International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),

ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 417-426 IAEME
417











OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR WATER SUPPLY NETWORK: A
CRITICAL REVIEW


Minakshi Shrivastava, Dr. Vishnu Prasad, Dr. Ruchi Khare

1
Ph D Scholar,
2
Professor,
3
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, M.A. National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, INDIA



ABSTRACT

The supply of clean and safe water in adequate quantity at desired end pressure is the prime
concern of all municipal bodies. The large amount of money is involved in laying of pipe network
and its maintenance. Nearly 80-85% of the cost of total water supply system is invested in water
transmission and distribution network. Hence efficient and cost effective design of pipe network is
of utmost importance and challenging task for engineers. Various optimization techniques have been
used in last three decades by different investigators to analyze and optimize pipe network problem.
The thorough review of the research work related to pipe network analysis and optimization
techniques is presented in the present paper.

Keywords: Newton Raphson Method, Linear Theory Method, Optimization, Genetic Algorithm,
Particle Swarm Optimization, Hybrid Method.

INTRODUCTION

Water is an essential commodity for all living beings on earth surface and therefore water
supply systems are the most important public utility for safe supply of potable water. As major part
of total cost of water supply is spent on distribution network, there is need to use rational methods
for designing the water distribution network which will result in considerable saving.
The history of transporting water for human civilization is as old as the civilization itself. It
begins around 3500 years ago when for the first time the pipes were used in island of Crete [5]. Its
existence also presumed when the bathrooms, bathtubs and drains were made in the Indus Valley.
Water distribution network analysis provides basis for the design of new systems and the
extension of existing ones. The design process of the network is not an explicit method, as the
design criterias such as minimum flow rates and pressure distribution across the network are
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affected by the layout, length and size of pipe. That's why many scientist and researchers are
working on pipe network analysis and optimization. The researchers not only developed the methods
for solving and analyzing the complex water supply network problems but also tried to develop
different optimization techniques to design a network which can fulfill the head and discharge
requirements at optimum cost and resilience.
According to literature, the problem of water supply network is split in two parts. One part
deals the research and development work on pipe network analysis and in other part, optimization
techniques are adopted to optimize the network meeting various constraints and bounds.

REVIEW ON WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ANALYSIS

The oldest method for solving pipe network is Hardy cross method [7], which has been used
since 1936. In this method, continuity of flow i.e. at any pipe junction the algebraic sum of flow must
be zero and the algebraic sum of pressure at any loop must be zero. The major drawback with this
method is its linear and slow convergence. Later, Newton Raphson has developed method for pipe
networks [1] which overcomes some of the drawback of Hardy Cross Method. In this method, flow
and head values are to be determined using Jacobean matrix. It has quadratic convergence behavior.
i.e. each reduced error is proportional to the square of the previous one and results are very much
dependent on the initial approximation. The drawback of this method is that it requires the evaluation
of first derivative of each unknown flow parameter, which sometimes becomes more tedious even
with the help of computerized techniques.
Linear theory method (1972) is modified version of earlier two methods, it has rapid
convergence rate without having any dependency on initial flow estimation and complex differential
equation. It transforms non linear equations into linear, and give more accurate results within few
iteration. In linear theory method flow is dependent variable of pressure at the nodal points which is
the major limitation of this method.
Bralts (1983) and Bralts and Segerlind (1985), first introduced finite element method in
irrigation pipe network. In 1991, Paul Boulos and Tom Altman [2] developed an explicit algorithm
to optimize the non linear pipe network. In This work incremental Newton Raphson method was
used as the basic solution procedure due to presence of non linearity in the equation. Using an
example they showed that the solution is optimal since the decision parameters have been calculated
to meet the specified pressure and flow constraints. This approach is well suited for every type of
distribution system for a defined value of boundary nodes and pipe sections within certain range of
operating conditions. Later different commercial and non commercial software were also developed
based on different pipe network analysis methods. Development, utilization and statistical
evaluation of Hardy Cross pipe network analysis software was done by Lukman Salihu in 2012 [ 43]
and concluded that, the HARDY CROSS1 is the best option, because it gave the highest coefficient
of determination, lowest total errors, and lowest reliability value. Its better performance is related to
the algorithm utilized for head loss computation.
The present infrastructure development is based on sustainable, energy efficient and cost
effective methods. As pipe network is also the part of civil engineering works, reducing the total
energy cost and improving the efficiency by optimization of pipe network is a major objective now a
days. Various optimization techniques are used for optimizing the pipe network such as genetic
algorithm technique, ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization etc. The literature
available on pipe network analysis can be discussed according to the various techniques available for
pipe network optimization:


