Unidad IV.

Patrones de Organizacin
de un Prrafo
Ejercicios.











Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 2

OBJ ETI VO 1: LA DEFI NI CI N.

Lectura 1

Ejercicio 1
Lea las siguientes definiciones y extraiga los marcadores del discurso.
a) Traditional leadership theory is narrowly concerned with top-down leadership in
large organizations.
b) Ethics refers to learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing.
c) Coaching is partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process
that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.
d) The word leadership can refer to: 1. The ability "to get people to follow
voluntarily." 2. Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. 3. The
ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the
leader. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership, consultado el 30/06/2008
e) Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something
less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment
and well-developed wisdom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education, consultado el
30/06/2008
f) Ontology is known as the branch of philosophy focusing upon the origins, essence
and meaning of being.




Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 3

TERMINO DEFINIDO MARCADORES DEL DISCURSO
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)


Ejercicio 2. Lea los siguientes textos y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores
del discurso.

a) Epistemology (from Greek - episteme, "knowledge" + , "logos") or
theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of
knowledge.
[1]
The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James
Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864).
[

Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and
how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals
with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different
knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 4

questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people
know?
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 3, 1967, Macmillan, Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology, consultado el 30/06/2008

Epistemology:



Marcadores de Discurso:




b) Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous
ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one
another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to
convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be
categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.

Interpersonal communication:





Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 5

Marcadores de Discurso:




c) Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal
communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy that was co-
created by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s. It was based on the
subjective study of language, communication and personal change, in particular,
mainly through modeling three successful psychotherapists, Fritz Perls (gestalt
therapy), Virginia Satir (family systems therapy), and eventually Milton H. Erickson
(clinical hypnosis). Bandler and Grinder aimed to discover and model the successful
patterns of behavior and communication distinguishing these exceptional individuals
from their peers. Some consider NLP to still be a set of techniques or strategies for
enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.

Neuro-linguistic programming:




Marcadores de Discurso:




Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 6

OBJ ETI VO 2:
PATRN DE NARRACI ONES CON SECUENCI A Y
ORDENAMI ENTO DEL TI EMPO

Adaptado de: www.cch.unam.mx/sacademica/idiomas/ingles/frame2/u2orgtext.htm,
consultado el 30/06/2008

Lectura 2

Ejercicio 1. Lea el siguiente texto y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de
instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

a) Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of
schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the
project environment.
Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the
project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks
necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown
structure. The logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity
network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in
the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the
necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to
each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project plan may be
optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between resource usage and project

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 7

duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the plan
becomes what is known as the baseline. Progress will be measured against the baseline
throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is
known as earned value management.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_planning, consultado el 30/06/2008

Marcadores de Tiempo:



Tipo de texto:



Idea general del prrafo:




b) Business administration school is a university-level institution that educates learners
on such topics as accounting, finance, marketing, organizational behavior, strategy
planning, and quantitative methods. Most business administration schools have
experienced well-qualified faculties, and efficient managements. In 1881, the first
'collegiate business school' was founded in Wharton.

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 8

Business Schools before World War II were mostly "schools of commerce" and were
conducted in relatively low esteem. After the Second World War and especially after
1960, Business Administration Schools began to grow rapidly. They are often known as
university graduate schools. MBA degrees originally occurred in the United States of
America, due to the fast industrialization growth that made it essential for companies
to use scientific approaches to teach management. The first MBA degree was offered
by Dartmouth College in 1900. Business schools have mushroomed and flourished in all
states and countries thus, making them feasible for individuals who work during the
day to take classes and earn degrees at night.
Since 1988, business schools have changed deans, altered curriculums, and stressed
new expertise among their students. A MBA degree has opened abundant opportunities
for its bearers. Presently, nearly all business positions require an MBA degree as the
minimum qualification. This includes business managers in marketing, finance, human
resources, operations, and information technology. Investment entities, banking
companies and a number of management consulting firms prefer employing MBA
graduates specializing in the field of finance. These graduates are well conversant in
their respective fields. For industries such as media and entertainment, an MBA is not
a necessity, but it is considered an additional asset.
There are wide ranges of options among the different academic institutions that offer
business courses. Various sites are available wherein detailed information about all the
specialization fields are mentioned along with their course details. These sites also
offer information regarding the universities that are well qualified and offer
competent MBA programs.
http://ezinearticles.com/?History-Of-Business-Administration-Education&id=428774,
consultado el 30/06/2008

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 9

Marcadores de Tiempo:




Tipo de texto:




Idea general del texto:




Lectura 3
Ejercicio 2. Lea el siguiente texto y complete la tabla con los eventos que tuvieron
lugar en los momentos sealados.

Human Resources School
Beginning in the early 1950s, the human resources school represented a substantial
progression from human relations. The behavioral approach did not always increase
productivity. Thus, motivation and leadership techniques became a topic of great
interest. The human resources school understands that employees are very creative
and competent, and that much of their talent is largely untapped by their employers.

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 10

Employees want meaningful work; they want to contribute; they want to participate in
decision making and leadership functions.
Integrating the Management Theories
Systems theory and a contingency view can help integrate the theories of
management. Appropriate managerial techniques can be applied as required by
environmental conditions. A broad perspective is valuable to managers when
overseeing one unit or the total integration of all subunits.
Systems Theory
During the 1940s and World War II, systems analysis emerged. This viewpoint uses
systems concepts and quantitative approaches from mathematics, statistics,
engineering, and other related fields to solve problems. Managers find optimal
solutions to management problems by using scientific analysis which is closely
associated with the systems approach to management. A system is an interrelated and
interdependent set of elements functioning as a whole. It is an open system that
interacts with its environment. It is composed of inputs from the environment
(material or human resources), transformation processes of inputs to finished goods
(technological and managerial processes), outputs of those finished goods into the
environment (products or services), and feedback (reactions from the environment).
Subsystems are systems within a broader system. Interdependent subsystems (such as
production, finance, and human resources) work toward synergy in an attempt to
accomplish an organizational goal that could not otherwise be accomplished by a
single subsystem. Systems develop synergy. This is a condition in which the combined
and coordinated actions of the parts of a system achieve more than all the parts could
have achieved acting independently. Entropy is the process that leads to decline.
Contingency View

Unidad IV. Ejercicios - Pg. 11

In the mid-1960s, the contingency view of management or situational approach
emerged. This view emphasizes the fit between organization processes and the
characteristics of the situation. It calls for fitting the structure of the organization to
various possible or chance events. It questions the use of universal management
practices and advocates using traditional, behavioral, and systems viewpoints
independently or in combination to deal with various circumstances. The contingency
approach assumes that managerial behavior is dependent on a wide variety of
elements. Thus, it provides a framework for integrating the knowledge of management
thought.
http://telecollege.dcccd.edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/1overview/management_hist
ory/mgmt_history.htm

Marcadores de discurso de tiempo Eventos

Beginning in the early 1950s


During the 1940s


In the mid-1960s