Defensive Driving Course Manual

TLILIC2014B
LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE

LEARNER GUIDE
Module One Road Rules and Legislation

TLILIC2014B LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE
Page 2

THE CUNNING FAMILY TRUST AND THE PEACHEY FAMILY TRUST TRADING AS SAFE WORK RESOURCES PTY LTD ABN 90 785 129 255
(SAFE WORK RESOURCES)

The information, software, products, and services included in or available through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products
may include inaccuracies, operational or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Safe Work Resources and/or its associated
companies/businesses may make improvements and/or changes in the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products at any time.
Advice received via the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products is of a general nature and should not be relied upon for personal,
medical, legal or financial decisions and you should consult an appropriate professional for specific advice tailored to your situation.

Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses make no representations about the suitability, reliability, availability, timeliness, and accuracy of the
information, software, products, services and related graphics contained on the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products for any
purpose. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, all such information, software, products, services and related graphics are provided "as is" without
guarantee, warranty or condition of any kind. Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses hereby, to the maximum of extent permitted by
applicable law, disclaim all guarantees, warranties and conditions with regard to this information, software, products, services and related graphics, including all implied
warranties or conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement and to the extend guarantees, warranties and conditions are
implied and cannot be excluded, Safe Work Resources limits its liability at Safe Work Resources option to the: replacement of the goods or the supply of equivalent
goods; repair of the goods or payment of the cost of having the goods repaired; payment of the cost of replacing the goods or of acquiring equivalent goods; or
resupplying the services or the costs of resupplying the services.

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses be liable for any direct,
indirect, punitive, incidental, special, consequential losses or damages or any damages whatsoever including, without limitation, damages for injury or death, loss of use,
data, profits, revenue, production, opportunity, goodwill or any similar loss whether or not in your reasonable contemplation, arising out of or in any way connected with
the use or performance of the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products with the delay or inability to use the Safe Work Resources
website, applications, documents or any other products or related services, the provision of or failure to provide services, or for any information, software, products,
services and related graphics obtained through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or otherwise arising out of the use of
the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products whether based on contract, tort, negligence, strict liability or otherwise, even if Safe
Work Resources or any of its associated companies/businesses has been advised of the possibility of damages. Because some states/jurisdictions do not allow the
exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you. If you are dissatisfied with any portion of the Safe
Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services or with any of these terms of use, your sole and exclusive remedy is to
discontinue using the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services.

Your use of the Safe Work Resources information, software, products & services is governed by the laws of the state of Victoria and you hereby agree to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the courts of or in Victoria and courts of appeal therefrom.

Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Log ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.1 What Is A Light Rigid Vehicle? .............................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1.1 Transmission Types ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Road Rules And Legislation ................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Licence Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1.1 Medical Eligibility ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Road Rules .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.3 Permits ................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.2.4 OHS/WHS Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.4.1 Harmonisation Of Work Health & Safety Legislation ................................................................... 14
1.2.5 Fatigue Management .......................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.6 Environmental Protection .................................................................................................................... 16
Appendix 1A Work Health & Safety Common Terms And Definitions ................................. 17

Page 4
REVIEW LOG
Version Number Date Updated Details of Updates
Version 4H
Released May,
2013

Page 5
1.1 INTRODUCTION
These materials are based on the unit of competency TLILIC2014B: Licence To A Drive Light Rigid
Vehicle, and cover the skills and knowledge required to obtain a licence to drive a light rigid vehicle.

They cover:

Systematic and efficient control of all vehicle functions.

Monitoring of traffic and road conditions.

Management of vehicle condition and performance.

Effective management of hazardous situations.

Page 6
1.1.1 WHAT IS A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE?

A light rigid vehicle is:
A rigid truck that is greater than 4.5 tonnes GVM but
less than or equal to 8 tonnes GVM, or
A rigid bus less than or equal to 8 tonnes GVM, or one
that seats more than 12 adults including the driver.

1.1.1.1 TRANSMISSION TYPES

Light rigid vehicles may have a manual transmission or an automatic transmission.

A manual transmission is the type most commonly installed, as it is efficient and able to withstand the
stress of hauling heavy loads.

Automatic transmission is suited to smaller vehicles that have to do a lot of stopping and starting.

Automated manual transmission (AMT) allows a driver to change gears without the need for a clutch.

Page 7
1.2 ROAD RULES AND LEGISLATION
There are a range of procedures and codes that need to be followed
when operating a light rigid vehicle.

These include relevant state/territory regulations and legislation
such as:

Roads and traffic authority driving regulations and
licence requirements pertaining to light rigid vehicles.

Road rules, instructions, procedures, information and
signs.

Permit regulations and requirements.

Occupational Health & Safety/Work Health & Safety
(OHS/WHS) legislation.

Fatigue management regulations.

Environmental protection legislation.

Page 8
1.2.1 LICENCE REQUIREMENTS

A light rigid vehicle can only be driven by someone with a current
state/territory licence.

It is a legal offence to drive, or allow someone else to drive, a
light rigid vehicle without the relevant licence.

To drive passenger vehicles such as buses you
will be required to have:

A good driving record.

No criminal convictions.

No medical condition that may impair
your driving skills.

Until you obtain the appropriate licence you may only drive a
light rigid vehicle if a person who holds a valid light rigid vehicle
licence accompanies you.

You must also display Driver Under Instruction plates at the
front and rear of the vehicle.

While learning to drive a light rigid vehicle, you must have a
zero Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at all times.
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Page 9
1.2.1.1 MEDICAL ELIGIBILITY

There is a wide range of medical, hearing and eyesight conditions,
which will prevent the issue of a light rigid vehicle licence.

Some common conditions that may affect the issue of a licence include:

Visual defects, including loss of vision in one eye.

