Ozone - CEL140) Part 2 PDF

Ozone seasonal variations Ozone seasonal variations
Earth Science and Climate Change

Decentralized Electricity Solutions
Sustainable Habitats
Energy Environment Technology Development
Environment & Industrial Bio-Technology
Bio-Technology & Bio-Resources
Water Resources
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Resources Regulation & Global Security
Social Transformation
Environment Education & Youth Services
Sustainable Development Outreach
Modeling & Economic Analysis
Centre for Environmental studies Centre for Environmental studies
PM2.5 PM2.5
Water Resources
Standards for control of air pollution in India
Water Resources
Current National Ambient Air Quality Current National Ambient Air Quality
Standards Standards Standards Standards
Residential, industrial, rural Residential, industrial, rural
and other areas and other areas
Ecologically sensitive areas Ecologically sensitive areas
(notified by Central government) (notified by Central government) and other areas and other areas (notified by Central government) (notified by Central government)
Pollutant Pollutant 24 24--hourly hourly
standard standard
Annual standard Annual standard
((g/m) g/m)
24 24--hourly hourly
standard standard
Annual Annual
standard standard
((g/m) g/m) ( (g/m) g/m) ( (g/m) g/m)
SO2 SO2 80 80 50 50 80 80 20 20
NOx NOx 80 80 40 40 80 80 30 30
PM10 PM10 100 100 60 60 100 100 60 60 PM10 PM10 100 100 60 60 100 100 60 60
PM2.5 PM2.5 60 60 40 40 60 60 40 40
Ozone Ozone 180* 180* 100** 100** 180* 180* 100** 100**
Lead Lead 11 0.5 0.5 11 0.5 0.5
CO CO ** ** ** ** ** ** CO CO 4000* 4000* 2000** 2000** 4000* 4000* 2000** 2000**
NH3 NH3 400 400 100 100 400 400 100 100
As (ng/m) As (ng/m) 66 66
Benzene Benzene 55 55 Benzene Benzene 55 55
BaP(ng/m) BaP(ng/m) 1 1 11
Ni Ni ((ng ng/m) /m) 20 20 20 20
Water Resources
Annual : annual arithmetic mean of 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals
24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two
consecutive days of monitoring.
* 1 hourly ** 8 hourly Source: CPCB
34
Water Resources
Natural source of air pollution Natural source of air pollution
Volcanoes
Biological Decay Biological Decay
Forest Fire
Dust Storms
Sea Salt
Water Resources
Anthropogenic sources Anthropogenic sources
Vehicles
Industries
Power Plants
Transport
Industries
Power plant
Firewood
Road dust
DG sets
Water Resources
Source apportionment studies Source apportionment studies
13
0
2
80%
100%
PM2.5 (Average)
4
4
6
16
0
50
70
40%
60%
80%
50
10
29
5
4
3
0
0%
20%
Bangalore Delhi Pune
Transport Paved road & soil dust Industries
Domestic DG sets Secondary
Others
Water Resources
Source apportionment study Source apportionment study--
NOx NOx
3
Water Resources
3
9
Source contributions Source contributions-- National scale National scale
OtherFuel
Domestic
3% Non
Energy
DGSets
1%
SO2emissions
Domestic
8%
DGSets
14%
NOxemissions
Productio
n&
Consumpt
ion
1%
Industrial
Combusti
on
31%
Energy
7%
Industrial
Combusti
on
14%
Non
Energy
%
%
Power
Plant
56%
Power
Plant
22%
10%
Transport
1%
Transport
32%
DG S
COemissions
Nonmethane
Volatile Organic
Power
Plant
1%
Non
Energy
21%
DGSets
0%
VolatileOrganic
Compounds
Domestic
70%
Transport
8%
Water Resources
70%
Industrial
Combusti
on
0%
NMVOCs NMVOCs
Water Resources
NMVOC emissions : 10 NMVOC emissions : 10 Tg Tg/year /year
New inventory of NMVOC
emissions :
Domestic : 58%
Transport : 9%
Open burning : 6%
Forests : 4%
Paints & printing : 11%
Oil & Gas : 2%
Personal products : 2% Personal products : 2%
Water Resources
NMVOC emissions
2030
Transport
9%
Industry
1%
E T
Refi nery
3%
DGsets
0%
Food&oi l
1%
Forests
2%
2010
Pai nts
8%
Ind(Proc.)
2%
Personal
care
Automobi l e
0%
Domesti c
15%
Power
Evap.Trans
19%
Domesti c
58%
Pri nti ng
3%
Open
Oi l &Gas
2%
2%
0%
Automobi l e
1%
Pri nti ng
6%
Tyres
0%
Openburni ng
3%
Ind(Proc.)
4%
Waste
Refi nery
2%
DGsets
1%
Evap.Trans
3%
p
burni ng
6%
Pai nts
25%
Personal care
5%
Oi l &Gas
4%
6%
0%
1%
Food&oi l
1%
Forests
4%
Industry
0%
Transport
9%
Water Resources
Transport sector in India p
Water Resources
Growth in Number of Motor Vehicles Growth in Number of Motor Vehicles
Over1/3
rd
ofthetotalvehiclesin53million+cities
Secondtiercitiesshowgreaterincreaseinvehiclepopulation Secondtiercitiesshowgreaterincreaseinvehiclepopulation
MoRTH,
Water Resources
45
Others: tractors, trailors, three wheelers (passenger vehicles), etc
Phenomenal growth in private vehicles Phenomenal growth in private vehicles
100000
A developing country
phenomena
1000
10000
0
0
0
)
phenomena
Growth in income
100
N
o
.

