KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING

MEC 1105: WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

HEAT TREATMENT
GROUP IMAM BUKHARI SECTION
NO
1
NAME MUHTAR BIN
SUHAILI
MATRIC
NO
003183
3
SECTION DATE 1
ST
FEBTUARY 2002 NO. OF
PAGE RCVD DATE*
LECTURER DR.. MOHAFIZUL HAQUE & DR. ASAD
KHALID
ASST.
LECTURER
BRO. WAN AHMAD YUSMAWIZA WAN YUSUF
DEMONSTRATO BRO. ABD. RAZAK TANDANG
1
REPORT 5
RS
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY: HEAT
TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION
Modern demand of good quality product has made heat treatment an
important process for most engineering applications. Heat treatment involves the
improvement of properties of metals and alloys by changing their microstructure.
Heat treatment practice is the operation of heating and cooling of metal in its
solid state to change its physical properties to gain some wanted properties, which are
related with changes in the nature, form, size and distribution of microelements of the
material. According to the procedure used, steel can be hardened to resist cutting
action and abrasion, or it can be softened to allow machining.
The understanding of heat treatment is hold by the broader study of -. ow we
are demands of high-quality products have made heat treatment an essential process
for most engineering request. !rincipally, heat treatment is used to produce
strengthening, but some heat-treating processes soften, toughen, or otherwise enhance
properties.
Most engineering metals and alloys have simple crystal structures, li"e face
centered cubic #$%%&, body centered cubic #'%%& and he(agonal closed bac"ed H%!.
The microstructure is made up of micro constituents #phases& present in the materials.
The engineering property of a material depends mainly on number, size, distribution
and shape of grains of each phase.
OBJECTIVES
The ob)ectives of this wor"shop on heat treatment are*
+ To acquire "nowledge about heat treatment and the importance in industry.
+ To gain "nowledge about heat treatment and the importance in engineering fields.
2
+ To understand the effect and characteristics of heat treatment process to the
strength and attribute of a metal.
Heat treatment can be done to accomplish any number of ob)ectives*
+ To diffuse carbon and alloying elements
+ To improve machinability
+ To stress relieve
+ To soften and harden the material
+ To increase toughness and wear resistance
APPARATUS
5 pieces mild steel bars (250mm x 30mm x 3mm each)
Heat Treatment Furnace: Nabertherm N 81/13
ater
!il
T"n#
$ice
File
Hardness testin# machine (%itut"&" '() *00)
PROCEDURE
,.The five pieces of mild steel bars, is prepared by cutting a long piece of metal into
five pieces with the same length using the bend saw machine.
-.$our pieces are placed into the electric furnace and heated until the temperature
rose up to .//%.
0.1ne piece is made as the control set.
2.The heating process is stopped once the temperature of .//% was reached. 3t too"
about , 4 hours for this process.
5.Then 0 pieces of the heated bar is ta"en out.
3 6 one piece is left to cool in the room temperature.
33 6 one piece is cooled by immersing in water.
333 6 one piece is cooled by immersing in oil.
7.The one left in the furnace is left to cool in the furnace.
8.After the wor" pieces are completely cooled, some tests are carried out.
3
Fatigue test 6 9ach of the metal bars is held on a vice vertically and bent
until the bar fractured by using tong. The numbers of bent is recorded for
each piece respectively in the :esult sheet.
File test or scratch resistant test 6 The metal is clamped on a vice and
scratched by using a file. The effect of the process is then compared and
recorded in the :esult sheet.
Hardness test 6 This test is carried out to test the hardness of the metal bars
by using hardness-testing machine. Three readings are ta"en for each bar.
The averages of the three readings of each bar are ta"en as the result. The
result was recorded respectively in the :esult sheet.
RESULT
Bar
No.
Qu!"#$!
%
M&$u'
No. o(
)!&*
+$,,
(ra"+ur&
-$, +*+ or
*"ra+"#
r*$*+a!+
+*+
Har&!*
* No.
Na' o(
Pro"**
1 ater + Hardest 10+,8 -uenchin#
2 !il 1. /"0t 5.,5 -uenchin#
3 'ir 82 Hard 51,+ N"rmali2in
#
+ Furnace 5. Harder *1,* 'nnealin#
T# r*u,+* o( +# (a+$%u ., or *"ra+"# r*$*+a!+ a!&
#ar&!** +*+*.
+
DISCUSSION
Alhamdulillahi :abbil ;Alamin because the main ob)ectives of this wor"shop
class have been achieved when 3 had gained some "nowledge about heat treatment.