Hearing defects.

Angina, heart disease/surgery/hypertension, having
a pacemaker.

Some psychiatric disorders.

Epilepsy.

Diabetes.

Sleep apnoea.

Head injuries, dementia, stroke.

Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis.

Physical disabilities/partial or complete loss of limbs.

Page 10
Having these conditions does not necessarily prevent the
issue of a licence but careful evaluation will be needed. In
some cases a restricted licence may be considered.

If you are concerned that you may not be eligible, you
should speak to your doctor or contact the relevant
authority in your state or territory before you undertake
driver training or testing.

If you have any medical condition, it is in your own interest
to ensure that it is appropriate for you to apply for the
category of vehicle in which you are interested.

All drivers are legally obliged to notify their relevant state or
territory authority if they have or develop a medical
condition that may impact on their ability to drive safely.

In addition to the appropriate licence, you may also be
required to obtain a Driver Certificate to drive a vehicle
carrying passengers for hire and reward. Strict eyesight
requirements apply to Driver Certificate applicants.

Page 11
1.2.2 ROAD RULES

Drivers must comply with all road rules including these four main areas:

Signage on roadways (all categories),
structures, other vehicles.

Speed limits.

Seat belt laws for driver and passengers.

Alcohol and drugs laws.

It is against the law to drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs
(including some over-the-counter and prescription drugs). Never use
stimulants to stay awake while driving.

Police have the power to conduct roadside alcohol and drug tests.

All drivers and passengers should wear a secure and properly
adjusted seatbelt.

Road rules are enforced by police and transport safety services. You
must stop when signaled and comply with their directions.

They may check:

Your licence or work diary.

The mass, height and width of your vehicle.

The mass, height and width of your load.

The condition of your vehicle.

Page 12
1.2.3 PERMITS

Some vehicles such as passenger buses or special
purpose vehicles may require a special permit in order to
be operated.

Carrying dangerous goods or oversized loads may also
require a permit.

Vehicle operators will need to carry their permits with them
at all times while conducting permit work.

1.2.4 OHS/WHS LEGISLATION

OHS/WHS legislation is defined as laws and guidelines that help keep a workplace safe.

These can be broken down into four main types:

Legislation/Acts
Acts of Parliament and laws to protect the health, safety and welfare of
people at work.
Regulations More details or information on particular parts of the Act.
Codes of Practice/
Compliance Codes
Practical instructions on how to meet the terms of the law, e.g. WorkCover
documents.
Australian Standards
The minimum levels of performance or quality for a hazard, work process
or product.

Page 13
It is important that you are familiar with the OHS/WHS laws
that exist in your state or territory. Each state in Australia has
its own OHS/WHS legislation and regulations that must be
followed.

The following OHS/WHS legislative requirements will affect the way that you work:

Australian Standards.

Industry OHS/WHS Standards and
Guidelines.

Duty of Care.

Health and Safety Representatives,
Committees and Supervisors.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Safe Work
Method Statements (SWMS).

Licences, Tickets or Certificates of
Competency.

National safety standards.

OHS/WHS and Welfare Acts and regulations.

Safety Codes of Practice.

All drivers, their employers and any other personnel/workers
involved in light rigid vehicle operations have a legal
responsibility under duty of care to do everything reasonably
practicable to protect themselves and others from harm.

This means complying with safe work practices, including
activities that require licences, tickets or certificates of
competency or any other relevant state and territory
OHS/WHS requirements.

Page 14
1.2.4.1 HARMONISATION OF WORK HEALTH & SAFETY LEGISLATION

In response to industry calls for greater national
consistency, the Commonwealth, states and territories
have agreed to implement nationally harmonised Work
Health & Safety (WHS) legislation to commence on 1
January 2012.

While not all states and territories have actually
implemented the model WHS legislation as of the start of
2012, it is important to be aware of these changes, as all
states and territories will eventually implement them.

Harmonisation aims to develop consistent, reasonable and effective safety standards and protections for
all Australian workers through uniform WHS laws, regulations and codes of practice.

Page 15
Key Elements Of The Work Health & Safety Legislation

The following key elements of the WHS legislation will impact the way you do your job, and the
responsibilities of your workplace:

The legislation also outlines requirements for:

The reporting requirements for notifiable incidents.

Licences, permits and registrations (e.g. for
persons engaged in high risk work or users of
certain plant or substances).

Provision for worker consultation, participation and
representation at the workplace.

Provision for the resolution of health and safety
issues.

Protection against discrimination.

Many specific details relating to WHS will be negotiated within the
workplace in accordance with the legislation.

It is important that you speak with your Health and Safety
Representative or supervisor for more information on how these
elements will effect your day-to-day operations, or if you have any
concerns relating to health and safety.

A list of common WHS terms and their definitions can be found in
Appendix 1A.

Page 16
1.2.5 FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

State/territory legislation sets out maximum work times and
minimum driving and rest times for operators of rigid light vehicles.

1.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

It is important that light rigid vehicle operations do not have a
negative impact on the environment.

Impacts may include:

Noise pollution.

Exhaust fumes and smoke.

Vehicle leaks.

Material falling from vehicles (e.g. chemical spills).

It is important to keep vehicles in good working order and to
safely secure loads to avoid these issues.

