World History

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WORLD HISTORY (10)
Contents:
1 Different Socio-Economic Systems
1.1 Capitalism
1.2 Communism
1.3 Socialism
2 orms !n" S#!"es of Soci!$ism
% E&o$'tion of Soci!$ism !s ! (o$itico-Economic System
) I"e!s of *!r$ +!r,
- Soci!$ism in R'ssi!: Soci!$ Re&o$'tion!ries. /o$s#e&i0s !n" +ens#e&i0s
1 Lenin !n" +!r,ism
2 Soci!$ism in In"i!
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Rajinder Nagar: 1/8-B, 2
nd
Floor, Apsara Arcade, Near Gate 6, Karol Bagh Metro, Delhi
Mukherjee Nagar: 10, 1
st
Floor, B/1-2, Ansal B!ilding, Behind "#$ Ban%, Delhi-&
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/t!dent Notes0
1] Different Socio-Economic Systems
1er2s li%e #apitalis2, /ocialis2 and #o22!nis2 are 3re4!entl5 !sed in general parlance, 6!t it
is i2portant to !nderstand the !nderl5ing 2eaning and philosophies 6ehind these ter2s* 1hese
ter2s collecti+el5 denote the di33erent socio-econo2ic s5ste2s in !se across the )orld* For
greater clarit5, general principles o3 these political philosophies ha+e 6een e7plained 6elo)*
1.1 Caita!ism
1he #apitalist s5ste2 o3 organi8ing the state and societ5 is 6ased on the principles that- there
sho!ld 6e pri+ate o)nership o3 co!ntr59s )ealth, the econo25 )or%s on the principle o3
:aisse8 Faire i*e* the 2ar%et 3orces deter2ine the econo2ic policies and there is no co22and
econo25* 1he /tate does not tell the ind!str5 )hat to prod!ce, )hen to prod!ce and ho) to
prod!ce* Also, !nder the #apitalist s5ste2, there is no special protection pro+ided to the
)or%ing class* 1he )or%er is ;!st another 3actor o3 prod!ction li%e capital and land <Factors o3
prod!ction are the inp!ts re4!ired 3or prod!cing the 3inished goods=* 1he dri+ing 3orces o3 the
#apitalist s5ste2 are 3oc!s on pri+ate enterprise <entreprene!rship=, sec!rit5 o3 pri+ate )ealth
and prod!ction 3or pro3it 2oti+e*
1." Communism
#o22!nis2 is an econo2ic s5ste2 characteri8ed 65 the collecti+e o)nership o3 propert5 65
the co22!nit5, )ith the end goal 6eing co2plete social e4!it5* 1he #o22!nist s5ste2 o3
organi8ing the state and societ5 is 6ased on the ideas o3 Karl Mar7 )here 65 three things are o3
i2portance +i8 o)nership o3 )ealth, econo2ic planning and protection o3 )or%ing class* 1he
)ealth o3 the co!ntr5 sho!ld 6e collecti+el5 o)ned* 1he econo25 sho!ld 6e centrall5 planned
<co22and econo25= and the state sho!ld ta%e a33ir2ati+e action 3or protection o3 interests o3
the )or%ing class* 1he dri+ing 3orces o3 the co22!nist s5ste2 3oc!s on e4!alit5, collecti+e
o)nership and prod!ction 3or social good* Both #o22!nis2 and #apitalis2 ha+e 6een
adopted di33erentl5 65 di33erent co!ntries as per their o)n speci3ic re4!ire2ents*
1.# Socia!ism
Be3ore )e 2o+e on to disc!ss the rise and e+ol!tion o3 socialis2, it is i2portant to clearl5
!nderstand the 2eaning o3 the ter2* Most generall5, socia!ism refers to state o)nership o3
co22on propert5, or state o)nership o3 the 2eans o3 prod!ction* Alternati+el5, socialis2 is
an5 o3 the +ario!s s5ste2s o3 social organi8ation in )hich the 2eans o3 prod!cing and
distri6!ting goods can 6e pri+atel5 or collecti+el5 o)ned or dictated 65 a centrali8ed
go+ern2ent that o3ten plans and controls the econo25* Altho!gh, socialis2 does not al)a5s
co-e7ist )ith onl5 co22!nist or 3ascist go+ern2ents, the i2ple2entation o3 socialis2 in 2an5
co!ntries generall5 re4!ires that a strong central go+ern2ent e7ist to i2ple2ent this
philosoph5*
/ocialis2 has the 3ollo)ing characteristics0
a= An >galitarian societ50 .t 2eans no class, caste or color sho!ld 6e discri2inated against*
There can be no genuine liberty without equality
6= /atis3action o3 6asic needs0 Moti+e o3 pro3it sho!ld 6e replaced 65 2oti+e o3 ser+ice*
1he state sho!ld 3oc!s distri6!tion o3 reso!rces not )here it )ill 3etch the highest
+al!e, 6!t )here it is 2ost needed*
c= #o22on $)nership0 #o22on o)nership o3 all the 2eans o3 prod!ction* For the2, an
ind!str5 )hich is collecti+el5 o)ned is 2ore e33icient and 3ro2 the 2oral point o3 +ie)
2ore satis35ing*

nd
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/t!dent Notes0
d= .deal o3 ser+ice0 /ocialis2 ad+ocates the idea o3 general )el3are or co22on good* .t
protests against the harsh 2aterialis2 and indi+id!alis2 o3 classical li6erals*
A p!rel5 socialist state )o!ld 6e one in )hich the state o)ns and operates the 2eans o3
prod!ction* ?o)e+er, nearl5 all 2odern capitalist co!ntries co26ine socialis2 and capitalis2*
/o2e econo2ies are highl5 centrali8ed, )hile so2e others co2pletel5 decentrali8ed* 1he5 all
stand 3or e4!alit5 6!t di33er on 2eaning attached to it*

"] $orms and Shades of Socia!ism
/ocialis2 is not a straight3or)ard concept and se+eral 3or2s o3 it ha+e e2erged since its
e7istence* Communism is a closel5 related concept, )hich )e ha+e alread5 disc!ssed in 6rie3
6e3ore* @!ssia )as the 3irst #o22!nist state in the )orld* /oon, co22!nis2 <Mar7is2= spread
o!tside >!rope into Asia, /o!th A2erica and A3rica, )ith each co!ntr5 adopting its o)n st5le o3
Mar7is2 as per their speci3ic needs, conditions and histor5* For e7a2ple, #hina adopted the
@!ssian Model till 1&'8, 6!t then Mao introd!ced the Great :eap For)ard <1&'8= to get rid o3
)ea%nesses o3 the earlier 2odel and 6ring in a 2odel o3 co22!nis2/socialis2 that )o!ld 6e
2ore rele+ant to the #hinese sit!ation and 2ore e33ecti+e in sol+ing the speci3ic #hinese
pro6le2s* 1h!s, it is to 6e !nderstood that there is no one per3ect 2odel o3 #o22!nis2 and
)hich 3eat!res are to 6e i2ported as it is, )hich 3eat!res are to e7cl!ded totall5 and )hich
3eat!res are to 6e 2odi3ied and then adopted - the ans)ers to these 4!estions +ar5 3ro2
co!ntr5 to co!ntr5 and 3ro2 ti2e to ti2e* 1he #o22!nist #hina adopted Market Socia!ism
!nder Deng Aiaoping <leader 3ro2 1&(8-1&&2=, )ho )as a 2ore li6eral, relati+el5 less
antagonistic to capitalis2 and th!s )as a right )ing co22!nist* 1h!s, !nder Deng, the Beople9s
@ep!6lic o3 #hina 2o+ed to)ards Mar%et >cono25 as per needs o3 the ti2e* Mar%et /ocialis2
is a 6rand o3 socialis2, )hich has a /ocialist Mar%et >cono25, )hich is achie+ed thro!gh $pen
Door >cono2ic Bolicies, )here65 the local econo25 is 2ore integrated to the glo6al econo25
thro!gh decrease in in+est2ent and trade 6arriers* Mar%et /ocialis2 has 3eat!res o3
decentrali8ation o3 econo2ic po)er <as it entailed )ithdra)al o3 co22!nist part5 3ro2
decision 2a%ing in 2anage2ent o3 econo25=, 2ore pri+ate o)nership o3 land and other
3eat!res o3 capitalis2* B!t, it does not lose sight o3 e4!alit5, )hich is the pri2ar5 goal o3 a
co22!nist state*
1o clearl5 !nderstand the concept o3 socialis2 and co22!nis2 it is i2portant to dra)
contrasts 6et)een the t)o*
Mar%ism &s Socia!ism: Mar7is2 is also %no)n 65 the na2e o3 /cienti3ic /ocialis2 or Mar7ist
/ocialis2, )hich )as a philosoph5 o3 Mar7 and >ngels as gi+en in the #o22!nist 2ani3esto
<18C8=* 1he conto!rs o3 this relationship can 6e !nderstood thro!gh the 3ollo)ing points0
a= Mar7is2 tal%s a6o!t ho) to 6ring a6o!t socialis2 in the societ5*
6= /ocialis2 is an !26rella ter2 and Mar7is2 is ;!st a part o3 it li%e other 2ethodologies
s!ggested 65 other thin%ers to 6ring a6o!t socialis2*
c= /ocialis2 as a concept is older than Mar7is2* 1he "topian socialists li%e @o6ert $)en
and other socialists had )or%ed 6e3ore Mar7 ga+e his +ersion o3 /ocialis2*
d= Mar7is2 is socialis2 as desired 65 Mar7*
e= Mar7is2 is /ocialis2 in an ind!striali8ed setting i*e* in an ind!striali8ed econo25*

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/t!dent Notes0
3= Mar7is2 tal%s a6o!t Dictatorship o3 Broletariat <i*e* Dor%ing #lass=* 1h!s Mar7is29s
3oc!s is !pon )or%ers onl5 and th!s narro)* B!t 3oc!s o3 /ocialis2 is )ider as it does
not 6inds itsel3 to ;!st )or%ers and incl!des peasants and all pop!lation )or%ing in
)hiche+er sector o3 econo25* For e7a2ple /ocialis2 has 6een applied in non-
.nd!striali8ed co!ntries +i8 65 @!ssia, #hina, .ndia, -ietna2, #!6a and A3rican co!ntries
li%e Angola*
g= Mar7is2 is anti-/tate and )ants a stateless societ5 )hile there is no s!ch co2p!lsion
on /ocialis2 )hich is 2ore general concept and does not de2ands a6andon2ent o3
/tate* /ocialis2 is not anti-state 6!t ;!st 3oc!sses !pon e4!alit5 o3 all* 1he .ndian
/ocialis2 rather !sed the instit!tion o3 /tate to 6ring a6o!t 2ore e4!alit5 in the
societ5*
h= Method0 Mar7 arg!ed that the +iolent re+ol!tion is the onl5 )a5 6!t there is no s!ch
co2p!lsion on /ocialis2* For e7a2ple, co!ntries li%e #hile !nder Allende )itnessed a
peace3!l re+ol!tion 3or socialis2 and !nder a de2ocratic polit5*
i= >nds0 Ai2s o3 socialis2 are 6roader in nat!re* A +ersion o3 /ocialis2 2a5 ai2 3or 2ere
decrease in do2ination o3 the #apitalist s5ste2 )hile Mar7is2 ai2s 3or co2plete
annihilation o3 capitalis2*
;= 1he si2ilarit5 lies in the 3act that Mar7is2 ai2s /ocialis2 )hich i2plies an e4!alit5
6ased non-e7ploitati+e societ5* Both concepts are ;!st philosophies and lac% operational
details a6o!t ho) to act!all5 organi8e s!ch a societ5* 1h!s 6oth concepts ha+e scope
3or 6eing 3!rther ela6orated in 3or2 o3 their operationali8ation*
$a'ian Socia!ism is 5et another 3or2 o3 socialis2 and has 6een disc!ssed 6elo) in 6rie30 1he
origin o3 ter2 Fa6ian /ocialis2 can 6e traced 6ac% to the 3or2ation o3 the Fa6ian /ociet5 <188=
in Britain* 1he Fa6ian societ5 set the 3o!ndation principles o3 the :a6or Bart5 in Britain* 1he
Fa6ianis2 2andated e+ol!tion rather than @e+ol!tion to 6ring a6o!t socialis2* ?ere t)o things
are o3 i2portance0 $ne, to bring about socialism and t)o, evolution. 1he Fa6ian /ocialists did
not ad+ocate o+erthro) o3 de2ocrac5 and esta6lish2ent o3 a one-part5 co22!nist state* 1he5
6elie+ed that a representati+e de2ocrac5 is the 6est political s5ste2* Also, the5 re;ected the
!se o3 +iolence to 6ring a6o!t re+ol!tion and 6elie+ed in grad!al re3or2s achie+ed thro!gh
negotiations, petitions and a de2ocratic process to 2o+e the societ5 to)ards a socialist order*
1heir goal o3 e4!alit5 )as si2ilar to that o3 proponents o3 #o22!nist states 6!t their 2eans
)ere di33erent* Bro2inent na2es )ho are generall5 re3erred to as Fa6ian /ocialists incl!de
Annie Besant and Ea)aharlal Nehr!*
Democratic Socia!ism and Socia! Democracy are t)o reall5 i2portant ter2s associated )ith
/ocialis2* 1he origin o3 these t)o ter2s can 6e traced to the split 6et)een the @e3or2ists and
the @e+ol!tionar5 /ocialists at the ti2e o3 2
nd
.nternational* For no) st!dents can !nderstand
2
nd
.nternational as an organi8ation o3 socialist and la6o!r parties across the )orld* 1he
@e3or2ists are also re3erred as /ocial De2ocrats* 1he 2ain iss!e o3 de6ate in the De2ocratic
/ocialis2 is De2ocratic +s A!thoritarian /ocialis2 )hile the 2ain thr!st in the /ocial
De2ocrac5 is on the re3or2ist non-+iolent 2eans against the re+ol!tionar5 +iolent 2eans to
achie+e a socialist order*
i* Democratic Socia!ism: 1he propo!nders o3 De2ocratic /ocialis2 arg!e 3or a socialist
order )hich is tr!l5 de2ocratic* .n their +ie) in a tr!e /ocialist societ5, the 2asses
)o!ld ha+e the po)er to ta%e decisions regarding the 2anage2ent o3 econo25* 1heir
thr!st is there3ore on (Socia!ism from )e!o*+ )hich has 6een 3!rther e7plained 6elo)0

