INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

COURSE OUTLINE
Kulliyyah / Institute Engineering
Department / Centre Science in Engineering
r!"ramme All programmes
Name !# C!urse / M!$e Engineering Calculus I /Full time
C!urse C!$e MTH 1112
Name %s& !# A'a$emi' sta## /
Instru't!r%s&
Prof. Dr. M. Aram! E1"#2a. maram$iium.e%u.m&! Tel' ()"#(1*(#+,*+
Consultation Hrs' M#TH -1)'))#11')). or /& appointment
C!nta't (!urs 0ectures' Sec."-M1' 11'")#12',)! E2am H 1. Sec.+ -TTH' 11'")#12',)! E2am H 1.
Tutorial'Sec." -M. 13))#1*))! E2#1#1.! Sec.+ -1e% 14))#13))! E2#1#1.
Rati!nale #!r the in'lusi!n !#
the '!urse / m!$ule in the
pr!"ramme
5e6uire% course for all Engineering Programmes
Semester an$ Year O##ere$ E7er& Semester
Status Core
Le)el 1
r!p!se$ Start Date
*at'h !# Stu$ent t! +e A##e'te$
T!tal Stu$ent Learnin" Time
%SLT&
,a'e t! ,a'e Assessments
I
n
%
e
p
e
n
%
e
n
t

0
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
T!tal
Stu$ent
Learnin"
Time 0
e
c
t
u
r
e
T
u
t
o
r
i
a
l
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l

M
i
%
t
e
r
m
F
i
n
a
l
+2 1" 2 " (2 -..
Cre$it Value / (!urs "/122
re/re0uisites (if any) 8one
C!/re0uisites (if any) 8one
C!urse O+1e'ti)es
T9e o/:ecti7es of t9is course are to'
1. Present an% %e7elop a clear un%erstan%ing of %efinitions! concepts! rules!
t9eorems! tec9ni6ues! an% applications of %ifferential an% integral calculus.
2. Encourage stu%ents to t9in; 7isuall& an% numericall& /& generating an%
interpreting grap9s! using calculators an% computers <9ene7er possi/le.
". Strengt9en t9e stu%ents= num/er sense in or%er to /e a/le to recognie an
a/sur% ans<er /& encouraging t9em to ma;e mental estimates! to appeal to
t9eir intuition! an% to <or; on pro/lems /ot9 in%i7i%uall& an% in groups.
Learnin" Out'!mes
>pon completion of t9is course! stu%ents s9oul% /e a/le to'
1. Appl& t9e concepts of limit an% continuit& in computing limit an%
%etermining continuit& of a function.
2. Anal&e t9e concept an% computing tec9ni6ues of %eri7ati7es <it9
applications in engineering pro/lems.
". Anal&e t9e concept an% e7aluating tec9ni6ues of integration for sol7ing
engineering pro/lems.
+. E7aluate series an% its inter7al of con7ergence for 7arious functions an%
applications.
Trans#era+le S2ills3
Skills and how they are developed and assessed:
S2ills De)el!pment Assessment
Tec9nical 0ectures 1ritten Assessment
Tutorials
Tea'hin"/Learnin" an$
assessment strate"y
0ectures! Tutorials an% ?uies
C!urse Syn!psis
Comple2 num/ers! limits! continuit&! %ifferentiation an% integration <it9
applications! transcen%ental functions! tec9ni6ues of integration! infinite an%
po<er series.
M!$e !# Deli)ery Lecture and tutorial.
Assessment Meth!$s an$
Type/C!urse Assessment
State <eig9tage of eac9 t&pe of
assessment.
Mappin" !# '!urse / m!$ule t! the r!"ramme Learnin" Out'!mes
0earning @utcome of t9e course Programme @utcomes
)1 )2 )" )+ ), )( )4 )3 )* 1) 11 12
1. Appl& t9e concepts of limit an% continuit& in computing
limit an% %etermining continuit& of a function.

2. Anal&e t9e concept an% computing tec9ni6ues of
%eri7ati7es <it9 applications in engineering pro/lems.

". Anal&e t9e concept an% e7aluating tec9ni6ues of
integration for sol7ing engineering pro/lems.

+. E7aluate series an% its inter7al of con7ergence for
7arious functions an% applications.

