The population of eurpoe as a whole rose 38 percent between 600 and 1000

introduction of the heavy plow

europeans did not benefit from irrigation. only plowing heavy so
ils would help
existing plow - medeterranian scratch plow was too weak
made of wood and iron equipped with a cutter and mounted on whee
ls
encountered much resistance, pulled by as much as 8 oxen
plowed so deep is created a furrow eliminating the need to cross
plow
substitution of the horse in agricultute
ox had short necks to support neck harness
harness improve to increase pull
horseshoe also used to improve overall performance
development of the three field rotation system
lessen soil fatigue
gives the soil time to regenerate nutrients from growing differe
nt crop
//stirrups - feudalism
consequences
heavy plow expensive so it lead to communal ownership and commun
al agriculture and animal housing
villages increased in size due to the horses's larger working ra
dius
can transport more goods between villages
spring crop improved the diet of common people
land shortage, timber famine, popultion pressure, imperial feroc
ity, economic disruption
//produce food, pasture dairy animals, cattle and horses for traction, s
heep for wool
//strain on land use - wood power to make iron
Labor saving technologies after 1000AD
watermill
power sawmill, flour mill, hammermill
needed for the lack of surplus labor and agriculture
windmill, tidal mills
improved gearing and linkage
invented powered mills and trebuchets
European University
Instruction of medicine arose in Italy 9th cent but was not like uni
appearance of uni in europe 12th cent
union of students and faculty at university of bologna
university of paris and oxford followed
needed people who were wealthy from agricultural revolution
trained clergy, doctors, lawyers, administrators, teachers
condemnation of 1277
There was a series of intellectual skirmishes between theologians and ph
ilosophers
during the 13ths cent. The bishop of paris, backed by the pope, condemne
d the
teaching of 219 execrable errors held by some aristotalians. violaters s
ubject
to excommunication. It seemed like an swift victory for theologists to s
uppress
subordination of the teachings. the condemnations only help for little
while in
paris and not so much in oxford and not at all in other universities. So
me see
the condemnation as a hostility that ended in harmony instead of chaos.
Some argue
that the condemnation freed the medieval thinkers from the chains of obi
dence to
aristotle and allowed them a new light to see things in. This in effect
leading
scientific revolution by pushing to conceive new alternative views for p
roblems in
aristotlelian science and natural philosophy. scientists such as jean bu
ridan and
nicole oresme chose to examine ideas that were not examined before becua
se of
the acceptance of aristotle's view. in their case, they exmained the pos
siblity
of the earths daily raotation on its axis.