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/t!dent Notes0
a= .t 3a+o!rs acti+e participation o3 pop!lation as a )hole and )or%ers in partic!lar in
the 2anage2ent o3 econo25* 1his is the 3!nda2ental 3eat!re o3 De2ocratic
/ocialis2 or /ocialis2 3ro2 Belo)* 1he 2eans are secondar5 in nat!re and s!ch a
socialist order 2a5 6e achie+ed thro!gh re3or2ist or re+ol!tionar5 2eans* Dithin
the De2ocratic /ocialists there are s!6-gro!ps )ho s!pport one set o3 2eans o+er
another )ith 2ost 3a+o!ring re+ol!tionar5 2eans, 5et their real stress is on ends
rather than 2eans*
6= /ocialis2 3ro2 6elo) is an anti-A!thoritarian +ie) o3 /ocialis2 in contrast to
/talinis2 and /ocial De2ocrac5, 6oth o3 )hich are 3or2s o3 A!thoritarian /tate
/ocialis2* Authoritarian here i2plies concentration o3 po)er as against
decentrali8ation o3 po)er* /talinis2, a2ong other things, i2plies concentration o3
poer in the hands o3 a para2o!nt leader )ho r!les the state* 1he econo25 is
centrall5 planned )ith top do)n decision 2a%ing in 2anage2ent o3 econo25* .n a
/ocial De2ocrac5 also, the econo2ic decision 2a%ing is concentrated in the /tate
and the #apitalists* ?ere also the real prod!cers o3 )ealth i*e* the )or%ers do not
get to 2a%e decisions* 1h!s according to De2ocratic /ocialists 6oth /ocial
De2ocrac5 and /talinis2 are against the notion o3 decentrali8ation o3 po)er in the
hands o3 the 2asses*
c= De2ocratic /ocialis2 is against /tate /ocialis2 )hich incl!des nationali8ation o3
ind!stries and co22and econo25 <centrall5 planned econo25 )here the state
co22ands the ind!str5 )hat, )hen, ho) 2!ch and ho) to prod!ce=* .n capitalis2
the decision 2a%ing po)er on the 4!estions o3 econo2ic prod!ction is in the
hands o3 #apitalists* De2ocratic /ocialists arg!e that thro!gh nationali8ation the
capitalists are replaced 65 the /tate and the )or%er is again le3t o!t*
ii* Socia! Democracy: .t is a political ideolog5 )here the 2ain thr!st o3 /ocial De2ocrats is
on the 2eans to achie+e ends o3 a socialist societ5* 1he5 oppose +iolent re+ol!tionar5
2eans and 6elie+e that a socialist order )hich is e4!ita6le sho!ld 6e achie+ed thro!gh
grad!al re3or2s in a non-+iolent 2anner* /o2e i2portant 3eat!res o3 /ocial De2ocrac5
can 6e listed as 6elo)
a= 1he goal is si2ilar to that o3 De2ocratic /ocialis2 +i8 achie+e2ent o3 a /ocialist
societ5 )here there is less concentration o3 )ealth and 2ore e4!alit5*
6= 1he 2eans are re3or2ist - grad!al 2ethods rather than +iolent 2eans* * 1he5
3a+o!r peace3!l and e+ol!tionar5 change to)ards a socialist econo25 3ro2 a
capitalist econo25*
c= /ocial De2ocrac5 can also 6e de3ined as a political ideolog5 that ai2s a )el3are
state )ith socialist policies and )here )or%ers ha+e the po)er o3 collecti+e
6argaining )ithin the 3ra2e)or% o3 a #apitalist >cono25 and De2ocrac5*
d= 1he 3or2 o3 polit5 pre3erred is De2ocrac5 )ith r!le o3 la)* De2ocrac5 stressed
here is 6oth political and econo2ic*
e= 1he5 3a+or a 2i7ed econo25 6!t are against e7cess inter+ention 65 the /tate* 1he5
are e4!all5 against 100 per cent 3ree 2ar%et econo25 and 100 per cent planned
econo25*

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/t!dent Notes0
,*o -o!itica!
ideo!ogies
Democratic Socia!ism Socia! Democracy
-ote Ban% Dor%ers and poor peasants Middle #lass
Degree o3
@adicalis2
M!ch 2ore radical :ess @adical
/5ste2 o3
>cono25
pre3erred
F!ll5 socialist econo25 Mi7ed >cono25* Not 3!ll5
socialist econo25 6!t a
capitalist econo25 )ith
socialist 3eat!res li%e
collecti+e 6argaining and a
)el3are state*
Means 1)o gro!ps-
1= @e3or2ist De2ocratic /ocialists- pre3er
peace3!l grad!al re3or2s*
2= @e+ol!tionar5 De2ocratic /ocialists- pre3er
+iolent i22ediate re+ol!tion* 1he5 critici8e
the @e3or2ist De2ocratic /ocialists o3
s!pporting F/ocialis2 3ro2 A6o+eG 6eca!se
the latter do not )ant an instantaneo!s
end to #apitalis2*
Grad!alH re3or2istH peace3!lH
e+ol!tion rather than
re+ol!tion*
@ole o3 /tate Mini2!2 role o3 /tate* >+en a )el3are state
sho!ld onl5 6e a te2porar5 2eas!re
/o2e role o3 /tate* Against
100 per cent 3ree 2ar%et
econo25 as )ell as against
100 per cent state planned
econo25*
/5ste2 o3
Bolit5
Decentrali8ation o3 Bo)er is 2ain 3oc!s 6e it
!nder a de2ocrac5 or a co22!nist state*
De2ocrac5 )ith r!le o3 la)*

Till now we have learnt about various politico economic systems and various forms of socialism.
Now, we would try and understand the evolution of socialism through various important events
in the history of world.

#] E&o!ution of Socia!ism as a -o!itico-Economic System.
1he rise o3 socialis2 can 6e traced 6ac% to the negati+es o3 Fe!dalis2 and #apitalis2* 1he
societies g!ided 65 these t)o concepts )ere ripe )ith ine4!alit5 and )ide disparities* 1he
thin%ers 6e3ore the French re+ol!tion started en+isioning a societ5 )here there )as less
ine4!alit5 in ter2s o3 social relationships and rich-poor di+ide* /ocialist thin%ers attac%ed the
s5ste2 o3 Fe!dalis2 )here the societ5 )as di+ided into rigid hierarchical str!ct!re )ith the
No6ilit5 and the #lerg5 do2inating the peasant 2asses* 1he French re+ol!tion o3 1(8& had a
2a;or 3oc!s on e4!alit5 and the s!ccess o3 French re+ol!tion ga+e a 6ig 6oost to the ideas o3
Fraternit5 and >4!alit5* Also in the post-.nd!strial re+ol!tion <1('0 on)ard= >ngland, the
)or%ers had a poor socio-econo2ic stat!s* /oon the )or%ers 6egan to organi8e the2sel+es and

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/t!dent Notes0
2o+e2ents 3or )el3are o3 )or%ers 6egan* 1h!s /ocialis2 )ith its 3oc!s on e4!alit5 6egan to
e2erge against Fe!dalis2 and #apitalis2 in >!rope*
1he 3e!dal str!ct!res in France )ere attac%ed )hile +oices )ere raised against the capitalist
oppression o3 the )or%ers in >ngland* As ind!striali8ation )as ta%ing place in >!rope in 1&
th

cent!r5, socialist ideas ca2e 2ore in con3lict )ith capitalis2* 1his )as 2ore prono!nced in
>ngland )hich had 6eg!n ind!striali8ation a3ter 1('0* .n 1&
th
cent!r5 /ocialis2 6egan to ta%e
2ore concrete shape and it )as here that /ocialis2 )as pro2oted 65 /ocialist thin%ers as an
alternati+e to the s5ste2 o3 #apitalis2* .t )as in this cent!r5 that Karl Mar7 <1818-188= ga+e a
co2prehensi+e criti4!e o3 capitalis2* 1h!s in concl!sion it can 6e said that /ocialis2 rose d!e
to ine4!alit5 in societ5 and 2ainl5 d!e to negati+es o3 .nd!strial #apitalis2 in the post-
.nd!strial re+ol!tion >!rope <18
th
I 1&
th
cent!r5=, altho!gh the socialist ideas had also 6egan to
ta%e shape in France )hich )as a Fe!dal societ5 in 18
th
cent!r5*
:et !s no) 3oc!s speci3icall5 on the rise o3 )or%ers against the capitalists, )hich hastened the
rise o3 socialis2 in >!rope*
)eginning of the Rise of .orkers:
A3ter ind!strial re+ol!tion there )as an increase in the n!26er o3 )or%ers in to)ns )here the
3actories )ere located* 1he )or%ers )ere e7ploited 65 the 3actor5 o)ners and the
2anage2ent* 1he5 had !nsa3e conditions o3 )or%, )or%ing ho!rs )ere as long as si7teen ho!rs,
child la6or )as ra2pant, pro+isions o3 social sec!rit5 )ere lac%ing and their )ages )ere paltr5*
1rade "nions <organi8ation o3 )or%ers=, 6egan to e2erge 6!t the5 )ere illegal 3or a long period
o3 ti2e as the capitalists had in3l!ence in the la) 2a%ing 6odies o3 the /tate* .n the French
@e+ol!tion <1(8&=, )or%ers )ere a 2a;or 3orce and the5 had organi8ed the2sel+es into secret
societies 3or o+erthro) o3 Fe!dalis2* .n >ngland and other co!ntries, the go+ern2ents )ere
3orced to pass la)s against so2e o3 the )orst 3eat!res o3 capitalis2 d!e to the press!re o3
)or%ing class* For >7a2ple, la)s against !nsa3e conditions o3 )or% )ere passed in 2an5
co!ntries and li2its )ere placed on the 2a7i2!2 ho!rs o3 )or%*
:et !s no) disc!ss so2e o3 the 2o+e2ents and scholars associated )ith the rise o3 socialis2 in
>!rope* All o3 these had a signi3icant i2pact in so2e or the other )a5 on the philosoph5 o3
socialis2*
/uddites 01111-23: 1he5 )ere the gro!p o3 )or%ers in >ngland !nder the leadership o3 :!dd
)ho 6elie+ed that the 2achines )ere the ca!se o3 their 2iser5* 1he5 la!nched a 2o+e2ent to
6rea% the 2achiner5 in the 3actories* 1his )as a nai+e idea and the5 soon reali8ed that their
agitation )as 3!tile*
Chartist Mo&ement 011#4s-54s3: 1his 2o+e2ent 6egan in >ngland 3or de2and o3 @ight to -ote
to the )or%ers* 1he 2o+e2ent died do)n 65 18'0s 6!t had a considera6le i2pact and
enth!sed the )or%ers 3or de2anding their rights and 2ade the2 2ore a)are* Britain 2o+ed
grad!all5 on the 4!estion o3 right to +ote and thro!gh 3o!r acts o3 Barlia2ent, 65 1&2& all
ad!lts got the @ight to -ote*
1151 re&o!ts in Euroe: 1he 2ost o3 >!rope )as eng!l3ed in protests and re+olts in 18C8* 1he
#o22!nist :eag!e <disc!ssed later= p!6lished the #o22!nist Mani3esto <18C8= a!thored 65
Mar7 and >ngels and th!s inspired the )or%ers* 1he )or%ers participated enth!siasticall5 and
their de2ands incl!ded not ;!st an end to the A!tocratic regi2e 6!t also o3 #apitalis2* 1he
2iddle class 3earing a ta%eo+er o3 the state 65 )or%ers 2ade a co2pro2ise )ith the a!tocratic
r!lers at the end 2o2ent and the re+olts 3ailed to esta6lish de2ocrac5*
Ear!y Socia!ists: Generall5 )e tend to identi35 the /ocialist 2o+e2ent )ith Karl Mar7 6!t

