp and heating time must, therefore, be thoroughly
examined before hand taking into account the required examined before hand taking into account the required
mechanical properties mechanical properties
Effect of PWHT on Tensile strength Effect of PWHT on Tensile strength
of HSS weld metal of HSS weld metal
Welding High Welding High
Temperature steel Temperature steel
Soeweify Soeweify
Department of Shipbuilding Department of Shipbuilding
Engineering ITS Engineering ITS
Welding High Temperature steel Welding High Temperature steel
nn Clasification and characteristic Clasification and characteristic
n n Low alloy steel, high cromium steel, austenic Low alloy steel, high cromium steel, austenic
stainless steel, high alloy steel stainless steel, high alloy steel
n n Application depend on service temperatur ( fig ) Application depend on service temperatur ( fig )
nn In this section only In this section only low alloy steel low alloy steel and and high high
cromium steel cromium steel
n n Used mainly for boiler and pressure vessel Used mainly for boiler and pressure vessel
n n Mo steel, Mn Mo steel, Mn--Mo steel, Mn Mo steel, Mn--Ni Ni- -Mo steel, Cr Mo steel, Cr--Mo Mo
steel, High strength Cr steel, High strength Cr--Mo steel, Mo steel,
Welding High Temperature steel Welding High Temperature steel
n n Increasing steam temperature, than 9 Increasing steam temperature, than 9--
12%Cr high temperature strength corrosion 12%Cr high temperature strength corrosion
resistance become to be used resistance become to be used
n n Essensial quality of Low alloy steel for high Essensial quality of Low alloy steel for high
temperature aplicable are temperature aplicable are high temperature high temperature
strength, high temperature oxidation, strength, high temperature oxidation,
corrosion resistance corrosion resistance..
nn Creep strength and creep rupture strength are Creep strength and creep rupture strength are
also essensial also essensial
Characteristic high temperature Characteristic high temperature
steel steel
nn Mo has the most efect on creep strength, Mo has the most efect on creep strength,
Cr not so much over 1% has a little affect. Cr not so much over 1% has a little affect.
n n Increase Cr 1% or more improve oxidation Increase Cr 1% or more improve oxidation
resistance and corrosion resistance resistance and corrosion resistance
nn To improve high temperature strength V To improve high temperature strength V
and Nb are added such as SCMQ4V, and Nb are added such as SCMQ4V,
SCMQ5Vand 9 Cr SCMQ5Vand 9 Cr --1Mo 1Mo
n n To improve Oxidation resistance some To improve Oxidation resistance some
steel contain Si, Al steel contain Si, Al
Weldability of high temperature Weldability of high temperature
steel steel
n n Cr and Mo increase quench hardeability Cr and Mo increase quench hardeability
n n Weld metal and HAZ become harder and ductility Weld metal and HAZ become harder and ductility
decrease decrease
nn Weld crack mainly cold crack that often occur welding Weld crack mainly cold crack that often occur welding
same as high tensile steel same as high tensile steel
nn To estimate pre heating or temperatur interpass canot be To estimate pre heating or temperatur interpass canot be
use cracking paramete ( Pcm ) because Cr and Mo not use cracking paramete ( Pcm ) because Cr and Mo not
covered in Pcm range. covered in Pcm range.
nn Recomendate of Pre heating and interpas temp can be Recomendate of Pre heating and interpas temp can be
seen in table 2 seen in table 2--19 19
nn If welding is difficult cause high preheating , welding can If welding is difficult cause high preheating , welding can
be used on lower preheating but weld must be reheated be used on lower preheating but weld must be reheated
( immediate post weld at 200 ( immediate post weld at 200--350 350
0 0
C ) for 0.5 hour to C ) for 0.5 hour to
several hour mustbe done to release diffusible hydrogen several hour mustbe done to release diffusible hydrogen
preventing cold crack preventing cold crack
PWHT in Weld Joint of High PWHT in Weld Joint of High
Temperature Steel Temperature Steel
n n Cr Cr- -Mo is hardened so the weld joint properties Mo is hardened so the weld joint properties
are insufficient in as weld are insufficient in as weld
nn To improve the properties of weld metal and To improve the properties of weld metal and
HAZ , PWHT is applied temp PWHT as table HAZ , PWHT is applied temp PWHT as table
2.20 2.20
n n PWHT have purpose PWHT have purpose
nn Relaxation of residual stress Relaxation of residual stress
nn Softening microstructure stabilazionof HAZ Softening microstructure stabilazionof HAZ
nn Improve ductility and toughness Improve ductility and toughness
nn Improve heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Improve heat resistance and corrosion resistance of
weld weld
n n Relation of PWHT and Residual stress as fig Relation of PWHT and Residual stress as fig
2.46 2.46
Temper embritlement Temper embritlement
n n Cr Cr - - Mo are used in high temperature in the long Mo are used in high temperature in the long
time services condition or in high temperature time services condition or in high temperature
and high pressure in hydrogen atmosphere they and high pressure in hydrogen atmosphere they
can suffer can suffer Temper embrittlement, creep Temper embrittlement, creep
embrittlement ( creep cracking and hydrogen embrittlement ( creep cracking and hydrogen
attact and hydrogen Embrittlement, attact and hydrogen Embrittlement,
nn Step cooling heat treatment Step cooling heat treatment as as the the accelerate accelerate
temper embritlement heat treatment temper embritlement heat treatment
n n To estimate the temper embritlement To estimate the temper embritlement
susceptibility can be used Temper embrittlement susceptibility can be used Temper embrittlement
index index
Terima Kasih
Thank You
Domo Arigato