The Traffic Light Metaphor Dr. Ima Mayasari, S.H., M.H. Hukum dan Administrasi Negara, DIA FISIP UI, 17 September 2014 Carol Harlow and Richard Rawlings: Law and Administration ! Behind every theory of administrative law there lies a theory of the state. ! The Theory of Laissez Faire State: Night-watchman state or a minimal state; the best government is the least government; [mempengaruhi Red Light Theory] ! The Welfare State: the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens [mempengaruhi Green Light Theory] ! Each colour corresponds to a different set of theoretical assumptions about the purpose of administrative law, the executive and public body powers and duties, and the extent to which the courts should determine public law disputes. Lisa Webley & Harriet Samuels, Public Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2012 ! Tujuan Administrative Law ! Kekuasaan dan Tugas Eksekutif serta Badan Publik ! Peradilan menyelesaikan sengketa berkaitan dengan Public Law Red Light Theory ! Dicey is red light theoristadministrative law as establishing a system of limits on the exercise of governmental power to protect individual liberty; ! Negative view of state power; ! Control, limitation and supervision of the state and its power; ! Focuses on judicial review and therefore on judicial control of administrative authorities ! Fire Fighting Green Light Theory ! Green light theoristsadministrative law to be a means of permitting the state to develop its policy agendas. ! Positive view of state power. ! State power is an instrument for giving effect to social policies which will benefit either the general public or specifically defined communities. ! Focuses on legislative measures to ensure efficiency and fairness in administrative action ! Fire Watching Red-light and green-light theories are essentially opposites Signpost ! Gower: Penekanan akan berubah dari private law ke public law dari private contract ke public regulation; pertumbuhan Administrative Law di Negara Eropa Kontinental tampak tak terelakkan, dan English Lawyer harus merekonsiliasi dirinya seperti Droit Administratifyang diajarkan Dicey. (L. Gower, 1946) ! Schwarz and Wade: fokus pada administrative adjudication; j usti ce i n the wel fare state. Humane Admi ni strati on didedikasikan untuk kesejahteraan umum, keadilan sosial yang dikombinasikan dengan efisiensi dan kepastian (fairness), yang menjadi tujuan Administrator dan Administrative Lawyers (G. Keeton, 1956) Amber Light Theory ! Amber light theoristslaw should control the exercise of executive discretion when that discretion has an impact on individuals constitutional rights. ! Positive view of state power. ! Differs from the green-light theory on the issues of accountability. ! Green Light sees political institutions as adequate to control state power ! Amber Light sees a need to develop administrative law principles and procedures to supplement the democratic, political controls over those who exercise state power.
! Blend of red and green and to depend upon two principles: ! (1) judicial as well as political controls over administrative processes; ! (2) judicial review should be balance againts systemic needs of efficiency. ! Moving forward to strengthen the fire-watching and fire- fighting functions of administrative law. ! Finding solutions outside as well as inside courts ! Admi ni str ati ve Lawyer s r eacti ons to i ncr easi ng managerialism within the public sector, and to its downsizing, corporatisation, outsourcing and privatisation. The Battle Againts Discretion ! Wade: that not all abuses of power carry an innuendo of malice or bad faith; they are simply a characteristic of a state governed by law. ! Padfield vs Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1968) ! Case: Padfield vs Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1968): Produsen susu melakukan judicial review terhadap penol akan Menteri untuk mengarahkan penyel i di kan sehubungan dengan keluhan mengenai pengoperasian skema pemasaran hasil pertanian. Produsen susu mengeluhkan harga yang dibayar oleh Milk Marketing Board untuk susu mereka dibandingkan dengan harga yang dibayarkan kepada produsen di wilayah lain. Menteri menolak untuk menunjuk sebuah komite. Menteri memiliki diskresi, menjadi pertanyaan seberapa jauh diskresi tunduk pada kontrol peradilan. ! The House of Lord beralasan bahwa jika semua alasan prima facie menunjuk ke arah salah satu tindakan dan Menteri mengambil keputusan tanpa memberikan alasan, Pengadilan dapat menyimpulkan Menteri tidak memiliki alasan yang baik untuk membuat keputusan tersebut dan menggunakan diskresinya untuk tujuan yang tidak benar, dengan demikian telah bertindak melebihi kewenangannya. Rational Decision-Making ! Administrative Law telah memulai pencarian terhadap rational decision-making. ! Rational choice is a process selecting alternatives which are conductive to the achievement of previously selected goals or the selection of the