$rom the observation on the result of the tests, we can say that the rate of cooling
control the feature of the specimens. The results show that quenching products #i.e.
quenching in water <2= and quenching in oil <,8=& present the least number of bends
before bro"en compared to the annealing <58= and normalizing products <>-=. This is
because the higher number of bends, the lower of its rate of cooling and therefore the
more stable grain will be uniformed. 3f a well fine grain uniform, it will have a better
machinability and greater depth-hardening power. 3n addition to being tougher they
are more ductile and tend less to distort or crac" during heat treatment. $ast cooling
will ma"e the grain not well uniformed when it reaches thermodynamics state. 3n
addition it will ma"e the metal hard and brittle.
3nternally, in the first part the grain in all four bars e(panded. Then the four bars
were cooled separately where here the grain was shrin"ing in different rate of
stabilizing. Theoretically, annealing product that was cooled in the furnace is the
softest and most ductile amongst the others. That is because the grain uniform
thoroughly. Then it is followed by normalizing and finally quenching products.
?uenching in water and in oil product brea"s more easily and has the hardest surface
compared to others. However, from the results, we got that the metal quenched in oil
is the softest, followed by normalizing, annealing and finally the hardest is the metal
quenched in water.
$rom the hardness test above, a metal bar quenched in water <,/2.>= is the most
difficult to brea" amongst others. %ompared to the other quench medium that is a
metal bar quenched in oil <58.5=, metal bar quenched in water cools faster.
Theoretically, water has higher thermal conductivity and specific heat rather than oil.
Thus it absorbs heat faster than in the oil. $urthermore, the grains in the water
become least uniform. Then, the hardness test for annealing <7..7= is greater than that
for normalizing <5..2=.
3n point of fact, the result of the test is varying from the theoretical prediction.
9ssentially, the reference specimen should lies between normalized product and
quenched oil product. 3n other words, it should be softer and more ductile than oil-
quenched product and harder and brittle than normalized product. The number of
bents also differs@ the number of bents should be more than oil-quenched product and
less than normalized product. This may appropriate to differences in force e(erted
and the frequency of bent. Also because of our inattention when we do the test.
However, we could get better results by giving identical forces without changing the
person when bending the metals bars, as it provide equal force and more proper
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bending. 3n addition, we have to ma"e sure that length of metal bars is equal one to
another.
Ahatever it is, we than" Bod because we have finished done this report. Hopefully,
we can do better in the ne(t and coming report, 3nsya Allah.
THEORY
Heat treatment can be regarded as one of the most important process in for
most engineering applications. This is due to its role as the way to improve
the properties of metals and alloys by changing the microscopic structure.
Heat treatment process can be defined as an operation or combination of
operation involving the heating and cooling of a material in the solid state for
obtaining some desirable properties, which are associated with changes of nature,
form, size, and distribution of micro-constituent of the material.
(eas"ns 0"r Heat Treatin#:
i) Nonferrous metals
onferrous parts they are heat-treated in order*
,. To offset plastic strain inherent in a particular metal by bringing about
recrystallization to provide new equia(ed and stress free-grains
-. To strengthen by the age 6 hardening process.
0. To relieve internal stresses resulting from $errous Metals
ii) Ferrous metals
$errous part can be heat treated for the following reasons*
,. To change the microstructure by refining the grain size or producing
uniform grain throughout a part
-. To relieve internal stresses
0. To strengthen metal part
2. To alter the surface chemistry by adding or deleting elements
5. $orming, brazing or welding
Material Classification
The metal group includes both ferrous and nonferrous are shown in $igure ,*
*
The diagram in $igure - shows outline of the stages in producing ferrous metals such
as wrought iron, cast iron, carbon steel and tool steel.
.
Iron Carbon Phase Diara!
$errous metals have greatly different properties and microstructures with changes in
carbon content. These can be related to one another in terms of the iron carbon
diagram shown in $igure 0.
8
The heat treatment for the standards steel can be divided into four ma)or forms that
are the following*-
a& Annealing
b& ?uenching
c& ormalizing
d& Tempering.
1
a" Annealin
Annealing process can be defined as a process of heating a particular article to
above the critical range for a sufficient time usually followed by a slow cooling in the
furnace. The temperature to which given steel should be heated in annealing depends
on its composition. The heating process is done to a temperature about above the
recrystallization temperature. This usually ta"es about 25 min for each inch #-5 mm&
of thic"ness of the largest section. $or steel annealing recrystallization temperature it
is about >//% to .//%.
The ob)ectives of annealing may be of the following*
,& To improve ductility, toughness, electrical, magnetic or other physical
properties
-& To relieve internal stresses induced by some previous operations #rolling,
forging, uneven cooling, etc&
0& To improve machinability.