C!ntent !utline !# the '!urse / m!$ule an$ the SLT per t!pi'
4ee2s T!pi's
Learnin"
(!urs
Tas2/Rea$in"
1
C!mple5 Num+ers
Intro%uction! alge/raic properties! mo%ulus an% con:ugates! geometric
presentation! polar form an% Euler=s formula! De Moi7re=s T9eorem.
2 Han%out
2!"
LLimit an$ C!ntinuity
5e7ie<' Transcen%ental functions. Concept an% e7aluating
tec9ni6ues of limits an% continuit& for s6uare#root an% transcen%ental
functions! interme$iate )alue the!rem! limit in7ol7ing infinit&!
as&mptotes.
".,
C9apter
)!1
+!,
Differentiation
Concept of %eri7ati7e! %eri7ati7e an% %ifferential! %ifferentia/ilit& an%
continuit&! %ifferentiation tec9ni6ues for alge/raic an% transcen%ental
functions! implicit %ifferentiation! Mean )alue the!rem.
"., C9apter 2
LO Meth!$ 6
1#" ?uies 1)
1#2 Mi%#term E2amination-Sun$ay 78/--/.7-9:
-7377/-.377 n!!n&
+,
1#+ Final E2amination +,
(!4
Applications of Differentiation
0inear appro2imation! 8e<ton=s met9o%! in%eterminate forms an%
0=Hopital=s rule! local an% a/solute e2trema! increasing an%
%ecreasing function! conca7it& an% inflection points! transformations
on cur7es! cur7e s;etc9ing! optimiation! concept of %eri7ati7e as
slope an% rates of c9ange.
+
C9apter "
3!*
Integration
Anti#%eri7ati7es! %efinite an% in%efinite integration! /asic tec9ni6ues!
concept of %efinite integration as area an% 5iemann sum! fun%amental
t9eorems of calculus! integration /& su/stitution.
+ C9apter +
1)
Applications of Integration
Area /et<een cur7es! 7olume of soli% /& slicing/%is;s/<as9ers an%
c&lin%rical s9ells met9o%s! ar' len"th an$ sur#a'e area.
".,
C9apter ,
11!12
Techniques of Integration
Integration /& parts! Trigonometric tec9ni6ues of integration!
integration /& partial fractions! improper integration.
+ C9apter (
1"! 1+
Infinite Series
In#inite series an$ '!n)er"en'e: "e!metri' series: harm!ni' series:
tests #!r series !# n!nne"ati)e terms3 n
th
; term test #!r
$i)er"en'e: inte"ral test an$ p/series: '!mparis!n test: alternatin"
series3 alternatin" series test: a+s!lute an$ '!n$iti!nal
'!n)er"en'e: rati! test: r!!t test: po<er series' ra%ius of
con7ergence! Ta&lor an% Maclaurin series! application of Ta&lor
series.
"., C9apter 3
Re0uire$ re#eren'es supp!rtin" the '!urse
5o/ert! T.S. A 5olan%! B.M.! -2))(.! Calculus -"
r%
e%..! McCra< Hill.
Re'!mmen$e$ re#eren'es supp!rtin" the '!urse
Anton! H.! Bi7ens! I. A Da7is! S.! -2))2.! Calculus -4
t9
e%..! Do9n 1ile&.
E%<ar%s! C. H.A Penn&! D.E.! -2))2.! Calculus -(
t9
e%..! Prentice Hall.
Finne&! 5.0.! 1eir! M.D.0.F. A T9omas, C.! -2))1.! Calculus -1)
t9
e%..! A%%ison#1esle& Pu/lis9ing Compan&.
Do9nston! E. H. A Mat9e<s! D.C.! -2))2.! Calculus! A%%ison 1esle&.Strauss! M.D.! Bra%le&! C.0. A Smit9! E.D.!
-2))2.! Calculus -"
r%
e%..! Prentice Hall.
r!"ramme Learnin" Out'!me %O&3 At the en$ !# the pr!"ramme: Stu$ents are a+le t!3
r!"ramme Learnin" Out'!me %O& M<, D!main