Page 17
APPENDIX 1A WORK HEALTH & SAFETY
COMMON TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Person
Conducting a
Business or
Undertaking
(PCBU)
A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) replaces the term employer. A
PCBU includes all employers, sole traders, principal contractors, unincorporated
associations, partnerships and franchisees. Volunteer organisations that also employ
people will be PCBUs.
A PCBUs primary duty of care is to ensure the health and safety of everyone in the
workplace, so far as is reasonably practicable.
Officers An Officer is a person who makes, or participates in making, decisions that affect the
whole or a substantial part of a corporation. This includes Health and Safety
Representatives (HSR).
Workers Worker replaces the term employee. It is defined broadly to mean a person who carries
out work in any capacity for a PCBU.
A worker covers employees, contractors, sub-contractors (and their employees), labour
hire employees, outworkers, apprentices, trainees, work experience students and
volunteers.
Reasonably
Practicable
Reasonably Practicable is defined as action that is, or was at a particular time,
reasonably able to be done to help ensure health and safety based on the following
factors:
a) Chances of the hazard or risk occurring (likelihood).
b) The degree of harm (consequence).
c) The knowledge of persons involved in the situation relating to the hazard or risk
and methods of eliminating or controlling it.
d) The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or control the hazard or risk.
e) The costs involved in taking action to eliminate or control the hazard or risk
including consideration of whether the cost involved is inconsistent to the level of
risk.
Due
Diligence
The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the WHS Act 2011) imposes a specific duty on
officers of corporations to exercise due diligence to ensure that the corporation meets its
work health and safety obligations. In short, they have a responsibility to ensure that the
PCBU is doing everything it should to ensure health and safety.
The duty requires officers to be proactive in ensuring that the corporation complies with
its duty.
Due diligence may be demonstrated through the following courses of action:
1. Acquiring knowledge of health and safety issues.
2. Understanding operations and associated hazards and risks.
3. Ensuring that appropriate resources and processes are used to eliminate or
minimise risks to health and safety.
4. Implementing processes for receiving and responding to information about
incidents, hazards and risks.
5. Establishing and maintaining compliance processes.
6. Verifying the provision and use of the resources mentioned in 1-5.

TLILIC2014B
LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE
LEARNER GUIDE
Module Three Drive the Light Rigid Vehicle

Page 2

THE CUNNING FAMILY TRUST AND THE PEACHEY FAMILY TRUST TRADING AS SAFE WORK RESOURCES PTY LTD ABN 90 785 129 255
(SAFE WORK RESOURCES)

The information, software, products, and services included in or available through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products
may include inaccuracies, operational or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Safe Work Resources and/or its associated
companies/businesses may make improvements and/or changes in the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products at any time.
Advice received via the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products is of a general nature and should not be relied upon for personal,
medical, legal or financial decisions and you should consult an appropriate professional for specific advice tailored to your situation.

Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses make no representations about the suitability, reliability, availability, timeliness, and accuracy of the
information, software, products, services and related graphics contained on the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products for any
purpose. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, all such information, software, products, services and related graphics are provided "as is" without
guarantee, warranty or condition of any kind. Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses hereby, to the maximum of extent permitted by
applicable law, disclaim all guarantees, warranties and conditions with regard to this information, software, products, services and related graphics, including all implied
warranties or conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement and to the extend guarantees, warranties and conditions are
implied and cannot be excluded, Safe Work Resources limits its liability at Safe Work Resources option to the: replacement of the goods or the supply of equivalent
goods; repair of the goods or payment of the cost of having the goods repaired; payment of the cost of replacing the goods or of acquiring equivalent goods; or
resupplying the services or the costs of resupplying the services.

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses be liable for any direct,
indirect, punitive, incidental, special, consequential losses or damages or any damages whatsoever including, without limitation, damages for injury or death, loss of use,
data, profits, revenue, production, opportunity, goodwill or any similar loss whether or not in your reasonable contemplation, arising out of or in any way connected with
the use or performance of the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products with the delay or inability to use the Safe Work Resources
website, applications, documents or any other products or related services, the provision of or failure to provide services, or for any information, software, products,
services and related graphics obtained through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or otherwise arising out of the use of
the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products whether based on contract, tort, negligence, strict liability or otherwise, even if Safe
Work Resources or any of its associated companies/businesses has been advised of the possibility of damages. Because some states/jurisdictions do not allow the
exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you. If you are dissatisfied with any portion of the Safe
Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services or with any of these terms of use, your sole and exclusive remedy is to
discontinue using the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services.

Your use of the Safe Work Resources information, software, products & services is governed by the laws of the state of Victoria and you hereby agree to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the courts of or in Victoria and courts of appeal therefrom.

Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Log ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Module Basis .................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Drive And Position The Light Rigid Vehicle .......................................................................... 5
3.1.1 Vehicle Handling Procedures ................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.2 Driving And Positioning Techniques ...................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2.1 Choosing Appropriate Speeds ....................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2.2 Being Observant ............................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.2.3 Keeping A Safe Distance ............................................................................................................. 11
3.1.2.4 Accelerating And Steering ........................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2.5 Braking ........................................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.2.6 Turning ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.2.7 Changing Gears .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2.8 Driving Up And Down Hills .......................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2.9 Obeying Road Signs .................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2.10 Reversing The Vehicle .............................................................................................................. 19
3.1.3 Driving Buses ...................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3.1 Bus driving techniques ................................................................................................................ 21
3.2 Monitor Vehicle Performance And Efficiency ..................................................................... 22
3.2.1 Check Engine Power ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.2 Check Vehicle Controls And Instruments ............................................................................................ 22
3.3 Monitor Traffic And Road Conditions .................................................................................. 23
3.4 Identify And Respond To Driving Hazards .......................................................................... 25
3.4.1 Driving Hazards ................................................................................................................................... 25
3.4.2 Hazard Controls .................................................................................................................................. 26
3.4.2.1 Defensive Driving Techniques ..................................................................................................... 27
3.4.2.2 General Hazard Avoidance Or Control ........................................................................................ 28
3.4.2.3 Fatigue Management ................................................................................................................... 28
3.4.2.4 Stress Management .................................................................................................................... 32
3.5 Follow Driving Emergency Procedures ............................................................................... 33
3.5.1 Emergency Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 34
3.5.1.1 Emergency Braking ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.5.1.2 Evasive Steering .......................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.1.3 Horn Use ..................................................................................................................................... 36
3.5.1.4 Skidding ....................................................................................................................................... 36
3.5.1.5 Brake Failure ............................................................................................................................... 36
3.5.1.6 Tyre Failure ................................................................................................................................. 37
3.5.1.7 Vehicle Breakdown Or Loss Of Load .......................................................................................... 37
3.5.1.8 Crashes ....................................................................................................................................... 38
3.5.1.9 Fire .............................................................................................................................................. 38
3.6 Interacting With Other Road Users ...................................................................................... 39