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
( )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
signi3icant )or% )as done in de+elop2ent o3 socialist ideas 65 earl5 thin%ers, re+ol!tionaries
and their organi8ations li%e Ba6e!3H "topian /ocialists li%e /aint /i2on, #harles Fo!rier I @o6ert
$)enH A!g!ste Blan4!iH and the :eag!e o3 E!st* Dor%ers, their leaders and 2an5 thin%ers tried
to i2pro+e the conditions o3 the )or%ing class* Grad!all5, a 6elie3 too% root that #apitalis2
itsel3 is e+il and there3ore there is need 3or a ne) socio-econo2ic s5ste2 )here the 2eans o3
prod!ction )o!ld 6e collecti+el5 o)ned 65 the societ5 and not 65 hand3!l o3 capitalists*
$rench re&o!ution and .orkers mo&ement: Be3ore the French @e+ol!tion <1(8&=, 2an5
thin%ers )rote a6o!t a societ5 )hich )o!ld ha+e e4!alit5 6!t this )as tho!ght o3 as an
i2practical drea2 !ntil the French @e+ol!tion happened* 1he French re+ol!tion had stressed a
lot on e4!alit5 and its s!ccess in ending Fe!dalis2 ga+e a 6oost to the idea o3 e4!alit5* .t is to
6e noted that French @e+ol!tion )as not against capitalis2 as s!ch, rather it 3a+o!red :aisse8
Faire and #apitalis2* Jet the idea o3 e4!alit5 )as central in French @e+ol!tion9s attac% on
Fe!dalis2* <1he A2erican @e+ol!tion9s Declaration o3 .ndependence had descri6ed indi+id!al9s
right to propert5 as an inaliena6le right )hile French @e+ol!tion9s Declaration o3 @ights o3 Man
and #iti8en had arg!ed that indi+id!al has a right to propert5 6!t it can 6e o+err!led in 3a+or o3
p!6lic )el3are=* B!t the French @e+ol!tion 3ailed to pro+ide 3or a sta6le rep!6lic* .t co!ld onl5
end the a!tocratic r!le o3 :o!is 16 and did not res!lt in a 2ore e4!ita6le societ5* 1he )or%ers
did not 6ene3it 3ro2 the re+ol!tion, onl5 peasants did as the5 got lands con3iscated 3ro2 the
No6ilit5 and the #lerg5* .22ediatel5 a3ter the French @e+ol!tion the go+ern2ent )as !nder the
do2ination o3 the Bo!rgeois <2iddle class=* 1he )or%ers did not get the right to +ote d!e to the
2ini2!2 inco2e criteria in the constit!tion* 1his discontent res!lted in the rise o3 Eaco6ins to
the po)er, 6!t the5 3ailed to pro+ide 3or r!le o3 la) and France dri3ted into the @eign o3 1error
)here G!illotine )as !sed 3or 2ass sla!ghter o3 e+er5 dissenting +oice* A3ter)ards, the
Bo!rgeois again ca2e to po)er* 1h!s there )as )ide gap in the act!al res!lts o3 the French
@e+ol!tion and its ideas* 1his discontent led to Ba6e!39s #onspirac5 <1(&6=*
)a'euf6s consiracy and )a'euf6s Manifesto: 1he Ba6e!39s conspirac5 )as an atte2pt 65
Ba6e!3 to o+erthro) the French go+ern2ent and to 6!ild a societ5 6ased on principles o3
/ocialis2* Ba6e!3 had participated in the French @e+ol!tion and had 3or2ed a secret societ5
na2ed F/ociet5 o3 >4!alsG* Ba6e!3 3ailed 6eca!se the go+ern2ent repressed the 2o+e2ent
and he )as %illed in 1(&(* )a'euf Manifesto stressed the idea o3 e4!alit5 in societ5* .t arg!ed
that e+er5one )as 6orn )ith e4!al rights to en;o5 all goods in the econo25* A tr!e societ5 has
no roo2 rich and the poor* 1here3ore another re+ol!tion is 2!st 3or re2o+ing the rich-poor
di+ide*9
7toian Socia!ists: 1hese incl!ded thin%ers li%e /aint /i2on, #harles Fo!rier I @o6ert $)en*
1he5 desired a ne) collecti+e societ5* /aint /i2on ga+e the slogan F3ro2 each according to his
capacit5 and to each according his )or%G* 1he5 are %no)n as "topian /ocialists 6eca!se the
2ethods the5 proposed to esta6lish s!ch a societ5 )ere i2practical and ine33ecti+e*
8uguste 01149-113: ?e )as a propo!nder o3 the idea of a &io!ent re&o!ution as a tool 3or
esta6lish2ent o3 a /ocialist order* A!g!ste )as +er5 acti+e in the !prisings in Baris 3ro2 180s
to 18(1 )hen the 1hird French @ep!6lic )as esta6lished* ?e ad+ocated the idea o3
re+ol!tionar5 conspirac5 3or esta6lish2ent o3 socialis2* ?e )as +er5 pop!lar and nearl5 t)o
la%h )or%ers gathered to pa5 their respects d!ring his 3!neral in 18(1*
/eague of :ust: .t )as one a2ong the 2an5 socialist organi8ations* .ts 2a;or contri6!tion )as
the idea o3 .nternationalis2* .nternationalis2 i2plied !nit5 o3 all the )or%ers in all the
co!ntries and re;ection o3 6orders as a so!rce o3 dis!nit5 a2ong )or%ers* .t had 2e26ers 3ro2
all across >!rope* .t ga+e the slogan Fall 2en are 6rothersG*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
Communist /eague: 1he :eag!e o3 E!st adopted the ne) na2e -the #o22!nist :eag!e in
18C(* .t ga+e the slogan o3 or had the goal o3 F@!le o3 BroletariatG* 1he goal i2plied the
do)n3all o3 Bo!rgeois and esta6lish2ent o3 the r!le o3 the )or%ers* .t ai2ed o+erthro) o3 a
societ5 do2inated 65 the 2iddle class and characteri8ed 65 class distinctions* .t )anted to
esta6lish a classless societ5 )itho!t an5 pro+ision 3or pri+ate propert5* .t 3!rthered the notion
o3 .nternationalis2 and ga+e the slogan FBroletariat o3 all lands !niteKG*
1he ter2s /ocialis2 and #o22!nis2 are o3ten !sed interchangea6l5* A 2a;or reason 3or this is
the in3l!ence o3 a scholar called Karl Mar7* .t is there3ore, i2portant to st!d5 the ideas o3 Karl
Mar7 separatel5 to de+elop a 6etter !nderstanding o3 these ter2s*

5] ;deas of <ar! Mar%
Karl Mar7 <1818-8=, 3o!nded the doctrine o3 Mar7is2 in the #o22!nist Mani3esto <18C8=* Karl
Mar7 3or2!lated his ideas 65 st!d5ing the societ5 aro!nd hi2 d!ring his sta5 in >ngland* .t )as
an ind!strial setting )hich he anal58ed and th!s his )or% is 2ore rele+ant to an ind!striali8ed
societ5* ?e 3oc!sed on the negati+es o3 the #apitalist s5ste2, as he anal58ed it in post-.nd!strial
re+ol!tion >ngland, and tried to pro+ide an alternati+e 3or2 o3 s5ste2 )hich )o!ld ens!re the
)el3are o3 the 2asses <)hich )ere )or%ers=* ?is i2portant )or%s incl!de the Communist
manifesto 011513 and the Das <aita! 011=23. 1he ideas o3 Karl Mar7 )ere p!6lished in the 2id
1&
th
cent!r5 )hich also a ti2e o3 protests against Fe!dalis2 and #apitalis2 in >!rope*
Mar7is2 is also %no)n as Scientific Socia!ism 6eca!se Mar7 did an e2pirical scienti3ic anal5sis
6e3ore arri+ing at his theor5* ?e de2onstrated that the
Bro3it o3 #apitalist L <-al!e created 65 Dor%ers= 2in!s <Dages gi+en to Dor%ers= and this is the
pri2ar5 so!rce o3 con3lict in the societ5*
Communist Manifesto 011513 )as a!thored 65 Mar7 and >ngels on instr!ctions 65 the
#o22!nist :eag!e* .t changed the slogan F3ro2 each according to his capacit5, to each
according to his work to F 3ro2 each according to his capacit5, to each according to his need.
1his )as so as to ha+e a 2ore incl!si+e societ5 )hich )o!ld care 3or those )ho cannot
contri6!te eno!gh d!e to old age, disa6ilit5 etc*
Das <aita! 011=23: .t )as Mar79s st!d5 o3 #apitalis2 and in this p!6lication he cited 3eat!res o3
#apitalis2 )hich )o!ld lead to its o)n de2ise*
.hat is the 'asic conf!ict in a caita!ist society> - 1he 6asic con3lict in societ5 is that
the )or%ers prod!ce 2ore +al!e in the societ5 than the5 get 6ac% in 3or2 o3 )ages* 1he
di33erence 6et)een the )ages and the prod!ced +al!e 3or2s the pro3its o3 the
capitalist* 1he capitalist tries to increase the pro3its at the cost o3 )ages and there3ore
there e7ists an irreconcila6le con3lict 6et)een the )or%er and the capitalist*
.hy Economic crisis is ine&ita'!e in a Caita!ist society>:- 1his is so 6eca!se the )ages
are 3ar less than the +al!e o3 goods prod!ced* 1here e7ists a discrepanc5 6et)een the
p!rchasing po)er o3 2a;orit5 o3 the pop!lation <i*e* Dor%ers= and the total +al!e o3
goods to 6e p!rchased 3ro2 the 2ar%et* 1h!s an econo2ic crisis is ine+ita6le* 1he
sol!tion to this pro6le2 is in ending the pri+ate o)nership o3 the 2eans o3 prod!ction
and an end to pro3it 2oti+e* 1his )ill lead to prod!ction 3or social good rather than 3or
pro3its 3or 3e)* A classless societ5 )o!ld co2e to e7ist )here there )o!ld 6e no
di33erence 6et)een )hat is good 3or an indi+id!al and )hat is good 3or the societ5* >nd
o3 pri+ate o)nership )o!ld also lead to end o3 e7ploitation* B!t Mar7 arg!ed that this