1. Appl& ;no<le%ge of mat9ematics! sciences! engineering
fun%amentals an% an engineering specialiation to t9e solution of
comple2 engineering pro/lems %T&=
En"ineerin" Kn!>le$"e
2. I%entif&! formulate! researc9 rele7ant literature an% anal&e comple2
engineering pro/lems! an% reac9ing su/stantiate% conclusions using
first principles of mat9ematics! natural sciences an% engineering
science%T&=
r!+lem Analysis
". Design solutions! e29i/iting inno7ati7eness! for comple2
engineering pro/lems an% %esign s&stems! components or processes
t9at meet specifie% nee%s <it9 appropriate consi%eration for pu/lic
9ealt9 an% safet&! cultural! societal! economical! et9ical!
en7ironmental an% sustaina/ilit& issues. %A&
Desi"n/De)el!pment !#
S!luti!ns
+. Con%uct in7estigation into comple2 pro/lems! %ispla&ing
creati7eness! using researc9#/ase% ;no<le%ge! an% researc9 met9o%s
inclu%ing %esign of e2periments! anal&sis an% interpretation of %ata!
an% s&nt9esis of information to pro7i%e 7ali% conclusions=%D&
In)esti"ati!n
,. Create! select an% appl& appropriate tec9ni6ues! resources! an%
mo%ern engineering an% IT tools! inclu%ing pre%iction an%
M!$ern T!!l Usa"e
mo%elling! to comple2 engineering acti7ities! <it9 an un%erstan%ing
of t9e limitations %A ? D&
(. Appl& reasoning +ase$ !n conte2tual ;no<le%ge to assess societal!
9ealt9! safet&! legal! cultural! contemporar& issues! an% t9e
conse6uent responsi/ilities rele7ant to professional engineering
practices. %ESSE&
The En"ineer an$ S!'iety
4. >n%erstan% t9e impact of professional engineering solutions in
societal! glo/al! an% en7ironmental conte2ts an% %emonstrate
;no<le%ge of an% nee% for sustaina/le %e7elopment@%ESSE&
En)ir!nment an$
Sustaina+ility
3. Appl& professional et9ics <it9 Islamic 7alues an% commit to
responsi/ilities an% norms of professional engineering co%e of
practices. %ESSE&
Ethi's
*. Communicate effecti7el& on comple2 engineering acti7ities <it9 t9e
engineering communit& an% <it9 societ& at large! suc9 as /eing a/le
to compre9en% an% <rite effecti7e reports an% %esign
%ocumentation! ma;e effecti7e presentations! an% gi7e an% recei7e
clear instructions@%S&
C!mmuni'ati!n
1). Function effecti7el& as an in%i7i%ual! an% as a mem/er or lea%er in
%i7erse teams an% in multi#%isciplinar& settings. %S&
In$i)i$ual an$ Team 4!r2
11. 5ecognie t9e nee% for! an% 9a7e t9e preparation an% a/ilit& to
engage in in%epen%ent an% life#long learning in t9e /roa%est conte2t
of tec9nological c9ange %S&
Li#e L!n" Learnin"
12. Demonstrate ;no<le%ge an% un%erstan%ing of engineering
management an% financial principles an% appl& t9ese to one=s o<n
<or;! as a mem/er an%/or lea%er in a team! to manage pro:ects in
multi%isciplinar& settings! an% i%entif& opportunities of
entrepreneurs9ip. %S&
r!1e't Mana"ement an$
,inan'e
