Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC

CONCEPTS
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6
th
Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2008
ADAPTADO POR: MARIA VILMA GARCIA BUITRAGO
mariagarcia@itm.edu.co

2
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density is mass
per unit volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
Specific gravity o specific
density: The ratio of the
density of a substance to the
density of some standard
substance at a specified
temperature (usually water at 4C).
Density
Specific weight:
Ejemplo 2
Halle la densidad especfica de un fluido cuya
gravedad especfica es 0.85.

Halle la densidad del fluido anterior y el peso
especfico

4
PRESSURE
The normal stress (or pressure) on the feet
of a chubby person is much greater than on
the feet of a slim person.
Some basic pressure gages.
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area
68 kg 136 kg
A
feet
=300cm
2
0.23 kgf/cm
2
0.46 kgf/cm
2
P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm
2

5
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P will
denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.
6
Variation of Pressure with Depth
The pressure of a fluid at rest
increases with depth (as a result of
added weight).
When the variation of density with
elevation is known
In a room filled with
a gas, the variation of
pressure with height
is negligible.
7
Pascals law: The pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.
8
THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the
pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0C (
Hg
= 13,595
kg/m
3
) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s
2
).
The basic barometer.
The length or the
cross-sectional area of
the tube has no effect
on the height of the
fluid column of a
barometer, provided
that the tube diameter
is large enough to
avoid surface tension
(capillary) effects.
9
The Manometer
Measuring the pressure
drop across a flow
section or a flow device
by a differential
manometer.
The basic
manometer.
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate
pressure differences. A manometer contains one or
more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
10
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
Various types of Bourdon tubes used to
measure pressure.
Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube
bent like a hook whose end is closed and
connected to a dial indicator needle.
Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to
convert the pressure effect to an electrical effect
such as a change in voltage, resistance, or
capacitance.
Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and
they can be more sensitive, reliable, and precise
than their mechanical counterparts.
Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by
having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs.
Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state
pressure transducers, work on the principle that
an electric potential is generated in a crystalline
substance when it is subjected to mechanical
pressure.
11
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Ejercicios
1116 A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than an ordinary pan by maintaining a
higher pressure and temperature inside. The lid of a pressure cooker is well
sealed, and steam can escape only through an opening in the middle of the lid. A
separate metal piece, the petcock, sits on top of this opening and prevents steam
from escaping until the pressure forc overcomes the weight of the petcock. The
periodic escape of the steam in this manner prevents any potentially dangerous
pressure buildup and keeps the pressure inside at a constant value. Determine the
mass of the petcock of a pressure cooker whose operation pressure is 100 kPa
gage and has an opening cross-sectional area of 4 mm2. Assume an atmospheric
pressure of 101 kPa, and draw the free-body diagram of the petcock.