Underground Precast Concrete Structures

Benefits, Loads and Codes

Presented by: Franklin J. Conklin PE,
Gary K. Munkelt & Associates
WELCOME

Benefits of Precast Concrete
Design, Construction & Performance

Overview of Loads & Codes for Concrete
Structural Design Highway, Railroad & Airport
Benefits of Precast Concrete
-Design-

Proven / Predictable / Available Materials
Research Well Funded & Accepted
Manufacturer & Component Certifications
Mature Codes


Benefits of Precast Concrete
-Construction-
Produced Locally & Ready When You Are
Shop Built & High Quality
Modular Assembly or Large Components
Can Include Specialty Components
Forgiving Installation / Accommodate Various
Geotechnical Requirements
Availability
Availability
Modular Assembly
Modular Assembly
Large Single Components
Specialty Process Component
Variable Geotech. Requirements
Variable Geotech. Requirements
Benefits of Precast Concrete
-Performance-
Flexible Geometry
Conveyance or Retention/Detention
Direct Loading or Deep Structures
Resist Buoyancy
Custom Finishes
Durable / Sustainable

Large Conveyance Volumes
Long Conveyance Runs
Large Retention Assemblies
Large Retention Assemblies
Shallow / Wide- Detention
PROJECT TOTAL - 250,000 CU FT STORAGE
Shallow / Wide - Detention
Direct Loading
Direct Loading
Direct Loading
Deep Burial
Buoyancy Protection
Buoyancy Protection
Custom Finishes
Benefits of Precast Concrete
-Questions-
?


CONCRETE LOADS & CODES
OVERVIEW
Bookshelf
ACI
ASTM
AASHTO
STATE SPECS
AREMA
FAA


AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE ACI 318 11
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

General Code For Concrete Construction

Code formulated with load and strength reduction factors
such that members can be proportioned for adequate
strength & serviceability
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE ACI 350 06
Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures

precast concrete environmental structures designed and
constructed in accordance with ASTM or AWWA are not
covered in this code.
ASTM - WET
C913-08 Standard Specification for Precast Concrete
Water and Wastewater Structures

C890-13 Standard Practice for Minimum Structural
Design Loading for Monolithic or Sectional Precast
Concrete Water and Wastewater Structures

Live Loads follow/refer to AASHTO Standard Specs
Default minimum lateral loads coefficients are given
Actual coefficient depend on soil properties



ASTM - DRY
C858-10e1Standard Specification for Underground
Precast Concrete Utility Structures

C857-13 Standard Practice for Minimum Structural
Design Loading for Underground Precast Concrete
Utility Structures

Live Loads follow/refer to AASHTO Standard Specs
Default minimum lateral loads coefficients are given
Actual coefficient depend on soil properties


ASTM - ROUND
C478-13 Standard Specification for Precast
Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections

Top Slabs: Proof of Design Test
Rational Design per ACI 318

Walls: Circumferential Reinforcing of Hoop Steel

Base Sections: Rational Design per ACI 318

Minimum area of steels may not be areas required by design



ASTM BOX CULVERT
C1433-13b Standard Specification for Precast
Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for
Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers

C1577-13a Standard Specification for Precast
Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for
Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers Designed
According to AASHTO LRFD

Be careful, some of these structures will not have Bridge Rating >1.0


ASTM BOX CULVERT
Gives wall thickness and reinforcing for standard
single cell box culvert sections for highway & various
soil cover loading

1433 AASHTO Standard Specs HS-20 or Interstate Truck

1577 AASHTO LRFD HL-93

Be careful, these designs do not consider special state defined trucks &
some of these structures may not have Bridge Rating >1.0


HIGHWAY
AASHTO - American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials

Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition
(Interims through 2003)


AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th Edition,
(2013 Interim)



HIGHWAY
AASHTO - American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials
June 28th, 2000 FHWA Memo

All new culverts, retaining walls, and other standard structures on which
States initiate preliminary engineering after October 1, 2010, shall be
designed by LRFD Specifications, with the assumption that the
specifications and software for these structures are "mature" at this
time.



HIGHWAY Live Loads
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition
(Interims through 2003)
(Standard Specs.)


HS-20 Truck Loading






HIGHWAY Live Loads
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th Edition
(Interims through 2013)
(LRFD)

HL93Truck Loading




HS-20 Vs. HL-93
Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Design Load Factors Top Slabs

Standard Specification LRFD
[Table 3.22.1-A Group 1(g x b)] [Table3.4.1-1 Strength 1]
Live1.3x1.67=2.17 Max = 1.75 x 1.2 MP=2.1
Dead1.3x1.0=1.3 Max = 1.25
Vertical Earth1.3x1.0=1.3 Max = 1.35


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Live Load Impact Factor
SS [Table 3.22.1-A Group 1(g x b)] LRFD [Table3.4.1-1 Strength 1]
1.3@ grade 1+0.33(1.0-0.125D
E
)
1.0 > 3 ft cover 1.21 at 3 ft cover

Live Load Distribution Rate Through Soil
SS [Table 3.22.1-A Group 1(g x b)] LRFD [Table3.4.1-1 Strength 1]
1.75 to 1 1.15 to 1 or 1 to 1