Page 4
REVIEW LOG
Version Number Date Updated Details of Updates
Version 4H
Released May,
2013

MODULE BASIS
This module is based on the unit of competency TLILIC2014B Licence To Drive A Light Rigid Vehicle:

Element 1 Drive a light rigid
vehicle.

Element 2 Monitor traffic and
road conditions.

Element 3 Monitor and
maintain vehicle performance.
1.1 Light rigid vehicle is started, steered, manoeuvred, positioned and stopped
according to traffic regulations, manufacturers instructions and relevant vehicle
handling procedures.
1.2 Engine power is managed to ensure efficiency and performance and to minimise
engine and transmission damage.
1.3 Braking system of light rigid vehicle is managed and operated efficiently to ensure
effective control of vehicle under all conditions.
1.4 Driving hazards are identified and/or anticipated and avoided or controlled through
defensive driving.
1.5 Light rigid vehicle is driven in reverse, maintaining visibility and achieving accurate
positioning.
2.1 Traffic and road conditions are constantly monitored and acted upon to enable
safe operation and ensure no injury to people or damage to property, equipment,
loads and facilities.
2.2 Interaction with other road users is conducted courteously and according to road
rules to ensure safe and efficient traffic flow.

Page 5
3.1 DRIVE AND POSITION THE LIGHT RIGID
VEHICLE
As the operator of a light rigid vehicle you will need to safely start, steer, manoeuvre, position and stop the
vehicle in a variety of road transport situations.

In doing so you must follow the vehicle manufacturers instructions and comply with all traffic regulations.

Page 6
3.1.1 VEHICLE HANDLING PROCEDURES

It is also important that you follow handling procedures to enable you to drive the vehicle safely and
effectively no matter what road conditions or environment you are working in.

Vehicle handling procedures will outline the requirements for:

Starting the vehicle.

Driving and positioning techniques such as:

Steering and manoeuvring.

Accelerating and braking.

Positioning and stopping.

Reversing.

Operating vehicle controls, instruments and
indicators.

Using defensive driving techniques.

Managing engine performance.

Handling procedures will also guide you in how to drive the vehicle
under typical road transport conditions, which may include:

Daytime and night-time driving.

Driving in various weather conditions.

Driving on the open road.

Driving on a private road.

Operating at a depot, base or warehouse.

Operating while at a client's workplace or worksite.

Page 7
3.1.2 DRIVING AND POSITIONING TECHNIQUES

3.1.2.1 CHOOSING APPROPRIATE SPEEDS

Managing speed is one of the most important parts of safe
driving.

There is no single safe speed. You must adjust your speed
for the road surface, driving conditions and how far ahead you
can see.

For example, you will need to slow down when:

You see potential hazards.

The road ahead is obscured by fog or obstruction.

When driving on wet or gravel roads.

Traffic And Speed

The safest speed to drive in heavy traffic is the same speed
as other vehicles as long as it is within the speed limit.

When driving in traffic, remember that:

Vehicles travelling in the same direction at the same
speed rarely run into each other.

Rear-end crashes happen when vehicles are moving
at different speeds.

The more you change lanes, the higher the chances
of having a crash and the more tiring it is to keep
speeding up and braking.

Overtaking uses more fuel and puts more stress on
the driver and vehicle.

Page 8
Driving Around Bends

Your vehicle has a high centre of gravity and if you take a bend
too fast, one of three things could happen:

The wheels could lose traction and you will go straight
ahead in a skid.

The wheels could hold their traction but your vehicle
will not turn and will most probably roll over.

Your load could move or even roll off the vehicle.

Do not brake once you are in the bend as this can cause the
wheels to lock and produce a skid.

The best way to drive around bends is to adjust your speed
before reaching the bend. This can be done by:

Picking the smoothest line through the bend that
needs the least steering adjustment.

Easing off the accelerator.

Changing down gears.

Accelerating slightly as you come out of the bend.

Always drive at a safe speed and never exceed the speed
limit.

Page 9
3.1.2.2 BEING OBSERVANT

Make sure you remain alert and attentive to everything that is happening on
the road.

While driving keep a look out for:

Other vehicles (including bicycles and motorbikes) and
pedestrians.

Hills.

Bends and curves in the road.

Merging lanes.

Potentially hazardous road conditions such as potholes or objects
in the road.

Road signs and traffic lights.

Loose straps, ropes, chains, tarpaulins on your vehicle.

Use Your Mirrors

Remember to frequently use your mirrors, particularly when turning or
merging with traffic. Build a habit of short, regular glances in all the
mirrors to check around the vehicle, including the tyres and your load.

Be aware that mirror images are reversed. Convex (or curved) mirrors
give you a wider view but they also make things look further away
than they really are.

Always check your flat mirror as well to gauge the real distance of
traffic behind you.

Page 10
Blind Spots

You need to check your mirrors often for overtaking vehicles but
there are some blind spots where you cannot see, even with
mirrors.

There are also other areas beyond the range of your mirrors, e.g.
smaller vehicles or motorcycles right behind you or level with the
cab beside you.