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
& )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
can 6e onl5 done 65 the )or%ing class 6eca!se it is the 2ost re+ol!tionar5 class in an
ind!striali8ed societ5*
?is ideas can 6e 3!rther disc!ssed !nder 3ollo)ing heads0
13 Caita!ism? conf!ict and c!asses: Karl Mar7 tried to anal58e )h5 there is con3lict in the
societ5* ?e concl!ded that the con3lict is res!lt o3 di+ision o3 societ5 into classes* F!rther,
he 6la2ed #apitalis2 3or di+ision o3 the societ5 into classes* 1h!s #apitalis2 is responsi6le
3or con3lict )hich in t!rn is responsi6le 3or strati3ication o3 societ5 into classes* According
to Karl Mar7, it is nat!ral 3or people to co2e together 3or prod!ction o3 goods* 1h!s
originall5, there e7ists a har2on5 a2ong people 3or ;oint prod!ction 6!t #apitalis2 r!ins
this har2on5 and res!lts in con3lict in the societ5* 1o p!t it in another )a5, the classes do
not lead to con3lict 6!t it is the con3lict that p!shes people to organi8e the2sel+es into
classes to see% s!periorit5 o3 F!sG +s Fthe2G* 1his is ho) a classless societ5 changes into a
class 6ased societ5* Karl Mar7 desired a societ5 )itho!t con3lict, )itho!t #apitalis2, and
)itho!t classes* MNo #apitalis2--NNo #on3lict--N#lassless societ5O*
"3 E%!oitation of .orkers: Karl Mar7 arg!ed that the )or%ers <i*e* the proletariat= are the
real prod!cers o3 +al!e in the econo25 and the5 are e7ploited e+er5)here 65 the
#apitalists <i*e* the 2iddle class or the Bo!rgeois=* 1h!s e+ent!all5 the5 )o!ld rise against
this e7ploitation and there )ill 6e Dictatorship o3 Broletariat* B5 this he 2eant that )hen a
societ5 6eco2es F3!ll5 ind!striali8edG, the )or%ers )ill e+ent!all5 re+olt to ta%e control and
r!n the go+ern2ent/societ5 in their interest* 1his is )hat Mar7 re3erred to as FDictatorship
o3 BroletariatG*
#3 ;ndustria!i@ation: .t is to 6e noted that Mar7 )as not against .nd!striali8ation 6!t onl5
against .nd!strial #apitalis2 do2inating an ind!striali8ed societ5*
53 Means for Ends: Mar7 6elie+ed that since the /tate controls all the po)er and is itsel3 a
tool o3 the Bo!rgeois, a +iolent re+ol!tion is the onl5 )a5 ahead to destro5 capitalis2*
93 Communist Society: Mar7 arg!ed 3or a stateless societ5* ?e )as against all the e7isting
instit!tions +i8 the ar25, the go+ern2ent and 6!rea!crac5 as he +ie)ed the2 as
instit!tions on )hich the /tate relies 3or its e7istence* /tate onl5 protects the interests o3
the Bo!rgeois* B!rea!crac5 )as not ne!tral according to Mar7* .t grad!all5 de+elops its
o)n class interests* .t has interests in secrec5 and deri+es po)er 65 concealing
in3or2ation*
.n place o3 #apitalist societ5, Mar7 desired a #o22!nist societ5* #o22!ne 2eans a 6od5
o3 people li+ing together in har2on5 and sharing e+er5thing* Mar7 arg!ed that in a
#o22!nist /ociet5 each would contribute according to his ability and get according to his
need* B!t, Mar7 did not gi+e a detailed +ie) o3 ho) a co22!nist societ5 )o!ld 6e
organi8ed* ?is proposition )as to a great e7tent ideological )itho!t a co2prehensi+e
i2ple2entation plan 3or operationali8ing this #o22!nist ideolog5*
=3 8nti-Ru!e of /a*: De2ocracies thri+e on and ad+ocate the principle o3 @!le o3 :a)* Mar7
6elie+ed that la)s are al)a5s the prod!ct o3 h!2an )ill and, 2ore speci3icall5, the
ar6itrar5 )ill o3 the r!ling social class* ?e so!ght, there3ore, to displace the ideal o3 the
r!le o3 la)* Faw, !eligion, Art, "orality and iterature are the opium of the masses, a
mere construct devised by the bourgeois class to sub#ugate the proletariat $ %arl "ar&.
Mar7 +ie)ed the state and the la) as 2ere instr!2ents o3 the elite to s!6;!gate and
oppress the lo)er class, th!s hindering the capacit5 o3 h!2an e+ol!tion to pea% at its
3inest in pri2e* 1h!s, Mar7 so!ght to dispel the @!le o3 :a) and p!t in its place a sec!lar
!topia )here there )o!ld 6e e4!alit5 in )ealth and po)er* 1h!s )hile li6eralis2 insists

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
that the la) is ne!tral and non-partisan, Mar7 opposes it as a cloa% !sed 65 the elites to
oppress the 2asses*
23 ;nternationa!ism: 1he ai2 o3 all )or%ers in all co!ntries )as o+erthro) o3 #apitalis2* ?e
arg!ed that 3ree de+elop2ent o3 each is a precondition 3or 3ree de+elop2ent o3 all* 1h!s
e+er5 )or%er sho!ld 6e seen as a co2rade or 6rother*
8= ;ne&ita'i!ity of Socia!ism: Mar7 6elie+ed in ine+ita6ilit5 o3 socialis2 6eca!se #apitalis2
doesnPt ser+e the needs o3 2an and there3ore li%e Fe!dalis2, the #apitalis2 )ill also co2e
to an end*
A3 Sur!us -roduction: Mar7 )as against s!rpl!s prod!ction 6eca!se 3or hi2 it )as the
reason 3or colonialis2 and e7ploitation o3 nat!ral reso!rces*
;mact of Communist Manifesto 011513
.t ga+e a 6oost to the 2orale o3 )or%ers )ho participated along )ith the 2iddle class in the
re+olts all across >!rope in 18C8* 1he ai2 o3 these re+olts )ere-
1= to end the do2ination o3 Aristocratic class
2= >nd the r!le o3 the a!tocratic go+ern2ent and esta6lish2ent o3 de2ocrac5
= .n case o3 .tal5 and Ger2an5 the protesters desired !ni3ication o3 their respecti+e
co!ntries*
C= /peci3icall5, thro!gh these re+olts, the )or%ers desired an end to #apitalis2 itsel3*
A2ong all the ideas o3 Mar7, internationalis2 )as o3 pri2e i2portance* /o st!dents sho!ld get
the !nderstanding o3 this idea 6e3ore proceeding ahead*
;nternationa!ism
.nternationalis2 is a Mar7ist social class concept 6ased on the +ie) that capitalis2 is no) a
glo6al s5ste2, and there3ore the )or%ing class 2!st act as a glo6al class i3 it is to de3eat it* 1he
!nit5 a2ong all )or%ers irrespecti+e o3 nationalit5 3or2s an i2portant 3eat!re o3 the socialist
2o+e2ent* .n 18C6, the Society of $raterna! Democrats )as 3or2ed in Britain* /i2ilar other
societies e7isted in other >!ropean co!ntries* All o3 the2 had lin%s )ith each other and all
stressed !pon the glo6al !nit5 o3 )or%ers* 1he5 e+en stressed !pon !niting the )or%ers )ith
the peasants*
1he concept o3 internationalis2 can 6e 6etter !nderstood thro!gh the st!d5 o3 organi8ations
li%e 1
st
.nternational,2
nd
.nternational etc*
1
st
;nternationa! 011=53: 1he trade !nionists )ho 3or2ed the .nternational Dor%ing2enPs
Association <.DA=, so2eti2es called the First .nternational, recognised that the )or%ing class
)as an international class )hich had to lin% its str!ggle on an international scale* 1he ai2s o3
the 1
st
.nternational )as the total a6olition o3 all Qclass r!le9* .t also stressed international !nit5
o3 the )or%ing class and the socialist leaders* 1he 1
st
.nternational in3l!enced and aided the
)or%er9s 2o+e2ent in >!rope and North A2erica* .t arranged aid 3or helping the )or%ers o3
one co!ntr5 65 collecting 3!nds 3ro2 )or%ers o3 other co!ntries* .t too% !p an anti-)ar stance*
Dor%ers o3 6oth Br!ssia and France )ere opposed to initiation o3 the Franco-Br!ssian )ar
<18(0= and the conse4!ent secession o3 Alsace :orraine 65 France to Ger2an5*
-aris Commune 011213: D!ring the Franco-Br!ssian )ar <18(0= the Monarch5 r!le ca2e to an
end and the 1hird French @ep!6lic )as esta6lished* 1he ne) go+ern2ent )as do2inated 65
the propertied class and it contin!ed to 3ight Br!ssia e+en a3ter re2o+al o3 the >2peror* 1he

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
)or%ers had opposed the French attac% on Br!ssia )hich started the )ar* B!t once the )ar had
started the5 )ere opposed to French s!rrender to an i2perialist Br!ssia )hich )anted to
capt!re French territories* 1he )or%ers capt!red Baris a3ter the ne)l5 3or2ed French
go+ern2ent agreed to Bis2arc%9s ter2s 3or tr!ce )hich incl!ded ceding Alsace :orraine to
Br!ssia and pa52ent o3 h!ge )ar reparations* 1he )or%ers 3or2ed an elected co!ncil )hich is
also %no)n 65 the na2e o3 Baris #o22!ne <18(1=* "nder the Baris #o22!ne0
a= $33icials to all p!6lic o33ices )ere to 6e elected thro!gh a "ni+ersal Ad!lt Franchise
6= 1he people had a right to recall against all p!6lic ser+ants*
c= 1he elected co!ncil or the Baris #o22!ne had representation 3ro2 the )or%ers and
the lo)er 2iddle class o3 Baris*
1he aims of the -aris Commune )ere to end the stoc% 2ar%et spec!lation, the 2onopolies and
all pri+ileges that )ere responsi6le 3or oppression o3 the )or%ers* /!6se4!entl5, the French
go+ern2ent )hich )as in control o3 parts o3 France other than Baris as%ed 3or Br!ssian help to
cr!sh Baris <18(1=* 1he French ar25 along )ith Br!ssian troops stor2ed Baris and 6ro!ght
do)n the Baris #o22!ne* More than 0,000 )or%ers )ere %illed in the str!ggle* 1he 1
st

.nternational s!pported the Baris #o22!ne and helped the escaping re3!gees a3ter
#o22!ne9s 3all* D!e to this all the go+ern2ents in >!rope t!rned against the 1
st
.nternational
and tried to c!r6 its acti+ities*
.hy 1
st
;nternationa! co!!ased>
1he 1
st
.nternational )itnessed a split in 18(2 o+er the 2ethods and ai2s o3 the organi8ation* .t
)as 3inall5 dis6anded in 18(6* B!t 65 18(6 it had pla5ed an i2portant role in a)areness a2ong
the )or%ers* 1he5 had 6eco2e 2ore politicall5 asserti+e* B5 18(6 socialist parties in 2an5
co!ntries )ere strong and had a health5 2e26ership*
"
nd
;nternationa! 0111A-1A1=3- 8ims? *ork B co!!ase: 1he 2
nd
.nternational )as 2ore stronger
than the 1
st
.nternational d!e to the 3ollo)ing reasons0
1= At the ti2e o3 1
st
.nternational <186C= there )ere no )ell-organi8ed socialist parties in
>!rope* B!t d!ring 18(0s and 1880s, all >!ropean nations had socialist parties* /o2e o3
these socialist parties )ere +er5 strong ha+ing la%hs o3 2e26ers* /o2e /ocialist Barties
e+en )on so2e seats in the respecti+e Barlia2ents* >7a2ple the Ger2an /ocialist Bart5
)on ro!ghl5 ( la%h +otes in 188( elections and it )as the largest socialist part5 in
>!rope* /i2ilarl5, Britain had 2an5 organi8ations o3 the )or%ers e*g* Fa6ian /ociet5 and
/ocialist :eag!e* Fa6ian /ociet5 )as set!p in 188 <the sa2e 5ear as Mar7 died=*
2= 1rade "nion 2e26ership had gro)n 65 2ani3olds 65 the ti2e 2
nd
.nternational ca2e
into 6eing and the5 held 2an5 stri%es in their respecti+e co!ntries*
= 1he /ocialist 2o+e2ent )as spreading e+en o!tside >!rope* .n Eapan the /ocialist
2o+e2ent started in 18&0s* .n .ndia, 1
st
organi8ed stri%e 65 )or%ers )as the /ignalers
/tri%e in 18&&*
1h!s 65 the ti2e o3 2
nd
.nternational the /ocialist Mo+e2ent had 6eco2e a 2ass 2o+e2ent
)ith its chapters in and o!tside >!rope* 1he ai2 o3 the 2
nd
.nternational )as to !nite all
socialist parties in all co!ntries* .t )as against i2perialis2 and )anted e4!alit5 6et)een the
nati+es o3 colonies and the colonists* .t )as also against )ar and against 2ilitari8ation o3 >!rope
that )as happening 6e3ore the First Dorld Dar*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
,he imortant *ork done 'y it inc!ude the fo!!o*ing:
a= Ma5 Da5 <18&0=0 1he 2
nd
.nternational on 6ehal3 o3 all )or%ers p!t 3or)ard the de2and
o3 li2iting the 2a7i2!2 )or%ing ho!rs per da5 at 8 ho!rs and in this conte7t it
declared 1
st
Ma5 <18&0= as the .nternational Dor%ers Da5 as a s526ol o3 !nit5 and
solidarit5 o3 all )or%ers*
6= 1he 2
nd
.nternational enth!sed the )or%ers to ;oin their 2o+e2ent* /oon, the
2e26ership o3 1rade "nions and /ocialist parties increased in 2ost co!ntries*
c= 1he 2
nd
.nternational )as in 3a+or o3 independence o3 the colonies and s!pported their
nationalist str!ggles* Dada6hai Naoro;i, an e2inent leader o3 the .ndian National
#ongress, addressed the 1&0C #on3erence o3 the 2
nd
.nternational* 1he organi8ation
opposed the /cra26le 3or A3rica and other colonies d!ring the late 1&
th
and earl5 20
th

cent!r5, and conde2ned the s!6se4!ent 2ilitari8ation that happened as a res!lt o3 this
scra26le* 1he >!ropean nations in p!rs!it o3 e2pire 6!ilding )ere increasing their
2ilitar5 e7pendit!re* 1he organi8ation )as against this 2ilitari8ation o3 >!rope in the
r!n !p to the DD .*
d= Bre+ention o3 )ar 6eca2e a 2a;or ai2 o3 the 2
nd
.nternational, along )ith 6ringing a
)ar to a speed5 end i3 it 6rea%s o!t* D!ring 1&0C-' @!sso-Eapanese Dar, as a s526olic
gest!re against the )ar, the leaders o3 the socialist gro!ps 3ro2 Eapan and @!ssia )ere
2ade the ;oint Bresidents o3 the 2
nd
.nternational9s #on3erence o3 1&0C*
e= .t 6la2ed #apitalis2 as the root ca!se o3 )ar, i2perialis2 and colonialis2*
3= 1he 2
nd
.nternational 2ade e33orts to pre+ent the DD .* .t ga+e the call 3or a general
stri%e to pre+ent the respecti+e co!ntries 3ro2 participating in the )ar* .t as%ed the
)or%ers, socialist parties and their leaders to 2a%e !se o3 the econo2ic and political
crisis created 65 the )ar to 6ring do)n capitalis2 and the go+ern2ents that s!pported
it* 1he go+ern2ents )ere th!s opposed to the socialist leaders )ho s!pported the 2
nd