(
'
0
Mobility demands
Lack of efficient public transport
1
10
p p
system
Competitive market
1
9
5
1
1
9
5
6
1
9
6
1
1
9
6
6
1
9
7
1
1
9
7
6
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
6
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
6
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
6
Total 2w Cars
Competitive market
27 k two wheelers in 1951 to 26 lakhs in 1981 to about 10 crores in 2011
1.5 lakh cars in 1951 to 11.6 lakh in 1981 to about 2 crore in 2011
Water Resources
Expect more growth Expect more growth
About 28000 two
wheelers, and 4200
dd d t I di cars added to Indias
vehicular fleet daily
(2011)
As per Census 2011,
21% h h ld h 21% households have
two wheelers whereas
4.7 % have
/j / cars/jeeps/vans
Data WDI, 2011
More growth expected
Water Resources
Congestion Congestion
0.30
0.40
0.50
o
n

i
n
d
e
x
Road space almost same
0.00
0.10
0.20
h
i
a
i
s
i
e a
d a
i r t
i
r
a
t
r r r
d
b
l
i
m
a k y
C
o
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
Limited transport infrastructure
Traffic jams: waste of fuel time
D
e
l
h
i
M
u
m
b
a
i
V
a
r
a
n
a
s
i
B
a
n
g
a
l
o
r
e
K
o
l
k
a
t
a
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
B
h
u
b
a
n
e
s
h
w
a
r
G
u
w
a
h
a
t
i
K
a
n
p
u
r
S
u
r
a
t
R
a
i
p
u
r
N
a
g
p
u
r
J
a
i
p
u
r
A
h
m
e
d
a
b
a
d
H
u
b
l
i
T
r
i
v
e
n
d
r
u
m
P
a
t
n
a
G
a
n
g
t
o
k
P
o
n
d
i
c
h
e
r
r
y
Traffic jams: waste of fuel, time,
emissions, discomfort
R d d d
15
20
25
30
s
p
e
e
d

(
k
m
/
h
)
Reduced speeds
0
5
10
2007 2011 2021 2031
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

s
Cat-1 Cat-2 Cat-3 Cat-4 Cat-5
Data source : WSA, 2008
Water Resources
Different types and usage of vehicles Different types and usage of vehicles
Unregistered vehicles U egse ed e ces
Overloading
Limited maintenance
Water Resources
Category Category--wise distribution of transport wise distribution of transport
emissions (2010) emissions (2010) ( ) ( )
Bus
6%
Truck
LMV
5%
NMVOCs
Bus
5%
2w(2s)
8%
LMV
8%
CO
Truck
10%
Car
7%
2w(2s)
23%
Truck
15%
Car
8%
2w(4s)
49%
Car
11%
2 (4 )
49%
2w(4s)
NOx
2w(4s)
53%
PM10
Bus
20%
Car
7%
2w(2s)
1%
2%
LMV
7%
Bus
12%
LMV
10%
1%
Truck
38%
2w(2s)
27%
Water Resources
Truck
63%
38%
Car
11%
2w(4s)
2%
Governments Auto Fuel Policy Governments Auto Fuel Policy
Bharat Stage
IV
Bharat Stage
III
Bharat Stage II
Category
IV
III
g y
To be decided Entire country
April 2010
Entire country
April 2005
2 & 3
wheelers
20 cities by April 2005
Entire country
April 2010
Entire country
All other
20 cities by
April 2010
No date for rest
of the co ntr
April 2005
11 cities-
April 2003
April 2010
13 cities-
April 2005
All other
new
vehicles
of the country
Water Resources
51
Advanced vehicular emission norms Advanced vehicular emission norms (Road map) (Road map)
Car (Petrol)
2
(
g
/
k
m
)
47%
Diesel Vehicles
06
0.8
c
l
e
s