alternatives which will maximise the decision-makers values, the selection being made following comprehensive analysis of alternatives and their consequency. Openess and citizen participation ! Davis: desire to open up the administrative process, bringing policy-making into the open and allowing citizens to participate in a miniature democratic process. ! America: Administrative Procedure Act 1946, proposed rule-making together with a public hearing; 1966 Freedom of Information Actopening access to public document; 1976 the Government in the Sunshine Act providing for access to meetings. Discretionary Justice ! Davis: rationalisation of those areas of policy and decision- making which rarely reach tribunals or courts. The primary concern of jurists, however, has always been with the rationality of judicial process. ! Austin: critique of the Padlife case, Austin had accused the courts of ignoring a basic distinction between objective and subjective discretion. ! Objective: when the source of his power imposes defined or ascertainable predetermined criteria by which, and solely by which, he must make his choice. ! Subjective: when the source of his power confers upon him the freedom to determine his own criteria for choosing between the alternative course of action open to him. Blue Rinse New Public Management (NPM)
Three Es: Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness reduce the cost and size of government ! Tahun 1990-an: Chr i shtopher Hood Al l Publ i c Management of All Seasons, nama NPM seringkali disebut dengan nama lain mis: Post-bureucratis Paradigm (Barzeley, 1992), dan Reinventing Government (Osborne dan Gaebler, 1992). ! Fokus: Kontrol terhadap Output Kebijakan Pemerintah, Desentralisasi Otoritas Manajemen, pengenalan dasar kuasi-mekanisme pasar, layanan yang berorientasi pada customer. ! The Citizens Charter; a medley of interlocking themes, principles, mechanisms, and implementation vehicles ! New Public Management (NPM)Hood: the rise of NPM in term of...four administrative megatrends: ! Slow down or reserve government growth ! Privatisation and quasi-privatisation ! AutomationIT in the production and distribution of public service ! I nt er nat i onal Agendagener al i s s ues of publ i c management, policy design, decision styles, an inter- governmental cooperation ! Sigma values of economic and purposeful government, which we call production results values; ! Theta values of honesty and fairness, which we call rectitude; and ! Lambda values of security and resilience, which we call, in short, resilience. ! The Three Es ! Efficiency can refer to productive efficiency, simply, the relation between input and output; production is efficient when an article is manufactured at the cheapest cost; ! Economy: cheapness, production is not economic if it does not fulfil the purpose for which goods were made. ! Effectiveness can be equated wth allocative efficiency. ! The three concepts add up to value for money M. Mulreany, Economy, Efficiency and Effectiveness in Public Sector, 1991 ! Administrative regulation is rapidly becoming the new frontier of public policy and public administration throughout the industrialised worldefficient regulatory framework. Themes Principles Mechanisms Value Quality Choice Standards Standards Openness Information Choice Non-discrimination Accessibility Redress Privatisation Wider Competition Contracting Out Next Step Agencies Performance-related pay Public information on standards Published performance levels Improved complaints procedures Reformed inspectorates Audit Enhanced regulation
A. Barron and C. Scoot, The Citizens Charter Program, 1992 ! Reforms of the civil service ! New Public Management ! Structural and managerial revolutiona strong framework for the future role and development of government. ! Blueprints for governmental machinery ! Transferable technology ! Privatisation has moved nationalised industries into the private sector. ! Downsizing ! Modern Administrative Law: not only have the central ideas of justice and fairness been dethroned by the economi c tr i ad of economy, ef f i ci ency, and effectiveness. ! Privatising the government held assets like crown corporations directly serves two purposes: 1) reduction of the size of government which will eliminate daily operation costs as well as salary costs and; 2) encouragement of the privatised company to engage in more competitive business models which should lead to the search for cost efficiency and higher customer satisfaction. ! Overall, privatisation should benefit the government and, more importantly, the public that it serves. Referensi: ! Carol Harl ow and Ri chard Rawl i ngs, Law and Administration, second edition, 1997. ! Jonathan Klaaren, Red Light, Green Light, 1999. ! Lisa Webley & Harriet Samuels, Public Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2012 Terimakasih
Dr. Ima Mayasari, S.H., M.H.
Rabu, 17 September 2014 Hukum dan Administrasi Negara, DIA Fisip UI