If you use your mirrors all the time you may see them before they
move into the blind spots.

Special Mirror Checks

There are also special mirror checks you must make when changing lanes,
turning, merging into traffic and going through tight spaces.

As you make a right turn, check your mirrors to ensure you will not hit any
vehicles parked or stopped close to the intersection of the road you are turning
into. Remember to allow space for the cutting-in of the rear end of your vehicle.

As you make a left turn, use your left mirror to check that your rear wheels do
not mount the kerb, strike a post or hit a parked vehicle.

Also carefully check that a car or other vehicle is not trying to overtake you on
the left hand side.

When you are about to merge, use the mirrors to check there is enough room
for you to enter the new lane. Traffic behind you may have sped up or changed
lanes, making less room for you to move.

When driving through a crowded intersection or narrow road, keep checking
your mirrors to make sure you can manoeuvre the full length of your vehicle
through without hitting anything.

Page 11
3.1.2.3 KEEPING A SAFE DISTANCE

To drive safely you need space all around your vehicle
to give you time to stop or change lanes.

Be aware that it can take between two and three
seconds for you to see a problem ahead and put your
foot on the brake pedal.

Managing Space Around Your Vehicle

You cannot force the drivers of other vehicles to stay a safe
distance behind you but you can do your best to manage the space
around your own vehicle.

Make sure you maintain an effective crash avoidance space to the
front when driving your vehicle. This will give you adequate time to
respond if you need to brake and stop suddenly.

Always drive in the centre of the lane when:

Another vehicle is coming the other way.

Another vehicle is overtaking you.

You are overtaking another vehicle.

Page 12
Only pull to the left of the lane if you are sure it is safe to allow a car approaching from the other direction
more room. It may put you too close to traffic on your left. Let the other smaller vehicle move over as it will
need less space.

If you are travelling beside other vehicles keep in mind that:

Another vehicle could changes lanes suddenly and swerve into you.

You could be trapped in a lane where you need to change to another lane.

It is best to drive in the open and not in a group of vehicles. When it is safe to do so, stay in the left lane.

Page 13
Handling Tailgaters

A common problem for drivers of trucks and buses is tailgating. This is
when the driver of another vehicle drives too closely behind you.

In this situation you need to stay as far left as you can. On hills, use
slow vehicle lanes and do not overtake other vehicles unless you can
do so quickly or there is no other traffic.

On multi-lane roads with a speed limit over 80km/h or roads signed
Keep Left Unless Overtaking you must stay left unless you can safely
overtake.

If you are being tailgated you should:

Slow down gradually to encourage other drivers to
overtake and to do so more quickly.

Avoid quick changes of speed, slow down gradually
and signal early.

Increase the distance between yourself and the
vehicle you are following more room in front of
you will reduce the risk of having to make sudden
speed or direction changes.

Do not speed up tailgaters will tend to stay behind
you and it is safer at slower speeds.

Avoid tricks do not turn on tail lights or flash your
brake lights as it may cause confusion.

Page 14
3.1.2.4 ACCELERATING AND STEERING

Accelerate smoothly and gradually. Rough acceleration can cause
damage to your vehicle or load.

When driving in rain, snow or gravel you should accelerate more
slowly than normal to prevent the wheels from spinning.

Use both hands to keep a firm grip on the steering wheel while
driving. Keep your thumbs clear of the spokes, and do not reach
through the steering wheel to operate the controls as the spokes
could injure you if the wheel spins.

3.1.2.5 BRAKING

You must be familiar with all braking devices and how they work
for your light rigid vehicle. You need to know what sort of braking
system it has, i.e. hydraulic brakes or air brakes.

Also check the manufacturers handbook for the braking
performance of your vehicle, i.e. the distance travelled while
braking and the total stopping distance. These will vary according
to road and environmental conditions.

When braking it is important to remember:

The heavier a vehicle is, the harder it is stop and the
longer it takes.

Take factors such as the weight of the load or wet
conditions into account.

Brake early and come to a gradual halt.

Ease your foot off the brake pedal as you slow down.

Brake when travelling in a straight line (where possible).

An empty vehicle or one with a light load handles
differently from a loaded vehicle.

Page 15
3.1.2.6 TURNING

Be careful when you swing the vehicle wide to turn into a street or
intersection.

Position yourself so that you have a good view of the road you are
entering and make sure no one can pass you on the left.

Be aware that when a vehicle moves around a turn or curve, the rear
wheels follow a shorter path than the front wheels. This is referred to
as cut-in.

The longer the vehicle and the sharper the turn, the
greater the cut-in.

When turning to the right, steer close to the left side of the
lane and when turning to the left, steer close to the right
side of the lane. This will help reduce the problem of cut-
in.

Two Turning Lanes

Turning Left
Where there are two lanes for turning left, always start
your turn so that where possible you are mostly in the
turning lane that is furthest left.

If you only use the left turning lane that is closer to the
centre of the road, a car may try to move into the lane on
your left. That driver will not expect the rear of your
vehicle to move into their lane as it cuts in.

Remember, other vehicles on your left hand side are
always harder to see in your mirrors.

Turning Right
If there are two right turning lanes, always start your turn
so that your vehicle is in the right turning lane nearest to
the left of the road.

Check your left mirror for cars overtaking illegally on your
left, who may turn to the right in front of you. Check your
right mirror for traffic which might overtake on your right.

Page 16
3.1.2.7 CHANGING GEARS

Make sure you change gears smoothly and at the right time.

Gear changing is smoother when you use double-clutching
(or de-clutching).

To double-clutch:

1. Depress the clutch.

2. Shift to neutral gear.

3. Release the clutch.

4. Adjust engine revs to the right speed for the next
gear change.

Observing engine speed (revs per minute or RPM) and
engine sound will help you decide when to change gears.