International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 417-426 IAEME
419

REVIEW BASED ON PIPE NETWORK OPTIMIZATION

Genetic algorithm
Genetic algorithm (G.A.) was invented by John Holland in 1975. It is a population based
heuristic method based on Survival of the Fittest. Genetic algorithm is very useful tool for search
and optimization problem.[5,51]. In genetic algorithm, a set of population is generated randomly,
then fittest population is selected for reproduction, using cross over and mutation operator. New
chromosome is again evaluated for the fitness generation, this process is repeated until the
termination condition is reached. [9,51]. In 1994, L. J. Murphy and A.R. Sympson [4], have applied
this approach on pipe network optimization of a given flow requirement at nodal points by satisfying
the maximum and minimum pressure constraints. The various options such as cleaning, lining,
duplication or deleting the existing pipe are proposed to get the best optimized solution. Some of the
researchers who worked on the optimization of New York City Pipe network distribution since 1969
are:

Lai and Schaake (1969), have used linear Programming and found the least cost of the network
as $ 73.3 million.
Quindry et al (1981), have used linear Programming and found the most optimized cost as
$63.6 million.
Gessler (1982), have used an enumeration algorithm for discrete as well as for continuous
diameter pipe network and got the optimized cost as $41.8 million and $41.2 million
respectively.
Morgan and Goulter (1985) found the optimal cost of $39.2 and $38.9 million respectively
using Heuristic linear Programming based procedure.
In 1990, Fujiwara and Khang have determined the least cost of $36.6 million by generating a
series of local optimal solution using linear programming gradient method embedded in two
phase decomposition method. But this was failed in verification as it could not satisfy the
pressure constraint.
In 1989, Goldberg worked on the pipe network optimization using a mechanism based on
natural genetics and found much better than the previous traditional optimization techniques.
Genetic Algorithm uses the objective function value of the proposed network. It selects,
combines and manipulates the possible solutions to the pipe network to get the minimum cost
of network. It is a robust search method and very useful particularly for pipe network
optimization. In 1996, Graeme C. Dandy et al [8] introduced the power gradient and fitness
function, creeping mutation operator and grey codes in place of bringing code in simple G.A.
This improved G.A. was used for optimization of pipe network and results obtained were found
to be significantly improved

In 1998 Indrani Gupta et al [9] suggested a methodology based on genetic algorithm for low
cost design of new and existing water distribution network. The results obtained from the new
method were compared with non linear programming method (NLP). The cost obtained by the
method based on GA was lower than NLP method.
In 1998, Abebe et al [10] optimized a network using global optimization tool with various
random search algorithm, this model can handle both static and dynamic loading condition. They
found two algorithms for giving promising solution which are adaptive cluster covering and genetic
algorithm.
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In 1999, Guoling Xue et al [11] , had worked on the problem for computing the minimum
cost of the pipe network, in which wells and treatment sites of given capacity were interconnected
with powerful interior point algorithm to find the minimum cost.
In 2001, Z.Y. Wu et al [15] used genetic algorithm for optimization of the large water
distribution system using messy genetic algorithm to enhance the efficiency of optimization
procedure. They concluded from results that convergence in messy genetic algorithm is faster than
genetic algorithm.
In 2004, Keedwell et al [18] worked on CANDA-GA ( Cellular Automata for Network
Design Algorithm Combined with genetic algorithm).In this approach the initial best solution was
found by CANDA and then GA is applied to refine the solution. It is found from 3 different case
studies that better optimized solution is obtained in less time.
In July 2007, Apple L.S. Chan et al [21] optimized the pipe network for district cooling
system with the use of genetic algorithm combined with the local search technique. They worked to
get the optimum configuration of District cooling system with minimum pipe work and pumping
cost. The results obtained from genetic algorithm are a global solution. It does not refine the solution
efficiently. That's why a local search technique is associated with the G.A., so that best results can be
obtained.
In 2011, S. Chandramouli and P. Malleswararao [40] ,worked on the optimization of pipe
network based on the reliability. Their focus was to improve the reliability based on the excess
pressure available at demand nodes, using fuzzy logic concept and to incorporate it in the optimal
design. For this two objective optimization, they used Genetic algorithm and EPANET tool kit in the
Mat lab.
Optimization of pipe network by using GA has some limitations like giving global solution
and poor convergence. James Kennedy and Russell Eberhart developed the concept of Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) in 1995 [7] which has overcome the limitations of GA. Particle swarm
optimization is a robust stochastic technique for optimization [16]. In this method, the co-ordinates
of each particle represent the possible solution and after each iteration, the particle moves towards
optimal solution [33].

PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION [PSO]

The method of PSO with weighted parameters was first used by Yuhui Shi et al [11] in 1998
and found, this modified PSO gives better solution for weighted parameter ranges from 0.9 to 1.2. In
2008, Joaquin Izquierdo et al [29] have applied PSO in existing problems and concluded that PSO
gives better results as compared to other classical methods like dynamic programming.
In 2009, Bansal Jagdish Chand et al [32] have optimized both serial and branched networks
using particle swarm optimization. They considered the cost per meter length of pipe as continuous
function of pipe diameter. They have demonstrated their work with two different networks [series
and branched network] and compared the results obtained with conventional methods i.e,
Lagranges Approach and Random Search Technique (RST). It was found that PSO either
comparable or better than the conventional method.
In 2010, Yu song et al [52] developed hybrid PSO by combining space transformation
search with modified velocity model to overcome the drawback of simple PSO and also to get global
optimal results. They applied this model in 8 bench mark problem and shown that this method has
good performance for solving both unmade and multimodal optimization problem.
Babu Jinesh et al [44] proposed a hybrid PSO model for water distribution network in 2013.
They have validated the performance of this model with two benchmark problems and found this
model to be very efficient for exploring global optimal results with less computational effort. The
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use of other optimization techniques such as Ant Colony Optimization was also used in 21st century
for optimizing water supply networks.

ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION

The optimization of water distribution network by ant colony optimization technique was
carried out in 2003 by Holger R. Maier et al [17] and the results were compared with genetic
algorithm from two case studies. In one problem, it was found that results from both approaches
were closely matching. But in second case study they found ant colony optimization to be more
effective than genetic algorithm.
M.H. Afshar [23] used a different approach for pipe network optimization by using ant
colony optimization with pheromone trail. An ant algorithm with a minimum number of controlling
parameters is introduced for pipe network optimisation problems. This method uses the interrelation
between pheromone change and initial pheromone strength to initialize the pheromone trail strength
at the start of the computation. This method is shown to be capable of locating the best ever
solutions obtained for these problems.
Symeon E. et al [38] applied ant colony optimization in two case studies of pipe routing
problem. They observed that this method has quick convergence and hence takes less computational
time. In the Ant Colony optimization (ACO)s mathematical background is outlined and possible
implementation strategy was suggested for identifying shortest paths in water pipe networks. Such
shortest paths could be, not only the minimum pipe lengths between nodes of interest, but also the
minimum number of valve operations required to keep a flow path active, the minimum number of
customers affected during a flow reroute either because of planned maintenance or unplanned water
leak conditions, and the minimum pressure drop along a path during adverse conditions. A case
study of a specific urban water distribution network is also described for the proposed ACO virtual
multivalent approach.