.nternational* Eean Ea!res, a French /ocialist leader, )as %illed on the e+e o3 the Dorld
Dar . 3or opposing the )ar*
.eakness of the "
nd
;nternationa!: 1he )ea%ness o3 the 2
nd
.nternational can 6e listed as
3ollo)s0
a= "nli%e the 1
st
international, the 2
nd
.nternational )as a loose 3ederation o3 socialist
parties 3ro2 di33erent co!ntries* 1he 1st .nternational )as in contrast a )ell-%nit close
gro!p, 2ore !nited, s2aller and th!s easier to coordinate and 2anage*
6= 1here )ere so2e internal di33erences )hich )ea%ened the 2
nd
.nternational*
i* .t )as di+ided on the 4!estion o3 the 2ethod o3 str!ggle to 6ring a6o!t socialis2*
/o2e pre3erred the 2ethod o3 a +iolent re+ol!tion )hile others 3a+ored grad!al
re3or2s 65 press!ring and lo665ing )ith the go+ern2ents* 1hose )ho 3a+ored
grad!al re3or2s s!pported their go+ern2ents*
ii* /o2e sections )ithin the 2
nd
.nternational 3a+ored colonialis2, their respecti+e
co!ntries engaged in*
iii* $n the iss!e o3 )ar, the di33erent gro!ps )ithin the 2
nd
.nternational had
!nani2it5 o3 opinion o+er the 6asic principle o3 opposition to )ar 6!t the5
di33ered o+er )hat actions to ta%e* For e7a2ple, so2e socialist parties 3eared
repression 3ro2 their go+ern2ents i3 the5 opposed the )ar* Also so2e socialist

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
parties )ere !n)illing to !se the crisis created 65 the )ar to pro2ote their
re+ol!tion*
i+* Dhen the Dorld Dar . 6ro%e o!t-2ost socialist parties s!pported their
go+ern2ents* 1his led to an end to the 2
nd
.nternational* 1h!s it can 6e arg!ed
that Nationalis2 )as a reason 3or do)n3all o3 the 2
nd
.nternational* 1he ri3t
6et)een .nternationalis2 and Nationalis2 pla5ed o!t d!ring the last 5ears o3 the
2
nd
.nternational and the latter pre+ailed*

9] Socia!ism in Russia: Socia! Re&o!utionaries? )o!she&iks and Menshe&iks
Socia! Re&o!utionaries -arty: 1his )as a part5 )ith +oter 6ase o3 peasants* .t )as against p!re
Mar7is2* .t opposed a p!rel5 Broletariat <Dor%ing #lass= @e+ol!tion 6eca!se s!ch a re+ol!tion
)o!ld lea+e o!t the peasant interests and )o!ld 3oc!s on rapid ind!striali8ation* 1he part5 on
other hand desired an Agrarian econo25 6ased on cooperati+es o3 peasants <i*e* Far2
collecti+i8ation=* 1he5 )ere against 3!rthering .nd!striali8ation* /ince peasants 3or2ed the
2a;orit5 o3 the @!ssian pop!lation, the /ocial @e+ol!tionaries Bart5 )on 2ore than t)ice the
seats )on 65 Bolshe+i%s in the election held a3ter the 1&1( re+ol!tion* B!t the @ed G!ards <o3
Bolshe+i%s= dis6anded the constit!ent asse26l5 )hich led to a ci+il )ar <1&18-20=*
)o!she&iks Cs Menshe&iks: 1he /ocial De2ocrat la6or Bart5 in @!ssia )as the 3ather
organi8ation 3ro2 )hich Bolshe+i%s and Menshe+i%s originated* Both these 3actions had gro)n
o!t o3 this part5 )hich )as Mar7ist in o!tloo%* D!ring an elections to the >ditorial Board o3 a
ne)spaper r!n 65 the part5, there )as a split 6et)een Bolshe+i%s and Menshe+i%s* Bolshe+i%s
2eans F2a;orit5G and Menshe+i%s 2eans F2inorit5Gin @!ssian lang!age and th!s the 2a;orit5
gro!p ca2e to 6e %no)n as Bolshe+i%s and +ice-+ersa* :enin )as the leader o3 Bolshe+i%s*
)o!she&iks Menshe&iks
Bolshe+i%s arg!ed that the part5 2!st )or% )ith
not ;!st the ind!strial )or%ers 6!t also )ith the
peasants to get the2 in+ol+ed in the
re+ol!tionar5 acti+it5*
Menshe+i%s had little 3aith in peasants
cooperating in the re+ol!tionar5 acti+it5
6eca!se peasants )ere the 2ost
conser+ati+e gro!p in the @!ssian societ5*
1h!s Menshe+i%s )ere 2ore strict 3ollo)ers
o3 Mar7is2 in ter2s o3 a p!rel5 Broletariat
re+ol!tion*
Bolshe+i%s 6elie+ed that the part5 sho!ld 6e a
s2all disciplined gro!p o3 pro3essional
re+ol!tionaries )ho )o!ld )or% 3!ll ti2e to
6ring a6o!t the re+ol!tion* 1his sho!ld 6e the
2a;or criteria 3or 2e26ership irrespecti+e o3
the applicants 6eing 3ro2 )or%ing class or
peasants*
Menshe+i%s )anted a 6igger part5 )ith
2e26ership open to all )ho )anted to ;oin
irrespecti+e o3 the ti2e 2e26ers can
de+ote and the le+el o3 their co22it2ent to
the acti+ities o3 the organi8ation*
1he5 )anted an i22ediate start to the
re+ol!tion*
Belie+ed that the re+ol!tion cannot ta%e
place !ntil @!ssia is 3!ll5 ind!striali8ed and
)or%ers are in 6ig 2a;orit5 o+er peasants*
1his )as so 6eca!se the5 did not e7pect
s!pport 3ro2 the peasants*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
1C )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
Russian Re&o!ution
1he 1sar or #8ar 2eans >2peror o3 the @o2ano+ D5nast5 <a d5nast5 o3 /la+s=*
Situation in ear!y 1A44s: @!ssia )as r!led 65 Nicholas .. )ho )as an a!tocratic r!ler* .t )as a
one 2an r!le )ith the #8ar ha+ing high discretionar5 po)ers )itho!t an5 responsi6ilit5 to a
Barlia2ent <rather there )as no Barlia2ent in @!ssia=*
-u'!ic Drie&ances: 1he r!le o3 Nicholas .. )as resented 65 the 2asses and there )as high p!6lic
dissatis3action* 1he )or%ing conditions in the 3actories )ere poor and th!s the )or%ers had a
2isera6le li3e* /i2ilarl5, the peasants )ere also !nder a lot o3 stress* Altho!gh, /er3do2 )as
ended in 1861 65 Ale7ander 6!t a3ter 6eing 3reed the /er3s )ere !nder high de6t and li+ed in
dire po+ert5* 1his )as 6eca!se the5 had to pa5 rede2ptions, )hich )ere the ann!al pa52ents
the peasant ser3s had to pa5 the Go+ern2ent in ret!rn 3or their 3reedo2 and the land the5 had
got a3ter a6olition o3 /er3do2 <1861=* 1here )as no 3reedo2 o3 press and no 3reedo2 o3 speech
and e7pression* 1he econo2ic gro)th )as also lagging* 1h!s, the people desired transition to a
representati+e 3or2 o3 go+ern2ent i*e* De2ocrac5*
1A49 Re&o!ution: 1he p!6lic !nrest reached its pea% in 1&0'* 1his )as 6eca!se the @!sso-
Eapanese )ar <1&0C-'= had led to 3!rther degradation o3 @!ssian econo25* 1he de3eat in the
)ar had eroded an5 p!6lic con3idence in the #8arist regi2e* 1he p!6lic responded )ith a
general stri%e and atte2pted a re+ol!tion to o+erthro) #8ar and esta6lish a de2ocrac5* 1he
re+ol!tion o3 1&0' 3ailed d!e to 3ollo)ing reasons0
a= 1he ar25 re2ained lo5al to the #8ar*
6= #8ar 2ade concessions in ti2e in 3or2 o3 $cto6er Mani3esto <1&0'=*
c= :ac% o3 !nit5 a2ong opponents*
d= :ac% o3 a central leadership a2ong the re+ol!tionaries as the 2o+e2ent had er!pted
spontaneo!sl5 )itho!t an5 plan and a leader*
Ecto'er Manifesto 01A493: 1he concessions 65 the #8ar too% the 3or2 o3 a pro2ise na2ed
$cto6er Mani3esto <10'= declaring the 3!t!re intent o3 the >2peror*
a= #8ar pro2ised to esta6lish an elected Barlia2ent called D!2a in @!ssian*
6= ?e pro2ised a pa5 hi%e to the )or%ers and an i2pro+e2ent in the )or%ing conditions
at 3actories*
c= ?e pro2ised cancellation o3 rede2ption pa52ents 65 3or2er /er3s*
d= ?e pro2ised greater 3reedo2 to the press*
e= ?e pro2ised a gen!ine de2ocrac5 )here there )o!ld 6e an i2portant role o3 the
D!2a in go+ernance o3 the co!ntr5*
;m!ementation of the Ecto'er Manifesto: #8ar did set!p D!2a and rede2ption pa52ents
)ere a6olished 6!t he did not 3!l3ill 2an5 pro2ises he 2ade in the $cto6er 2ani3esto* 1he
de2ands and the +ie)s o3 the D!2a 3or re3or2s )ere ignored* 1he 3irst t)o D!2as )ere
dis6anded 65 #8ar9s troops* 1he
rd
and the C
th
D!2a co2pleted their 3i+e 5ear ter2 onl5
6eca!se the5 )ere constit!ted 65 2e26ers )ho )ere pro-#8ar* 1his )as so 6eca!se #8ar had
changed the +oting s5ste2 a3ter dis6anding the second D!2a* 1he ne) +oting s5ste2 depri+ed
the peasants and !r6an )or%ers o3 their right to +ote )hich res!lted in election o3 conser+ati+e
2e26ers 3ro2 Aristocrac5 )ho )ere pro-#8ar*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
1' )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
1A12 Re&o!utions:
.n 1&1(, there )ere t)o re+ol!tions in @!ssia - the Fe6r!ar5 @e+ol!tion and the $cto6er
@e+ol!tion* 1he Fe6r!ar5 @e+ol!tion led to end o3 the r!le o3 #8ar and esta6lish2ent o3 a
Bro+isional go+ern2ent* 1he $cto6er re+ol!tion res!lted in o+erthro)ing o3 the Bro+isional
go+ern2ent in a co!p 65 Bolshe+i%s and conse4!ent esta6lish2ent o3 a co22!nist state in
@!ssia*
$e'ruary Re&o!ution 01A123: 1he non i2ple2entation o3 $cto6er Mani3esto <1&0'= )as the
reason 3or this re+ol!tion* Also it is i2portant to address t)o 4!estions here -one, )h5 the
re+ol!tion against #8ar )as a re+ol!tion 65 peasants I )or%ersH and t)o-)h5 there )as no
re+ol!tion i22ediatel5 a3ter 1&0' @e+ol!tion )hen #8ar did not earnestl5 i2ple2ent the
pro2ises 2ade in $cto6er 2ani3esto <1&0'=*
.hy the re&o!ution against C@ar *as a re&o!ution 'y easants B *orkers>
1he 3irst D!2a )as constit!ted in 1&06* .n the elections, all classes had the @ight to -ote 6!t
the elections )ere rigged, )hich led to 2a;orit5 o3 lando)ners and 2iddle class in the D!2a*
Jet, the 1
st
D!2a tried to p!sh 3or)ard the de2ands o3 the 2asses* .ts de2and to the #8ar
incl!ded0
a3 :and @edistri6!tion
'3 a gen!ine De2ocrac5
c3 @ight to stri%e to the )or%ers
d3 A6olish2ent o3 death penalt5
e3 Bo)er to the D!2a to appro+e #8ar9s 2inister*
1st D!2a )as soon dis6anded* 1he 2
nd
D!2a <1&0(= also had a si2ilar 3ate*
1he
rd
and the C
th
D!2a, 1&0(-12 and 1&12-1( respecti+el5, had no po)ers and )ere
conser+ati+e* Dith no right to +ote, the interests o3 the )or%ers and peasants )ere neglected
and th!s the re+ol!tion )as led not 65 2iddle classes 6!t 65 peasants and )or%ers* Also, the
#8ar controlled the secret police and the appoint2ent o3 2inisters and th!s contin!ed to
re2ain po)er3!l*
.hy there *as no re&o!ution immediate!y after the Ecto'er Manifesto6s non-fu!fi!!ment>
1his can 6e e7plained 65 the 3ollo)ing 3actors0
a= 1he econo2ic reco+er5 a3ter 1&06 paci3ied the peasants and the )or%ers*
6= 1he leaders )ho opposed the #8ar and )anted a re+ol!tion )ere short o3 2one5*
Man5 o3 the2 )ere either in prison or in e7ile* For e7a2ple, :enin )ent into e7ile to
later ret!rn in 1&1(, )ith help o3 the Ger2an Foreign /ecretar5, Ri22er2an
<Ger2an5 )anted @!ssian )ithdra)al 3ro2 DD . or at least so2e internal !nrest so
@!ssia 6eco2e )ea%=*
c= #8ar9s Bri2e Minister /tol5pin introd!ced so2e re3or2s*
i* ?e tried to )in peasant s!pport as rede2ption pa52ents )ere a6olished*
ii* :and @e3or2s )ere introd!ced0 Beasants )ere enco!raged to 6!5 their o)n land*
For e7a2ple, the peasants )ere enco!raged to 2igrate to /i6eria )here the5
co!ld 6!5 the !nc!lti+ated lands at cheap prices* B!t, this led to e2ergence o3 a
ne) class o3 )ealth5 peasants or K!la%s, )ho )ere pro-go+ern2ent*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
iii* ?e tried to )in )or%ers s!pport* .nspectors )ere deplo5ed to ens!re that
)or%ing conditions in the 3actories are i2pro+ed* 1he greater ind!strial gro)th
a3ter 1&06 allo)ed the capitalists to increase )ages o3 )or%ers* .n 1&12, a
sic%ness and accident ins!rance sche2e )as 3loated*
d= Dis!nit5 a2ong opposition leaders0 1he Bolshe+i%s and Menshe+i%s di33ered on
+ario!s iss!es* Menshe+i%s did not )ant an i22ediate re+ol!tion !ntil the @!ssian
econo25 )as not 3!ll5 ind!striali8ed and th!s !nless the )or%ers 3or2 the 2a;orit5 o3
the pop!lation* $n the other hand, Bolshe+i%s !nder :enin )anted i22ediate
re+ol!tion )ith s!pport o3 6oth - )or%ers and peasants*
Reason for $e'ruary Re&o!ution 01A123: Follo)ing can 6e listed as the reasons 3or the
re+ol!tion0
a= /ongterm grie&ances:
a= ?al3hearted 3!l3ill2ent o3 the $cto6er Mani3esto <1&0'=* 1here )as no 3!l3ill2ent o3
the pro2ise o3 a gen!ine de2ocrac5*
6= :and re3or2s 3ailed 65 1&110 :and re3or2s ai2ed at i2pro+ing the li3e o3 peasants 65
2a%ing the2 lando)ners and also at 6ringing do)n 3ood in3lation that h!rt the poor
the 2ost* 1he land re3or2s 3ailed 6eca!se the pop!lation o3 peasants gre) 3aster than
the gro)th in Agric!lt!re sector, )hich along )ith ine33icient 3ar2ing 2ethods -
res!lted in 3ail!re to chec% 3ood in3lation* 1he pop!lation o3 peasants gre) 3aster than
the pace o3 re3or2s introd!ced 65 #8ar9s Bri2e Minister /tol5pin*
c= 1he )el3are progra22e 3or the )or%ers )as not good eno!gh to end all o3 their
grie+ances* .nd!strial !nrest and stri%es happened 3or three 5ears <1&12-1C= 6e3ore
the start o3 DD .* 1he !nrest started in 1&12 a3ter a gro!p o3 gold 2iners )ho )ere
on a stri%e )ere shot at*
d= Go+ern2ent repression thro!gh !se o3 /ecret Bolice0 1his led to alienation o3 three
i2portant sections o3 the societ5 +i8 peasants, )or%ers and the intelligentsia
<ed!cated class=* 1he re+ol!tionaries 3ro2 a2ong the st!dents, teachers etc )ere
either i2prisoned or %illed 65 the secret police* Another e7a2ple o3 6r!talit5 incl!des
2ass deportation o3 Ee)s 3ro2 @!ssia* 1h!s, 2an5 sections 6eca2e anti-#8ar 65 1&1(*
e= @e+ol!tionar5 parties ;oined hands a3ter 1&12 and this led to decrease in dis!nit5
a2ong the sections o3 opposition )itnessed earlier* >7a2ple, Bolshe+i%s, Menshe+i%s
and /ocial @e+ol!tionaries Bart5- the three 2ain gro!ps ca2e together and at least
te2poraril5 resol+ed their di33erences to 6eco2e !nited in their opposition to #8ar*
3= 1he @o5al Fa2il5 lost credi6ilit5 d!e to n!26er o3 scandals* >7a2ple, there )as a
contro+ers5 on )hether the #8ar )as 6ehind e7ec!tion o3 re3or2ist Bri2e Minister
/tol5pin in 1&11* Also it )as alleged that a priest, )ho !sed to help the sic% child o3
the #8ar, had 6eco2e i2portant in the decisions ta%en 65 the #8ar*
6= ;mmediate Cause:
a= 1he participation in the DD . accelerated the o+erthro) o3 #8ar 6eca!se the )ar led
to high e7pendit!re and )orsened the econo2ic conditions o3 the 2asses* >7a2ple
d!ring the )ar 5ears there )as a rapid increase in 3ood in3lation and Bread @iots 6ro%e
o!t in /t Beters6!rg <then called Betrograd=* 1he 3ail!res in the DD . and the
ine33icient leadership o3 #8ar in r!nning the )ar <e7a2ple slo) transport o3 ar2s to
the 3ighting !nits= led to a 2!tin5 a2ong the troops as )ell as the police* 1h!s in