2& To soften hard steel so that it may be machined or cold wor"ed.
5& To revive neutral structure and to refine crystal structure
7& To remove gases
8& To produce a definite microstructure
b" Nor!ali#in
The process of normalizing contains of heating to above the upper critical
range for sufficient time followed by cooling in the normal and still room temperature
air. The name implies to restore the structure and properties considered normal for the
type of steel involved.
3t is frequently applied to castings, forgings, to refine grain structure to obtain
uniform grains #homogenization& and to relieve stresses or to achieved desired results
in physical properties that is set up in previous operations. 3t is commonly applied
after cold wor"ing, over heating or any other operations resulting in non-uniform
heating and cooling.
c" $%enchin
?uenching refers to rapid cooling in any manner after the heating process
such as immersing metal in water. Co, quenching of steel consists in rapid cooling of
the article by immersion in liquid or gases or by contact with masses of metal. 3t
consists of cooling by direct )ets of cold air, water or other fluids especially when the
article is too large.
However, the quenching process in water can be divided into three separate
stages. As the specimen from the hardening temperature is immersed in water, a
vapor film or envelope immediately surrounds it. This stage the rate of cooling is
slow.
,/
&" 'e!(erin
Tempering involves the reheating of the hardened article to a specific
temperature for a definite period of time and cooling it at a desired rate in order to
produce a mole or less definite atomic mobility.
Cteel that has been hardened by rapid quenching is brittle and not suitable for
most uses. 'y tempering, the hardness and brittleness may be reduced to the desired
point for service conditions. As these properties are reduced there is also a decrease in
tensile strength and an increase in the ductility and toughness of the steel.
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12
)%rface Har&enin Processes
3t is separated into two different processes that are*
Nitri&in
+ The process of saturating the surface of steel article with nitrogen by holding it
for prolonged period at a temperature in range of 285D % to 585D % in a nitrogen
atmosphere.
+ 3t is more comple( more e(pensive and more time-consuming process than any
other case hardening techniques.
Case Carb%ri#in Process
+ The oldest method of surface hardening.
+ A process of increasing the carbon content at the outer surface of article by
having it between >5/D% to .5/D% with carbonaceous materials #i.e.* charcoal,
cyanides or any other carbon having hearing media which may be solid, liquid or
gases.&
Table shown five ma)or forms of heat treatment for the standard steels
!:1%9CC !E:!1C9 !:1%9FE:9 !HAC9 #C&
Annealing To soften Clow cool from -stable
range
G carbide
?uenching To harden ?uench to miss 3-T curves MartensiteH
3nterrupted
quenching
To harden without
crac"ing
?uench, followed by slow
cool from M to M
MartensiteH
Austempering To harden without
forming brittle
martensite
?uench, followed by
isothermal transformation
above the M
G carbide
Tempering To toughen #usually
with minimal
softening&
:eheating the martensite
G carbide
H Cteels containing martensite must be toughened by the tempering processes transformation processes for Cteels
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Ca,"u,a+$o! *a'/,
CONCLUSION
1+
3n this e(periment, all of the ob)ectives have been fulfilled where the students
had been e(posed to the annealing, quenching, normalizing and tempering processes.
Also, the processes carried out during the heat treatment pro)ect have illustrated the
effect of heat treatment on changing a material natural attribute and characteristics.
This "nowledge ma"es it able to treat a material specifically according to needs.
To do this e(periment, students should be careful and always beware while
conducting the wor" will lead to the most satisfying result. Ahile conducting the
process, the precaution in handling the equipment will do the treatment will lead to
better result. $urthermore, the necessary precautions and steps must be strictly
followed. To conclude, heat treatment is important since it can change the properties
of metals and alloys by changing their microscopic structures. 3t also can be used to
diffuse carbon and alloying elements, to soften and harden the materials, to improve
machinability, to increase toughness and etc.
Coft Annealing
ormalizing
Hard ?uenching Fuctile and 'rittle

' dia#ram sh"3in# the "rder "0 pr"perties "0 the treated
metals
RE-ERENCES
4ab 5!6(/7 %'N6'4 "r8sh"p Techn"l"#& (%75 1105) b&
)ulli&&ah "0 7n#ineerin#
%anu0acturin# 9r"cesses b& Herbert , :an8ee; 9rentice Hall<
En!"#$$% &!'()* N"# +",)"- 0./32
%anu0acturin# 9r"cesses 8
th
7diti"n b& =,H 'mstead< 9hillipe F,
!st3ald and %&r"n 4, =e#eman; >"hn ile& ? /"ns
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