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Distribution Steel
Same for Standard Specs(3.24.10.2) & LRFD (9.7.3.2)
In bottom of top slab percentage of main positive moment
reinforcement = 100/S
1/2
S = span in feet
Need not be more than 50 percent
In top of top slab As6 = 0.002 x Ag (min T&S Steel)



Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Lateral Loads Load Factors

Standard Specification LRFD
[Table 3.22.1-A Group 1(g x b)] [Table3.4.1-1 Strength 1]
Live1.3x1.67=2.17 Max = 1.75
Horizontal Earth1.3x1.0=1.3 Max = 1.35


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Lateral Loads Soil structure Interaction Factor

Same for Both Standard Specs & LRFD

WE = Fe W Bc H
Fe = 1 + 0.20(H/Bc)
Fe shall not exceed 1.15 for installations with compacted fill along the sides
of the box section, or 1.40 for installations with un-compacted fill

Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Lateral Loads

Soil Coefficients - Ka/Ko from Soils report
Standard Specs, Coulombs vs. LRFD, Rankine
Shake out about the same for either method
Unit Weight from soils report & unaffected by code
Soil-Structure Interaction Factor, same for both codes
Surcharges from other than traffic loads unaffected

Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Presumptive Dead Loads (EFP)

Standard Spec(6.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Boxes)
Vertical Earth Pressure = 120 pcf
Horizontal Earth Pressure = 60 pcf
Add Bedding Factor (Soil / Structure Interaction) =1.15
Cant tell if this is supposed to be saturated soil

EFP =60 x 1.16 = 69 pcf


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Presumptive Dead Loads (EFP)

LRFD (T 3.11.5.5.1 Active)Earth Pressure = 30 40 PCF
Depends on soil type
Assumes free draining (water is prevented from creating
hydrostatic pressure)

EFP = 40 pcf + 62.4 (hydrostatic) = 102.4 pcf


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Lateral Live Loads
Standard Spec heq = 2.0 ft

LRFD (3.11.6.4)
p = K s heq
H < 5 ft heq = 4 ft
H < 10 ft heq = 3 ft
H < 20 ft heq = 2 ft

Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Distribution Width
(Main Reinforcing Parallel To Traffic)
LRFD (4.6.2.10)
E = 96 + 1.44S (for axle)
E in inches and S in feet

Standard Specs(3.24.3.2)
E = 4 + 0.06S (for wheel)
E in feet and S in feet

Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Other Considerations

LRFD Load Modifiers Ductility, Redundancy & Importance

LRFD Crack Control Criteria vs. SS Service Load Stress

Shear Calculations Different


Standard Specs (SS) Vs.
Load & Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
Conclusion

Designs for Standard Specifications need to be updated,
but there may not be any change to concrete & steel


RAILROAD
AREMA - American Railway Engineering
and Maintenance-of-Way Association

2013 Manual for Railway Engineering

Ch. 8 - Concrete Structures & Foundations
RAILROAD
Anything within 25 ft of track centerline should be designed
for railroad loads

Design follows ACI318 design method

Cooper E80 live loads, load factors & impact factors all
unique to this code

AIRPORTS
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
Series 150 Advisory Circulars (ACs) for
Airport Projects

Current Advisory Circular
Cancelled - FAA - AC 150 5320-6D
New - FAA - AC 150 5320-6E

AC150 gives guidance for live loads
applied to structures by heavy airplanes

FAA -AC150/5320 Appendix 3
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR HEAVY AIRPLANES
For many structures the design is highly dependent upon the
airplane landing gear configuration. Our assessment indicates that
three basic configurations will, if all are considered in the design
of the bridge components, provide sufficient support for any airplane
which may be forthcoming. These consist of two areas enclosing
eight wheels each, or 16 wheels per airplane comprising the main
gear. Nose gears, as such, are not considered, except as they
occur in the static load. The area dimensions are 6 to 8 feet by 20
feet each supporting half of the airplane gross weight. Wheel prints
are uniformly spaced within their respective areas.
FAA -AC150/5320 Appendix 3
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR HEAVY AIRPLANES
Direct Loading. Decks and covers subject to direct heavy airplane loadings such as
manhole covers, inlet grates, utility tunnel roofs, bridges, etc., should be designed for
the following loadings:

Manhole covers for 100,000 lb. wheel loads with 250 psi tire pressure.
For spans of 2 feet or less in the least direction, a uniform live load of 250 psi.
For spans of 2 feet or greater in the least direction, the design will be based on
the number of wheels which will fit the span. Wheel loads of 50,000 to 75,000
pounds should be considered.
Special consideration will be given to structures that will be required to support both
in-line and diagonal traffic lanes, such as diagonal taxiways or apron taxi routes. If
structures require expansion joints, load transfer may not be possible.

FAA -AC150/5320 Appendix 3
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR HEAVY AIRPLANES
Actual Wheel Configurations from pavement design
documents provided to FAA by airplane Manufacturers

Consider wheel/gear load & geometry give & use ACI 318
design methods to proportion members

747 Design Data


CONCRETE LOADS & CODES
Questions
?




Loads and Codes
Design of Underground Precast Concrete
Structures

Presented by: Franklin J. Conklin PE,
Gary K. Munkelt & Associates