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
1( )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
contrast to 1&0' re+ol!tion, in 1&1(- the ar25 and the police )ere not lo5al to the
#8ar*
6= 1he Fe6r!ar5 re+ol!tion )as a spontaneo!s o!t6!rst* Nicholas .. sent troops )ho
soon re3!sed to 3ire and the )hole Betrograd Garrison 2!tinied* /oon, the 2o6s
sei8ed the p!6lic 6!ildings* 1he C
th
D!2a ad+ised the #8ar to set!p a #onstit!tional
Monarch5 6!t he re3!sed and sent e+en 2ore troops )ho 3ailed to dispel the 2o6s*
1he senior ar25 generals then tried to con+ince Nicholas .. to a6dicate throne to sa+e
the Monarch5* Nicholas .. agreed 6!t the ne7t heir <#8ar9s 6rother= re3!sed the throne
and th!s the @o2ano+ D5nast59s r!le ended 6eca!se o3 a poor transition plan*
c= 1he Fe6r!ar5 @e+ol!tion )as a spontaneo!s o!t6!rst and the pri+ileged class <D!2a
2e26ers, ind!strialists, aristocrac5 and senior ar25 generals= t!rned against #8ar
onl5 to sa+e its o)n s%in*
Ecto'er Re&o!ution 01A123: 1he 3ail!res o3 the pro+isional go+ern2ent led to the $cto6er
@e+ol!tion )here the Bolshe+i%s did a co!p and o+erthre) the go+ern2ent* Follo)ing are the
3ail!res o3 the Bro+isional Go+ern2ent that )as 3or2ed !nder Kerens%50
a= .t did not )ithdre) @!ssia 3ro2 the DD .* 1he 2orale o3 the ar25 )as lo) 6eca!se o3
losses in di33erent 6attles*
6= .t did not 3!l3ill t)o i2portant pro2ises o3 land redistri6!tion and i22ediate elections 3or
a #onstit!ent Asse26l5 that )o!ld 3ra2e a ne) constit!tion* 1he Bolshe+i%s !sed the
discontent a2ong the peasants o+er dela5 in land redistri6!tion to increase their s!pport
6ase 65 starting a progra22e 3or 3orce3!l land e+iction o3 K!la%s* 1he go+ern2ent arg!ed
that the elections co!ld not 6e held 6eca!se the nation )as at )ar*
c= 1he rise o3 /o+iets degraded the a!thorit5 o3 the go+ern2ent* /o+iets propped !p in all
cities* A /o+iet )as the na2e gi+en to an elected co22ittee o3 soldiers and )or%ers
3or2ed 3or cit5 go+ernance* Betrograd /o+iet that go+erned Betrograd a3ter Fe6r!ar5 1&1(,
as%ed the Betrograd soldiers to onl5 o6e5 the /o+iet and not the go+ern2ent* 1h!s the
Bro+isional Go+ern2ent 6egan to lose ar259s s!pport*
d= Ger2an5 helped :enin ret!rn 3ro2 e7ile in /)it8erland in April,1&1(* :enin in 8ri! ,hesis
de2anded that all po)er 6e +ested in the so+iets, that there sho!ld 6e no s!pport to the
Bro+isional Go+ern2ent and that @!ssia sho!ld i22ediatel5 )ithdra) 3ro2 the DD .*
e= Kornilo+ a33air0 Kornilo+ )as an ar25 general* ?e decided to send troops against the
/o+iets 6!t the Betrograd troops and 2an5 troops o3 Kornilo+ as )ell 2!tinied* A3ter this,
the p!6lic opinion s)!ng against participation in DD . and in 3a+or o3 /o+iets*
3= :enin o33ered attracti+e re3or2s 3or 6ringing the 2asses on his side- +i8- :and
@edistri6!tion, decreased 3ood in3lation and )ithdra)al 3ro2 DD . i3 the p!6lic s!pported
his re+ol!tion*
1A12-"5: Conso!idation of -o*er 'y )o!she&iks
1he elections )ere held a3ter o+erthro) o3 the Bro+isional Go+ern2ent and the #onstit!ent
Asse26l5 )as 3or2ed* Altho!gh :enin %ne) that the Bolshe+i%s )o!ld not 6e a6le to get
2a;orit5 in the elections, 6!t he had 2ade elections an i2portant agenda o3 $cto6er
@e+ol!tion <1&1(=* Be3ore elections :enin had started :and redistri6!tion to please the peasant
+oters 6!t Bolshe+i%s ca2e onl5 second in the elections* 1he /ocial @e+ol!tionaries Bart5, )hich
had peasants as their core +oter 6ase and pro2ised an econo2ic progra22e that ai2ed at an
Agric!lt!ral econo25 )on the t)ice the seats )on 65 Bolshe+i%s* Dhen the Bolshe+i%s )ere