The vehicle manufacturers handbook will specify maximum
and minimum revs and road speed for each gear. Use the
tachometer which measures and shows the engine revs.

You should change down gears when:

Slowing.

Stopping.

Turning.

Driving up a hill.

Before driving down a hill.

Page 17
3.1.2.8 DRIVING UP AND DOWN HILLS

When you are driving up a hill, make sure that you shift gears down
early enough to avoid engine vibration (lugging) and labouring.

When driving down a hill make sure that you:

Slow down and select the correct gear before descending.

Do not change gear while going downhill.

Use auxiliary brakes to control speed.

Try to brake on straight sections of road.

Avoid repeatedly applying and releasing brakes (fanning)
this can cause the brake linings to heat up and they will no
longer work to slow the vehicle.

3.1.2.9 OBEYING ROAD SIGNS

There are a number of road signs you will need to pay special
attention to when driving a light rigid vehicle.

These signs include:

No truck do not pass if your vehicle is equal to or less than the
mass or weight specified (4.5 tonnes if no limit is stated).

Trucks must enter you must enter this area as per the
information indicated on or near the sign.

Light traffic do not use the road if your total weight exceeds the
amount specified (unless necessary for a pick up or delivery).

Page 18
Load limit (bridge/gross) do not pass if your total weight exceeds
the amount specified.

Truck lane - trucks more than 4.5 tonnes must use truck lanes when
indicated.

No buses do not pass if you are driving a bus.

Bus lane public buses must use bus lanes/bus only lanes.

You will also encounter other road signs such as:

Clearance/low clearance.

Low bridge ahead.

Over-dimension.

Page 19
3.1.2.10 REVERSING THE VEHICLE

Reversing a large vehicle can be hazardous and you should plan ahead to keep this manoeuvre to a
minimum, i.e. park so that you can drive away forwards, if possible.

When reversing, it is important to always maintain visibility and accurately
position the vehicle. This can be done by:

Making sure you know what is behind your vehicle before
moving get out and look if you need to.

Having someone guide you through blind spots if possible.

If you are using a trailer, make sure all wheels are pointing in a
straight line.

Reversing and turning to the drivers side. This will give you a
better view. Avoid sharp turns.

Reversing at a slow speed and make corrections as necessary.

Using loading docks and driveways when possible.

Page 20
3.1.3 DRIVING BUSES

As a bus driver you are responsible for the safety of your
passengers whenever they are getting on to, travelling in or
getting off your bus.

To make every journey a safe one you need to follow
procedures such as:

Before starting your journey, carry out the pre-
operational checks outlined previously.

When pulling into a bus stop, you must:

Signal that you are going to pull up and turn in
by indicating correctly.

Slow down smoothly.

Stop parallel and as close as possible to the
kerb.

If picking up or dropping off school children you
must turn on your hazard warning lights.

Check all mirrors before opening doors to
make sure that no passengers will be struck by
a door.

When pulling out of a bus stop you must:

Check all mirrors for any passengers still
entering/exiting and for overtaking vehicles.

When safe, close passenger doors and turn
off your hazard warning lights (if
applicable).

Re-check mirrors and indicate for at least
five seconds before pulling out of the bus
stop.

Page 21
Be aware of regulations and signs that may relate to
your bus such as:

Some intersections have traffic lights with bus
signals a white B on a black background
means that buses only may proceed; a white
B on a red background means that buses may
not proceed.

All buses (and some trucks) must stop at an
uncontrolled railway crossing.

3.1.3.1 BUS DRIVING TECHNIQUES

Passengers

Watch that passengers get on and off safely.

Make sure any passenger having difficulty getting on and off the bus
has assistance.

Scan the road ahead so that you can see passengers waiting at a
bus stop and you can slow down to pick them up.

Driving

Regularly scan the internal mirrors to make sure the
passengers are in no danger.

Drive smoothly and avoid sudden changes in direction
when accelerating or braking.

Allow for passengers movements as you travel. They
may want to move to the exit door while the bus is still
moving.

Take note of and respond to stop requests.

Page 22
3.2 MONITOR VEHICLE PERFORMANCE AND
EFFICIENCY
3.2.1 CHECK ENGINE POWER

While you are operating the light rigid vehicle it is essential that you
continually manage the power of the engine to ensure efficiency and
correct performance.

It will also help to minimise engine and transmission damage.

You can check the performance of the engine by:

Listening for excessive engine noise.

Looking out for vibration and any smoke or leaks.

Good driving practices will help reduce wear and tear on the engine and
lessen the chances of machinery problems.

3.2.2 CHECK VEHICLE CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS

You also need to monitor the performance and efficiency of
the vehicle as a whole.

To do this you will need to understand all the functions and
uses of the light rigid vehicle controls, instruments and
indicators.

Make sure that you read thoroughly the manufacturers
instructions for the vehicle you are operating.

Some vehicles are fitted with monitors such as black boxes
that automatically record details of operations such as:

Speed.

Time spent moving.

Time sent stationary.

Distance between stops.

Page 23
3.3 MONITOR TRAFFIC AND ROAD CONDITIONS
It is important to constantly monitor traffic and road conditions so that you can safely operate the light rigid
vehicle.

This will help to ensure that no one is injured and that no damage to property, equipment, loads and
facilities occurs.

Common traffic and road conditions that you may encounter include:

Weather conditions heavy rain and/or wind, bad light, flooding, snow or fog.

Road surface conditions unsealed roads, loose or slippery surfaces, icy roads, pot holes.

Traffic delays or diversions.

Page 24
Traffic delays and diversions may be caused by factors such as:

Traffic accidents.

Flooded sections of road.

Road damage.

Bridge/tunnel damage.

Road works.

Building construction.