/
k
w
h
)
020
0.25
r

/
k
m
)
0
1
1996 Euro-I BS-II BS-III BS-IV
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

47%
73%
81%
90%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Euro-I BS-II BS-III BS-IV
H
e
a
v
y

v
e
h
i
c
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

(
g
/
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
D
i
e
s
e
l

C
a
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

(
g
/
59%
74%
87%
75%
84% 95%
HC +NOx
BS-III petrol car emits 81% less HC+NOx
Euro-I BS-II BS-III BS-IV
PM (Heavy vehicles) PM (Car Diesel)
690
1200 25000
)
1005
22968
than a 1996 model car.
BS-III heavy vehicle emits 84% less PM
th E I hi l
5031
5526
2994
690
394
400
600
800
1000
o
f

V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s

(
L
a
c
s
)
10000
15000
20000
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

L
o
a
d

(
T
/
D
)
372
1005
11245
than Euro-I vehicle
5160
11721
2696
2994
0
200
400
1997 2007 1997 2007
N
u
m
b
e
r

0
5000
T
o
t
a
l

E
m
372
Vehicles increased: 2.7 times
Emission increased: 2 times
2W 3W Car/Jeep Taxi Bus Truck Other CO HC NOX PM
EMISSION LOAD
PM+NOx+CO+HC
VEHICLES
Water Resources
Effect of future vehicular emission norms Effect of future vehicular emission norms
Scenario Description
BAU Basedonthecurrentplansandpoliciesofthegovernmentwithoutanyfurther
intervention.BSIIIallacrossthecountryandBSIVin13cities y
ALTI IntroductionofBSIVallacrossthecountryby2015
ALTII IntroductionofBSIVallacrossthecountryby2020
ALTIII IntroductionofBSIVallacrossthecountryby2015andBSVin2020
ALTIV IntroductionofBSIVallacrossthecountryby2015andBSVIin2020
Water Resources
Transport Transport Its not only PM !! Its not only PM !!
Highest contributor to NOx emissions in India
Gaseous pollutants (NOx SO2 VOCs) lead to Gaseous pollutants (NOx, SO2, VOCs) lead to
secondary PM formation
NOx and VOCs can lead to formation of ground level NOx and VOCs can lead to formation of ground level
Ozone (impacts health + agriculture)
f h f BC (a constituent of PM) has a significant warming
potential.
Water Resources
54
Fugitive emissions at petrol pumps Fugitive emissions at petrol pumps
Water Resources
Solutions Solutions
Avoid
Shift Shift
Control
Reduce fuel Reduce fuel
Reduce emissions
Water Resources
Recommendations for control of transport Recommendations for control of transport
emissions emissions
Provide ULSD in the entire country and advancement of emission norms for
the whole country
Introduce fuel efficiency standards
Enhancement of public transport and non-motorized transport
Encourage alternate fuels: CNG, LPG etc.
Tighten monitoring of in-use vehicles
Implement avoid shift and improve initiatives to reduce energy consumption Implement avoid, shift and improve initiatives to reduce energy consumption
and emissions
Water Resources
57
Conclusions Conclusions
Air pollution is a serious concern
H lth g i lt b ildi g d li t i Health, agriculture, buildings and climate is
impacted
Some standards are in place but need more
Scientific research studies required to draft Scientific research studies required to draft
specific optimised strategies
Better landuse planning
Avoid shift-control strategies Avoid shift-control strategies
Water Resources
Think before it is too late . Think before it is too late .
Water Resources

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Ozone seasonal variations Ozone seasonal variations

Earth Science and Climate Change

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