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
targeted in de6ates in the constit!ent asse26l5 and their +ision 3or r!nning the state )ere
critici8ed, :enin ordered the @ed G!ards to dis6and the constit!ent asse26l5* ?e arg!ed that
F)e donPt need a Barlia2ent to tell )hat to do* De %no) )hat to doG* ,his !ed to the Ci&i! .ar
01A11-"43? )hich )as 3o!ght 6et)een the Bolshe+i%s and the Dhites <Menshe+i%s, /ocial
@e+ol!tionaries Bart5H and #adets )ho )anted gen!ine de2ocrac5=* Britain, "/A, France and
Eapan sent troops in 3a+or o3 the Dhites 6eca!se the5 3eared the spread o3 co22!nis2 o!tside
@!ssia i3 the Bolshe+i%s ca2e to po)er* Also, the5 )anted @!ssia to re-enter the DD . <@!ssia
had 4!it the )ar +ia 1reat5 o3 Brest :ito+s% <1&1(= signed 65 Bolshe+i%s a3ter the $cto6er
@e+ol!tion=* /o2e sections o3 )or%ers and soldiers )ere also against Bolshe+i%s 6eca!se o3
highhanded treat2ent o3 /o+iets 65 the Bolshe+i%s a3ter $cto6er @e+ol!tion* Bolshe+i%s )ith
their @ed G!ards 3orced o!t /ocial @e+ol!tionaries and Menshe+i%s 3ro2 the /o+iets and 2ade
a #o22issar <appointed 65 the #entre= the head o3 a /o+iet* 1h!s so+iets )ere 6ro!ght !nder
total control o3 Bolshe+i%s* .n A!g!st 1&18, there )as an assassination atte2pt against :enin
a3ter )hich the @ed G!ards o3 Bolshe+i%s started )hat ca2e to 6e %no)n as @ed 1error )here
2an5 Dhites )ere shot dead* D!ring the ci+il )ar, "%raine and Georgia )ere 3orced to re-!nite
)ith @!ssia* @!ssia had lost these territories !nder 1reat5 o3 Brest :ito+s% <1&1(= )ith Ger2an5*
1he 2o+e2ent 3or independence in Ar2enia and A8er6ai;an )as cr!shed d!ring the ci+il )ar*
1hese t)o had declared the2sel+es independent !sing the opport!nit5 pro+ided 65 the
ongoing crisis*
Finall5, the )o!she&iks emerged as &ictorious due to fo!!o*ing factors:
a= Dhites )ere not )ell organi8ed and did not ha+e a single central leadership*
6= 1he @ed Ar25 had 2ore troops and a +er5 a6le leader in 3or2 o3 1rots%5*
c= 1he Dhites lost s!pport o3 peasants 6eca!se o3 the 6r!talities the )hites engaged in
d!ring the ci+il )ar*
d= :enin )as a6le to present Bolshe+i%s as nationalists 3ighting against a 3oreign ar25*
e= 1he )ar co22!nis2 helped Bolshe+i%s to sa+e reso!rces 3or 3ighting the )ar* "nder
Dar #o22!nis2 - all 3actories )ere nationali8ed and all pri+ate trade )as 6anned so
the reso!rces ca2e directl5 to the part5* F!rther, all grains )ere sei8ed 3ro2 the
peasants to 3eed the troops and the )or%ers )ho 3or2ed the s!pport 6ase o3 the
Bolshe+i%s*
1h!s, the co22!nist re+ol!tion in @!ssia )as s!ccess3!l and reached sta6ilit5 65 1&20*

=] /enin and Mar%ism
:enin led the Bolshe+i%s in the co22!nist re+ol!tion in @!ssia in 1&1( and had a signi3icant
i2pact on @!ssian s5ste2* De can co2pare the policies he 3ollo)ed and the principles +o!ched
3or 65 Mar7ist ideolog5 thro!gh 3ollo)ing points0
a= Fuestion of *hen to start the communist re&o!ution: Mar7 arg!ed that e+ent!all5 there
)ill 6e a co22!nist re+ol!tion 65 the )or%ers )hen the co!ntr5 is 3!ll5 ind!striali8ed* 1his
)as so 6eca!se one, Mar7 considered the )or%ing class as the 2ost re+ol!tionar5 class to
carr5 o!t the re+ol!tion and t)o, the )or%ers )o!ld 3or2 the 2a;orit5 o3 the pop!lation
)hen a societ5 6eco2es 3!ll5 ind!striali8ed* 1h!s the 2ore radical Mar7ists <Menshe&iks=
arg!ed 3or dela5ing the re+ol!tion till the societ5 is 3!ll5 ind!striali8ed* :enin on other hand
)as in a h!rr5 in 1&1(* ?e )as against the rigid notion that 3!ll ind!striali8ation is a

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
1& )))*+isionias*in ,-ision .A/
/t!dent Notes0
necessar5 pre-re4!isite 3or co22ence2ent o3 the co22!nist re+ol!tion* ?e )anted the
re+ol!tion i22ediatel5 65 co2pensating 3or lac% o3 )or%ers 2a;orit5 65 incl!ding peasants
in the 3old o3 co22!nist re+ol!tion* 1h!s :enin +o!ched 3or land re3or2s 3or land
redistri6!tion d!ring the re+ol!tion o3 1&1(* ?is Ne) >cono2ic Bolic5 <1&21= 3a+ored
pri+ate o)nership o3 land and agric!lt!ral prod!ce*
6= 1h!s, Mar7 arg!ed 3or Broletariat <)or%ing class= re+ol!tion )hile :enin desired re+ol!tion
65 a !nited peasant and )or%ing class*
c= -ragmatism: Mar7 )as against the /tate and its instit!tions +i8 Ar25, E!diciar5 and
B!rea!crac5 6eca!se the5 protected #apitalis2* :enin on other hand !sed state 2achiner5
3or protecting co22!nis2* :enin )as not against te2porar5 !se o3 capitalist 2ethods and
pri+ate enterprise in li2ited 2anner* For e7a2ple, he introd!ced the Ne) >cono2ic Bolic5
in 1&21*
d= .ar Communism: 1his )as initiated 65 :enin d!ring the #i+il Dar <1&18-20= to sa+e and
garner reso!rces to 3ight the ci+il )ar* All 3actories )ere nationali8ed and all pri+ate trade
)as 6anned so the reso!rces ca2e directl5 to the part5* F!rther, all grains )ere sei8ed
3ro2 the peasants to 3eed the troops and the )or%ers )ho 3or2ed the s!pport 6ase o3 the
Bolshe+i%s* Dar #o22!nis2 led to 3ood shortages a3ter the #i+il Dar 6eca!se there )as
no incenti+e 3or the peasants to prod!ce since their prod!ce )as ta%en a)a5 )itho!t
pa5ing the2 an5 co2pensation* 1h!s the 3ar2ers 6egan to prod!ce onl5 3or sel3-
cons!2ption* :enin and Mar7 6oth arg!ed that #apitalis2 )as the real ca!se o3 )ar,
i2perialis2 and colonialis2*
et us now understand the New 'conomic (olicy of enin, political changes introduced by him
and criticisms of his ideas and policies.
Ne* Economic -o!icy or NE- 01A"13 of /enin: 1he 1reat5 o3 Brest :ito+s% <1&1(= signed 65
@!ssia )ith Ger2an5 to e7it Dorld Dar . had res!lted in h!ge econo2ic loss to @!ssia* 1hro!gh
this treat5, @!ssia lost one-third o3 its 3ar2ing land, one-third pop!lation, t)o-thirds o3 coal
2ines and hal3 o3 hea+5 ind!str5* 1his )as so 6eca!se it had lost "%raine, Georgia, >stonia,
:at+ia, :ith!ania, Finland and parts o3 Boland* <.t )as a6le to sei8e 6ac% Georgia and "%raine
3ro2 a )ea% Ger2an5 d!ring the #i+il Dar and got 6ac% Baltic /tates and pars o3 Boland in DD
..=* A3ter the end o3 #i+il Dar <1&18-20=, :enin )anted to achie+e t)o things* $ne, econo2ic
reco+er5 and t)o, reconciliation 6et)een the )or%ers and the peasants, )ho )ere h!rt 65 )ar
co22!nis2* 1he )or%ers 3or2ed the core s!pport 6ase o3 the co22!nists )hile the peasants
3o!ght against the Bolshe+i%s in the ci+il )ar 6eca!se :enin had dis6anded the constit!ent
asse26l5 3or2ed to 3ra2e a constit!tion a3ter the de2ocratic elections held a3ter 1&1(
re+ol!tion* 1he elections had ret!rned the /ocial @e+ol!tionaries Bart5 <)ith peasant s!pport
6ase= )ith 2a7i2!2 n!26er o3 seats and the Bolshe+i%s )ere target o3 their criticis2 in the
asse26l5 de6ates* 1his )as so 6eca!se the peasants, and not the )or%ers, 3or2ed the 2a;orit5
o3 the pop!lation* 1he reason 3or this )as that the @!ssian econo25 in 1&20 )as still
predo2inantl5 agric!lt!ral* 1he )ar co22!nis2 3!rther alienated the peasants* 1h!s to
achie+e the t)o ai2s, :enin too% 3ollo)ing steps
a= :enin signed a trade agree2ent )ith Britain in 1&21 3or getting British in+est2ent <FD.=
that )o!ld sp!r gro)th*
6= :enin introd!ced the Ne* Economic -o!icy 01A"1-"23 )ith 3ollo)ing 3eat!res0
a= Broadl5 the polic5 3oc!sed on Beasant )el3are and 6oosting gro)th*
6= 1he N>B )as to 6e a te2porar5 2eas!re to 6oost gro)th*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
c= Allo)ing 3or pri+ate o)nership o3 land and !sing capitalist incenti+es to increase
prod!ction o3 3ood* Beasants )ere allo)ed to %eep s!rpl!s prod!ce a3ter pa52ent o3
ta7 <)hich )as a percentage o3 the s!rpl!s prod!ce=*
d= Bri+ate o)nership o3 s2all scale ind!stries )ith ?ea+5 .nd!stries li%e coal, iron, steel,
che2icals re2aining !nder /tate o)nership* /i2ilarl5, Bo)er, 1ransport, Ban%ing
contin!ed to re2ain !nder the /tate control*
e= Bri+ate o)nership in trade o3 goods prod!ced 65 the s2all 3actories*
3= :enin allo)ed introd!ction o3 capitalist 2eas!res li%e 6on!s, piece )age rates etc*
g= :enin 6ro!ght 6ac% old 2anagers )ho )ere re2o+ed a3ter the re+ol!tion o3 1&1(*
1his )as done to i2pro+e 3actor5 o!tp!t*
h= 1he le3t )ing 2e26ers o3 part5 opposed the N>B as the5 3elt that this )ill lead to rise
o3 K!la%s <)ealth5 peasant landlords=*
i= :ong ter2 sol!tion o3 :enin )as )as state control o3 econo25, collecti+i8ation o3
3ar2s to 6ring a6o!t econo2ies o3 scale in agric!lt!ral prod!ction* #ollecti+i8ation
<1&2&= co!ld onl5 6e 6ro!ght a3ter death o3 :enin )ho died in 1&2C*
;= N>B had 2oderate s!ccess* 1he ordinar5 people )ere 6etter o33 6!t the 3ood
shortages contin!ed*
-o!itica! Changes introduced 'y /enin:
a= Banned 3actionalis2 in 1&21* 1his )as to chec% disagree2ent )ithin the part5* Free
disc!ssion )as allo)ed !ntil a decision )as ta%en* B!t post-decision all part5 2e26ers had
to s!pport the decision and )or% )ith 3!ll co22it2ent 3or its i2ple2entation*
6= B!rging <3orce3!l e7p!lsion 3ro2 part5=0 D!ring 1&21 a6o!t one-third 2e26ers )ere
p!rged )ith help o3 secret police )hile 2an5 resigned 6eca!se o3 the N>B*
c= 1rade "nions )ere not 100 per cent 3ree !nder :enin9s r!le0 :enin re;ected the de2and o3
trade !nions that the5 sho!ld r!n the 3actories <as the old 2anagers )ere 6ro!ght 6ac%
!nder the N>B=* </t!dent sho!ld lin% the anti-De2ocratic /ocialis2 spirit present here=*
1he )or% o3 1rade "nions as per :enin )as onl5 to help in increase o3 prod!ction and to
strictl5 3ollo) the go+ern2ent orders*
Criticisms of /enin:
d= ?e pre+ented de2ocrac5 3ro2 ta%ing root )hen he dis6anded the #onstit!ent Asse26l5
a3ter the elections post-1&1( re+ol!tion*
e= 1he @ed 1error d!ring ci+il )ar )here65 2an5 opponents )ere %illed*
3= ?e le3t in place tools I precedents )hich )ere to 6e 2is!sed 65 /talin +i8
a= $ne Bart5 /tate,
6= Ban on 3actionalis2 )hich i2plied c!r6ing dissent )ithin the part5,
c= "se o3 secret police against opponents and
d= Decreasing the po)er and +oice o3 the 1rade "nions*
A3ter death o3 :enin in 1&2C there )as a de6ate on 3!t!re co!rse o3 action and so2e other
approaches to achie+e e4!alit5 in societ5 - the 2ain goal o3 /ocialis2- )ere s!ggested0