Emergency situations, e.g. bushfires, building fires.

Road closures for special events, e.g. marches,
parades.

Holiday or school traffic.

Road closures for utility works, e.g. electricity, water,
sewerage, telecommunications, gas.

Follow all directions from traffic and emergency personnel/workers including stopping your vehicle or taking
an alternative route.

If you are in a situation where there is no traffic control or directions, you should slow down and proceed
with caution.

If necessary, stop and park your vehicle, taking care not to block the road or become a hazard to other
traffic.

Page 25
3.4 IDENTIFY AND RESPOND TO DRIVING
HAZARDS
3.4.1 DRIVING HAZARDS

While operating your light rigid vehicle, there are many hazards that you may encounter.

These may include:

Wet and iced roads.

Oil, animals or objects on the road.

Overhead obstacles.

Fire in the vehicle.

Leaking fuel.

Faulty brakes or steering mechanism on the vehicle.

Parked vehicles on the road.

Pedestrians crossing the road.

Flooded sections of road.

Windy sections of road.

Foggy conditions.

Page 26
3.4.2 HAZARD CONTROLS

If any driving hazards arise, it is essential that you respond appropriately to minimise, control or eliminate
them.

You need to stay calm, take precautions and apply defensive driving techniques where necessary.

Page 27
3.4.2.1 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES

Defensive driving means always being prepared to take corrective action if required.

Some defensive driving techniques are:
Always maintain a good vision ahead and around your vehicle.

Stay alert and be prepared to react to the unexpected.
Drive at the right speed for the conditions and know when to
slow down and stop.
Always wear your seat belt.
Anticipate the mistakes or unsafe manoeuvres of the other
drivers, especially when negotiating or crossing obstacles.
Watch for the reverse lights of any vehicle ahead of you.
Pay close attention to pedestrian crossings or when driving
near playgrounds, schools, and shopping centre car parks.
Be cautious of cyclists or children playing anywhere near the
road.
Do not drive if you have been drinking, are on medication, or
are very tired.
Keep the vehicle in good working order (tyres, windows, fluids
etc.).
Follow the road rules and give way whenever necessary.
Use your horn to warn pedestrians or other drivers of possible
trouble or to avoid accidents.
Use headlights in rain, snow, fog, in evening, or early morning.
Allow extra space between heavy-equipment vehicles,
motorcycles, or bicycles and your vehicle.
If a tailgater is following you, move to another lane if possible or
pull to the side of the road and let the tailgater pass you. Do not
tailgate others, especially when on unsealed roads.
Do not drive in another driver's blind spot.
Do not weave in and out of traffic.
Slow down near road works and follow speed limits as
instructed.
If you plan to drive a long distance, stop and rest or stretch after
every two hours.
Slow down in unfamiliar areas, or where livestock or native
animals are in the area.

Page 28
3.4.2.2 GENERAL HAZARD AVOIDANCE OR CONTROL

In order to anticipate and avoid or control hazards while
operating your vehicle, you should:

Be thorough in your inspections of the light rigid vehicle.

Always drive safely and follow all road rules and signs.

Keep the cabin free of loose objects as these can
obstruct the brake, clutch or accelerator.

Always use correct procedures when entering or exiting
your vehicle.

Never use a handheld phone while the vehicle is moving
or stationary but not parked.

Use hazard warning lights and warning triangles when
necessary.

Use correct manual handling procedures when dealing
with loads.

Manage fatigue.

Manage stress.

3.4.2.3 FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

Fatigue is one of the leading causes of crashes for drivers of all types of vehicles.

Page 29
Causes of Fatigue

As the driver of a light rigid vehicle you should be aware that sleep deprivation during shift work or from
excessive working hours is a major cause of fatigue.

Other causes are:

Night-time driving.

Monotonous driving, e.g. along highways.

Tight schedules with no rests between jobs.

Physical work, e.g. loading and unloading the
vehicle.

Hot weather.

Poor physical or mental health.

Medications.

It is important that you get regular, adequate sleep. You should also learn to recognise the warning signs of
fatigue and take the necessary steps to combat them.

Fatigue Warning Signs

Warning signs that you are suffering fatigue include:

Poor and careless performance.

Inability to concentrate and think clearly.

Decreased attention span.

Overlooking minor but potentially important details.

Slow reaction time.

Boredom, irritability, lack of motivation.

Impaired communication and cooperation.

Tiredness, yawning, sore eyes.

Headaches, stomach or other problems.

Micro sleeps, i.e. nodding off for a short period of time.

Page 30
Fatigue Management Techniques

While there is no substitute for adequate sleep, rest, or time off,
you can employ some short-term counter-measures to minimise
the hazards presented by fatigue.

A key strategy in dealing with fatigued drivers is to manage shifts
and work hours effectively.

Shift system design must consider:

The effect on worker fatigue.

The effects of activities carried out during rostered and
overtime hours.

The impact on sleep cycles of activities such as the time
for commuting to and from work.

The monitoring and control of working hours.

Other fatigue management techniques include:

Adjusting the driving seat so that you are
comfortable and less likely to get tired and/or suffer
aches and pains.

Making sure you have enough sleep before starting
work.

Drinking plenty of water to prevent dehydration,
which can be a problem in air-conditioned vehicles
before you leave drink 2 glasses of water, and try
to drink at least a litre of water every 2 hours.

Page 31
Avoiding large heavy meals before leaving as these
can make you drowsy being hungry is a good
excuse to stop and take a break for a quick bite.

Planning your journeys so that you can take regular
breaks while driving, i.e. rest for 15 minutes every 2
hours.

Sharing the driving with another trained and
competent person.

Being aware of the warning signs of fatigue and stop
and rest as soon as possible.

Not driving for longer than the legal work time.

Catching up when you can on any sleep debt.