MULTI OBJECTIVE METHODS

Farmani et al [21] used three objectives: cost, reliability and water quality for evolutionary
multi-objective optimization of the design and operation of water distribution network of Anytowns
water distribution system. It was concluded that considering resilience index and water age as
objectives, in addition to cost, in the optimum design and operation of Anytowns water distribution
system resulted in networks with high reliability and water quality.
Reehuis et al [53] used a three objective problem formulation based on cost and reliability for
solving three pipe networks i.e, two loop problems, the New York city pipe network and Hanoi city
pipe network. The two well established methods, Multi objective Genetic Algorithm (NGSA II) and
Multi objective selection based on dominated hyper volume (SMS-EMOA) were applied to solve the
three WDN problems and it was found that SMS-EMOA gives better results.
Sriworamas et al [42] used Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA), non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA), Pareto archived evolution strategy (PAES), population-based
incremental learning (PBIL) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods for evaluating multi
objective functions in water supply network in a city of Thailand and concluded that most of the
multi objective evolutionary algorithms are powerful tools for dealing with design and rehabilitation
problems of water distribution network. They applied two or three methods simultaneously and
found that RMPSO and RNSGA are suitable for small and large networks respectively Piratla et al
[46] analyzed the performance of three resilience metrics:
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ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 417-426 IAEME
422

1) Resilience Index (RI); 2) Network Resilience Index (NRI); and 3) Modified Resilience Index
(MRI). They employed genetic algorithm based, multi objective optimization formulation for
designating two WDN problems in the research: A small network of Green field and expansion of an
existing WDN to meet future demand. The results obtained were helpful in installing resilience into
existing or new water distribution network.

HYBRID METHODS

Cisty M. [34] proposed the hybrid method by using two algorithmic techniques ie, linear
programming (LP) and genetic algorithm (GA). A combination of these two methods determined the
limitations of LP (for networks with loops) are used. It was found that proposed method provided
more reliable results.
Zheng Feifei [50], has used to make hybrid approach more often for the design of water
distribution systems (WDSs) with multiple objectives. In his approach a self-adaptive multi objective
differential evolution (SAMODE) algorithm, in which control parameters are automatically adapted
by means of evolution instead of the presetting of fine-tuned parameter values. This approach is
compared with two full-search optimization methods (the SAMODE algorithm and the NSGA-II) for
purely random solutions of three case studies: a benchmark network and two real-world networks
with multiple demand loading cases. It was seen that the proposed NLP-SAMODE method
consistently generates better-quality Pareto fronts than the full-search methods with significantly
improved efficiency.
Creaco E.[48] presented a procedure which encompasses four sub-algorithms operate in a
subordinate way. The results of algorithm are optimal solutions in the cost-reliability space, with
reliability being compactly expressed through the network resilience metric. He applied this
approach to four case studies to show the benefits of the new algorithm in terms of numerical and
computational efficiency with respect to a multi-objective genetic algorithm.
Izquiedo J.[49] combined data mining solutions with evolutionary algorithms to extract
relevant information from solution spaces analyzed during optimization process of water distribution
system (WDS) design. Firstly, results from data mining can be introduced into the evolutionary
algorithms to guide the search of solutions. Secondly, data mining techniques is used not only to
explore the population of potential solutions but also to exploit data regarding the behavior of WDS
under different working conditions.

CONCLUSION

The design of water distribution networks is one of the most challenging problems to test the
efficiency of optimization techniques, since it features numerous decisional variables to be
considered and numerous constraints to be satisfied. It is found from the review of literature that
many approaches has been developed for pipe network optimization. Secondly most of the
researchers focused on genetic algorithm to optimize the network. The results obtained indicate that
there is need for improvement in optimization techniques. thats why more and more emphasis is
given on the optimization. Many other optimization techniques such as particle swarm method, ant
colony optimization, artificial neural network, etc. were being used for pipe network optimization.
Data mining and ANNs are recently used for optimizing water distribution network. The application
of hybrid method for multi objective optimization of water supply network is a new technique in pipe
network optimization. The scope of using three or more techniques simultaneously for optimizing
WDN is still in consideration.

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55. Palak Sharma, Shelza, Gurjit Singh Randhawa and Rajinder Singh Virk, Cost Optimization
of Pipeline Systems using Genetic Algorithm, International Journal of Computer Engineering
& Technology (IJCET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 485 - 494, ISSN Print: 0976 6367,
ISSN Online: 0976 6375.
56. Hameedah Sahib Hasan and Dr. P.Ramesh Babu, Analysis and Control of Mobile Robot for
Pipe Line Inspection, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology
(IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 1 - 9, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online:
0976 6359.