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
1= Raid ;ndustria!i@ation: $ne approach )as to a6andon the pro-peasant N>B and 3oc!s on
rapid ind!striali8ation* 1he proponents o3 this approach arg!ed that a co22!nist state
thri+es on the s!pport 6ase o3 )or%ers and not peasants* 1he5 3eared that the N>B )o!ld
lead to rise o3 K!la%s <)ealth5 peasant landlords= )ho )o!ld threaten not ;!st the goal o3
e4!alit5 6!t the co22!nist re+ol!tion as )ell* 1his idea )as si2ilar to )hat Menshe+i%s
proposed earlier -3oc!s on )or%ers and 3oc!s on ind!striali8ation*
2= Socia!ism in Ene Country: 1his )as the approach o3 the right-)ing co22!nist leaders )ho
)ere- pro-peasant and pro-N>B* 1he5 )ere ad+ocates o3 li2ited pri+ate o)nership o3
)ealth and !se o3 3eat!re o3 capitalis2 to sp!r gro)th* 1his approach 2andated0
a= -roserity of -easants: #onsolidate po)er o3 /o+iets in @!ssia 65 3oc!sing on the
prosperit5 o3 peasants 65 allo)ing pri+ate o)nership o3 propert5 6eca!se it )ere the
peasants )ho 3or2ed the 2a;orit5 o3 pop!lation and their s!pport is necessar5 3or
strengthening the #o22!nist part5* MSo&iet is the @!ssian )ord 3or #o!ncil* 1he
so+iets )ere the co!ncils created 3or go+ernance at local le+el* 1he5 had 2e26ership
3ro2 )or%ers as )ell as the peasants <the peasants had to 6e incl!ded 6eca!se the5
3or2ed the 2a;orit5 o3 pop!lation especiall5 in hinterland=* 1he /o+iets, as per
Mar7ist thin%ers and :enin, are the 6odies that represent the de2ocratic )ill o3 the
)or%ers and th!s are essential 3or 6ringing a6o!t the Dictatorship o3 Broletariat*O
6= Dradua! ;ndustria!i@ation: A +er5 grad!al ind!striali8ation as opposed to rapid
ind!striali8ation* An approach si2ilar in principle )as 3ollo)ed 65 Mao thro!gh his
Great leap For)ard <1&'8= as )e )ill disc!ss later*
= -ermanent Re&o!ution: 1his approach )as ad+ocated 65 :enin9s con3idante 1rots%5* .t
i2plied )or%ing 3or the co22!nist re+ol!tion o!tside @!ssia and once this is achie+ed
there )o!ld 6e no threat to co22!nist re+ol!tion in @!ssia* 1h!s the re+ol!tion )o!ld 6e
Qper2anent9 as the )hole )orld or at least the i22ediate neigh6o!rhood o3 @!ssia )o!ld
6e co22!nist* $nce this is achie+ed, then the co!ntries o3 Destern >!rope, )hich ha+e
alread5 ind!striali8ed, )o!ld help @!ssia ind!striali8e*

2] Socia!ism in ;ndia
Dhat is the .ndian 2odel o3 /ocialis2 is not de3ined in the constit!tion 6!t 3ro2 Article CA,
)hich )as introd!ced 65 the C2
nd
#onstit!tional A2end2ent <1&(6= it is clear that /ocialis2 as
en+isaged 65 the Brea26le )ill incl!de participation o3 the )or%ers in the 2anage2ent o3
ind!str5 and conse4!entl5 pro3it sharing )ith the )or%ers*
1he /!pre2e #o!rt in Nakara vs Union of India (1982) had ad;!dicated that the goal o3 .ndian
/ocialis2 is to ha+e a 6lend o3 Mar7is2 and Gandhis2, leaning hea+il5 to)ards Gandhian
/ocialis2*
1he :i6erali8ation, Bri+ati8ation and Glo6ali8ation a3ter 1&&1 econo2ic re3or2s ha+e led .ndia
to dri3t a)a5 3ro2 the concept o3 collecti+e o)nership o3 2eans o3 prod!ction* Jet, /ocialis2
contin!es to i2pact the national de6ate* 1he 3ollo)ing can 6e listed as so2e o3 the i2portant
aspects o3 .ndian /ocialis20
1= >4!al opport!nities 3or all*
2= @ed!ction o3 ine4!alities thro!gh state legislation and thro!gh state i2ple2ented
)el3are sche2es* .ndian constit!tion has tried to incorporate protecti+e 2eas!res to
chec% the 2a;or negati+e 3eat!res o3 capitalis2* #hild :a6or in 3actories, 2ines and

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
other ha8ardo!s e2plo52ent 3or children 6elo) 1C 5ears o3 age is 6anned 65 Article 2C
and the Mini2!2 Dages Act 1&C8 is in place to ens!re sec!rit5 o3 li+elihood o3 the
)or%ers*
= Bre+ention o3 concentration o3 )ealth in the societ5 thro!gh state reg!lation and la)s*
C= B!6lic control o+er i2portant areas o3 econo25* A strong p!6lic sector especiall5 in
?ea+5 .nd!str5 and other capital intensi+e areas*
'= Foc!s on ?ea+5 .nd!stries and 2echani8ation*
6= .ndia tried to i2ple2ent a progra22e 3or land redistri6!tion a3ter 6anning Ra2indari*
Also )e tried to i2ple2ent collecti+i8ation o3 agric!lt!re thro!gh cooperati+e 3ar2ing*
"nder, cooperati+e 3ar2ing the peasants +ol!ntaril5 organi8e the2sel+es into
cooperati+es o3 3ar2ers 65 s!62itting their land 3or collecti+e 3ar2ing* 1he5 contin!e
to retain the legal right to the land 6!t ;ointl5 c!lti+ate the land* 1he cooperati+e 6od5
pro+ides the 3ar2ers )ith credit, 6etter seeds and 3ertili8ers )hich other)ise are not
a33orda6le 3or the indi+id!al 3ar2ers* B!t cooperati+e 3ar2ing in .ndia )as a +ol!ntar5
dri+e !nli%e "//@ )hich 3orced the peasants to gi+e !p their lands in 3a+or o3 collecti+e
3ar2s* .ndia )as onl5 partiall5 s!ccess3!l as so2e sections )ere s!spicio!s that in ti2e
the 3ar2ers )o!ld lose their land o)nership* Also since Agric!lt!re is a state s!6;ect, so
di33erent states i2ple2ented di33erent +ersions o3 cooperati+e 3ar2ing and )ith
di33erent s!ccess rates*
(= .ndian /ocialis2 can 6e ter2ed as e+ol!tionar5 and re3or2ist*
8= .t 3oc!ses on har2on5 6et)een indi+id!al interest and collecti+e interest* De adopted
a 2i7ed econo25 i*e* an econo25 )ith 3eat!res o3 6oth p!6lic and pri+ate o)nership o3
)ealth* 1h!s it can 6e said that .ndia has a socialis2 that coe7ists )ith capitalis2 and
de2ocrac5*
&= .ndian /ocialis2 is o3ten re3erred to as De2ocratic /ocialis2* .t is pertinent to note that
)hat is called as /ocial De2ocrac5 in >!rope has 2ore in co22on )ith the 3or2 o3
/ocialis2 in .ndia*
10= 1he .ndian /ocialis2 is inspired 65 French @e+ol!tion9s ideas o3 :i6ert5, >4!alit5 and
Fraternit5*
11= 1here )ere 2an5 shades in .ndian /ocialist Mo+e2ent ranging 3ro2 Mar7is2, /ocial
De2ocrac5, De2ocratic /ocialis2, Anarchis2 to Gandhis2*
12= 1he 2a;or strea2 6e3ore the /talin9s B!rges )as Mar7is2* .n Meer!t #on3erence the
.ndian socialists had adopted Mar7is2 as their creed* B!t a3ter /talin9s B!rges the
.ndian socialists re;ected Mar7is2 6eca!se it calls 3or a +iolent re+ol!tion* 1his
disenchant2ent )ith the +iolent 2eans 2ade the .ndian socialists adopt De2ocratic
socialis2 )ith 3oc!s on non-+iolence and the5 arg!ed that F/ocialis2 is i2possi6le
)itho!t de2ocrac5G*
1= .n 1&1 Karachi /ession, the National >cono2ic Brogra22e 2entioned QNationali8ation
o3 %e5 ind!stries9 and other 2eas!res to 6ridge the rich-poor di+ide* Also in the session,
the socialist pattern o3 de+elop2ent )as set as the goal 3or .ndia*
1C= De adopted co22and econo25 thro!gh Fi+e Jear Blans* .n the ?arip!ra /ession
<1&8=, .ndian National #ongress Bresident /*#* Bose had set!p the National Blanning
#o22ittee )ith Ea)aharlal Nehr! as its head*

nd
st
0&6'061(80(, 0&&6802&0&, 0&(1(162'&'
/t!dent Notes0
1'= Bri2e Minister Nehr! !sed the ter2 Fsocialist pattern o3 societ5G* .t can 6e arg!ed that
.ndian /ocialis2 is di33ic!lt to categori8e and is !ni4!e since0
a= .t ai2s not ;!st 3or a classless societ5 6!t also a caste-less societ5* 1h!s )e ha+e
adopted the polic5 o3 reser+ation to decrease ine4!alit5 in the societ5* .t can 6e
said that 6eca!se o3 3eat!res speci3ic to o!r societ5, )e ha+e targeted 6oth t5pe os
ine4!alit5-class 6ased <)e 6anned Ra2indari= and #aste 6ased <)e 6anned
!nto!cha6ilit5 and introd!ced reser+ation in p!6lic e2plo52ent=*
6= .t ai2s at decreasing po+ert5, increasing co22!nal har2on5 and e4!ita6le
econo2ic de+elop2ent*
c= Gandhis2 has an i2pact on .ndian /ocialis2 in 3or2 o3 non-+iolence,
decentrali8ation o3 po)er and speci3icall5 the ideas o3 1r!steeship and Ar6itration*
1he concept o3 ,rusteeshi arg!es that the #apitalist is the tr!stee and he holds
)ealth onl5 on 6ehal3 o3 the )or%ers )ho are the real prod!cers o3 +al!e in the
econo25* /ince the capitalist is the tr!stee, he sho!ld ta%e care o3 )or%ers interests
and )or% 3or their )el3are* 1he concept o3 8r'itration has 6een i2ple2ented
thro!gh the .nd!strial Disp!tes Act 1&C( )hich ai2s at !sing the 2ethod o3
Ar6itration to reconcile the di33erences 6et)een the capitalist and the )or%ers*
Critica! 8na!ysis of ;ndian Socia!ism
.ndia adopted /ocialis2 right a3ter the .ndependence* Most o3 the .ndian Freedo2 2o+e2ent
leaders li%e E*: Nehr!, E*B Nara5an and @a2 Manohar :ohia )ere strong ad+ocates o3 socialis2*
1here3ore socialistic pattern o3 societ5 )as declared as one o3 the goals o3 planned econo25* At
that ti2e .ndia tried to co26ine de2ocrac5 )ith Fa6ian %ind o3 collecti+e controls leading to
reg!lations o3 i2ports and e7ports* #!r6s on prod!ction o3 cons!2er goods and licensing o3
ind!strial set-!p* @e2o+al o3 po+ert5 and attain2ent o3 sel3-reliance )ere accepted as the t)o
2a;or tas%s 6e3ore the .ndian state* Nehr! tried to pro2ote the collecti+e sector 65 greater
state inter3erence in econo2ic li3e to 2o6ilise reso!rces and enhance e2plo52ent
opport!nities* ?o)e+er, a3ter 1&&1, .ndia has li6erali8ed its econo25 !nder the co2p!lsions o3
glo6ali8ation*
Bost-.ndependence steps )ere also ta%en to nationalise 6asic ind!stries li%e #oal, /teel, Ban%s
and Bo)er* Go+ern2ent also too% !p progra22es 3or ho!sing, ed!cation, p!6lic health etc* B!t
this %ind o3 socialis2 )as socialistic onl5 to the e7tent that /tate redistri6!ted so2e reso!rces
and there3ore, cannot 6e called as socialistic in the classic sense o3 the ter2*
1here is no do!6t that socialis2 is necessar5 6!t 2ere pro+ision o3 ser+ices and go+ern2ent
reg!lations on econo25 doesn9t lead to socialis2* #entrali8ed planning, )hich has 6een
adopted in .ndia creates a !ni3or2 s5ste2 o3 econo2ic de+elop2ent, )hich does not 3!ll5 ta%e
into acco!nt local +ariation o3 indi+id!al aspirations* Decentrali8ation o3 political po)er is
there3ore i2portant to achie+e the goals o3 socialis2 in co!ntr5* .t has also 6een realised that
p!6lic o)nership and econo2ic s!6sidies onl5 help 6ig corporations in increasing their pro3its*
1he5 red!ce the ris%s o3 6!siness co2petition* >+en the s5ste2 o3 progressi+e ta7ation is
alleged to 3a+o!r the s!per-rich o+er the )age earner* 1his %ind o3 s5ste2 has contri6!ted +er5
little to redistri6!tion o3 the )ealth o3 the s!per-rich a2ong the 2asses*
.n .ndia, there3ore the socialis2 )o!ld ha+e to trans3or2 itsel3 6e3ore it sets o!t to achie+e its
goals in realit5* Berhaps, socialis2 )o!ld ha+e to 6e a 6alance 6et)een li6eralis2 on one hand
and Mar7is2 on the other*
Coyright G 'y Cision ;8S
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