Trying to stay cool and breathe fresh air when
driving.

All of the time you spend working should be taken into
account when managing fatigue. This includes not just
your driving time but also activities such as loading and
unloading, vehicle servicing and record keeping.

Page 32
3.4.2.4 STRESS MANAGEMENT

There are a range of factors that can cause stress to drivers of
light rigid vehicles including:

Fatigue.

Physical exhaustion and discomfort.

Work pressures such as time restraints and deadlines.

Long periods of time spent away from family and friends.

Dealing with risks associated with driving a large vehicle.

Negative interactions with other road users.

Legal pressures and paperwork.

These factors can cause physical and mental health problems for
you and could increase the risk of accidents.

It is therefore important that you deal with any fatigue and/or stress-
related problems as effectively as you can.

Stress Management Techniques

Drivers can reduce stress by:

Effectively managing fatigue.

Eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise.

Adequately planning for long trips.

Maintaining a positive attitude despite difficulties.

Page 33
3.5 FOLLOW DRIVING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
As the operator of a light rigid vehicle you need to be familiar with the types of driving emergency that may
arise.

You should also be familiar with procedures for responding to these emergencies.

Page 34
3.5.1 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Driving emergencies could include the following situations and response procedures:

3.5.1.1 EMERGENCY BRAKING

If you need to stop suddenly, do not slam your brakes on. Apply them just hard enough to almost lock the
wheels.

Page 35
3.5.1.2 EVASIVE STEERING

If there is not enough room to brake, you may have to steer
your vehicle out of the way of whatever is in your path.

This may involve moving into an empty lane or even
leaving the road completely if safe to do so.

Some emergency steering techniques include:

Keeping both hands in a firm grip on the steering wheel
whenever possible.

Avoiding braking while turning so that the wheels do not lock.

Not turning any more than is needed to clear whatever is the
way the more sharply you turn, the greater the chance of a
skid or rollover.

Being prepared to counter-steer, i.e. turn the wheel back in
the other direction once youve passed the hazard.

Page 36
3.5.1.3 HORN USE

A blast from your horn can be used if a vehicle, pedestrian or animal is
about to cause an emergency by moving into your path.

3.5.1.4 SKIDDING

Skidding is very dangerous when driving a light rigid vehicle and is best avoided. Skids occur when tyres
lose their grip on the road and can be caused by:

Over-braking when you apply the brakes too hard
and lock the wheels.

Over-steering when you turn the wheels more
sharply than the vehicle can turn.

Giving too much power to the drive wheels causing
them to lose grip and spin.

Travelling too fast for the road conditions.

3.5.1.5 BRAKE FAILURE

If your vehicles brakes fail while travelling, you will need to
one or all of the following:

Change down gears to slow down.

Pump the brakes this can sometimes produce
enough hydraulic pressure to stop the vehicle.

Apply the park brake.

Look for an escape route, e.g. a side street, open
field or emergency off-ramp.
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Page 37
3.5.1.6 TYRE FAILURE

Tyre failure may not necessarily cause a crash but failure of
the front tyres could lead to a loss of steering control.

Safe drivers can handle tyre failure by:

Knowing the signs that a tyre has failed, e.g.
sound, vibration, feel.

Gripping the steering wheel firmly with both hands.

Staying off the brake.

Applying the trailer brake lightly (if appropriate).

3.5.1.7 VEHICLE BREAKDOWN OR LOSS OF LOAD

If your vehicle breaks down or a load has fallen onto the
road, you are required to park on the side of the road or a
part of the road not used by the main body of traffic.

You will also need to use warning triangle devices.

These devices should be placed as follows:

Out in front of the vehicle at a distance required by
the state or territory where you are located.

Behind the vehicle at a distance required by the
state or territory where you are located.

At the side of the vehicle or fallen load.

Page 38
3.5.1.8 CRASHES

If you are involved in a crash or come across a crash while travelling you should:

Stop (away from the crash site if possible).

Protect the area, e.g. by using hazard warning lights and
warning triangles.

Attend to any injured people.

Notify the authorities by putting out a call over the emergency
channel on your CB radio or by dialling 000 on your phone.

Supply necessary information to the other party and the police
(if in attendance), e.g. your name, address, registration details
and the vehicle owners name.

It is a serious offence if you fail to stop, render help and exchange all
required details after being involved in a crash.

3.5.1.9 FIRE

In the event of a fire starting anywhere on your truck or bus, you must stop the vehicle in a safe place well
away from anything flammable.

You also need to inform emergency services by dialling 000.

Engine Fire

If there is a fire in the engine, keep the bonnet
closed.

Aim the fire extinguisher through the grill or from
underneath.

If there is a fire in a van or box trailer, keep the doors
closed until you are confident that you have what
you need to combat it.

Page 39
3.6 INTERACTING WITH OTHER ROAD USERS
When driving your light rigid vehicle you must always
follow road rules and be courteous and communicate
effectively with other road users.

This will ensure that traffic flows safely and effectively.

If you make sure that other drivers know you are near
them and what your intentions are, you can help to
prevent crashes.

Your interactions with pedestrians or other drivers should include the following communication techniques:

When turning, braking or changing lanes make sure you signal your intentions early, giving other
road users plenty of time to respond.

When overtaking another vehicle, cyclist or pedestrian, assume that they do not realise where you
are. When necessary, lightly tap your horn as a warning.

Page 40
If another driver unexpectedly signals a turn, you may need to sound your horn. Also watch in
case a driver starts a turn without signalling.

When you are having trouble seeing other vehicles, those drivers will also find it hard to see you.
Turn on your headlights or fog lights on low beam.

Use hazard warning lights and warning triangles when necessary.

Keep your cool and do not indulge in road rage.

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LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE

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