T9e program learning outcomes -P@. are groupe% into , general areas to i%entif& t9e nature of t9e s;ills an% capa/ilit&
in7ol7e%. T9ese groups are'
1. Tec9nical -T. F essential capa/ilities relate% to tra%itional scientific an% engineering ;no<le%ge
2. Anal&sis -A. F creati7el& <or;ing <it9 a7aila/le %ata an% engineering tools an% fun%amental ;no<le%ge to correctl&
sol7e /asic pro/lem
". Design -D. F /eing a/le to percei7e t9e /est solution for /ot9 small scale an% large scale pro:ect /& in7ol7ing all
re6uire% /asic pro/lems
+. Et9ics! Safet&! Societ& an% En7ironment -ESSE. # gi7ing appropriate consi%eration to matters pertaining to
professionalism an% et9ics! safet&! local an% glo/al societ& an% t9e en7ironment
,. 1or; s;ills -S. F /eing an% effecti7e communicator an% effecti7e mem/er of a team an% to appreciate t9e nee% to
continuousl& ac6uire% s;ills an% a/ilities.
Practice Assignment Tutorial
E2.).+ ,"#(+ +2!,+!() ,(!(+
E2.1.2 1#( " (
E2 1." 1#"+-o%%.! "*#+2! +"#+3 "!4!12!1"!21!24!"4!"* (!1+!14!23
E2 1.+ 1#,)-o%%. (!13!1*!22!2(!"2!"+ 14!"2!""
E2.1., 1#"3-o%%. ,!3!22!2(!"3 4!2+!")!"(
E2.2.2 1#") -o%%. 3!+) *!"*
E2.2." 1#+4 -o%%. 12!")!"+ 2+!"2!"(
E2.2.+ 1#1(-o%%. +!1( "!1,
E22., 1#,)-o%%. 1(!2)!"( 1,!21
E2.2.( 1#2) -o%%.!2,#
"2-o%%.!+2#+,
1)!1*!2(!++G 1+!2)!"1!+,
E2.2.4 1#,+-o%%. 1)!1*!"(!+1 2+!",!+"
E2.2.3 1#1(-o%%.! 2*#"3-o%%. 1"!2)!2"!"+ 12!1*!2+!"(
E2.".1 1#12-o%%.! 21#+)-o%%. 1!*-a.!21!"4!+2 +!1)-a.!22!"3!++
E2.".2 1#"3 -o%%. 3!13!2+!"2!"3 1).2,!""!"4
E2."." ,#"3-o%%. 11!1,!2)!2*!"2!"( 12!2(!"1
E2.".+ 1#"3-o%%. +!1)!12!1(!2+!"( 2!11!"3
E2."., 1#+(-o%%. 2!3!1)!1+!2+!24!+2 24!+"
E2.".( 1#"2-o%%. Han%out Han%out
E2.".4 1#",-o%%. +!3!1)!1(!2+!"2 "!4!*!1,!2,!"1
E2.".3 1#1*-o%%. 2!(!3!12!24 1!,!*!11!2,
E2.+.1 ,H")-o%%.!"*#+2 2)!22!2(!,) 1(!21!+*
E2.+.2 *#22-o%%.!",#"3 1,!21 22
E2.+." ,#1) (-nI+.!1, ,-nI+.!1(
E2.+.+ 1#1)!2*#"2 4!1,!+4 3!+3
E2.+., 1#2)-o%%.! ""#"(!"*#
++!,"#,3
1(!")!"+!+1!+* 13!2*!",!,)
E2.+.( 1#+)-o%%. (!2,!23!"* 21!2*!"4
E2.+.3 14#")-o%%. 11!1(!2+!") 1+!2(
E2.,.1 1#2(-o%%. 3!2)!22 (!2"
E2.,.2 1#12-o%%.!14#2)!2,#
++-o%%.
(!2,!"1!"" 24!"2
E2.,." *#2(-o%%. 13!2" 14!2+
E2.,.+ ,#1+-o%%. ,!", (!"(
E2.(.1 1#+3 -o%%. +!1)!"2!"3 14!21!"1!"4
E2 (.2 1#+3-o%%. ,!4!1)!14!23 *!2,!24
E2 (." 1#") -o%%. 2!,!*!1"!22!2+ 1!1)!!1*!21!")
E2 (.+ 1#") -o%%. 12!13 3!23
E2.(.( 1"!24!+4 1+!"+!+(
NOTE3
1. Tutorial 6uestions <ill /e e2plaine% an% sol7e% /& t9e tutor in regular tutorial classes.
?uies <ill /e con%ucte% %uring tutorial classes. First 6ui/mini test <ill inclu%e comple2
num/ers! c9ap )! 1!A 2! 2
n%
6ui/mini test <ill /e from c9ap!"!+ an% "
r%
6ui/mini test <ill /e
from C9ap ,! (. Duration of eac9 6ui/mini test <ill /e +,#() minutes.
MISCELLANEOUS'
1. Atten$an'e%in'lu$in" Tut!rials& must n!t +e less t9an A76 of t9e total contact 9oursJ
ot9er<ise! t9e stu%ent <ill /e +arre$ from t9e #inal e5am.
2. Cheatin" of an& ;in%/nature <ill not /e tolerate%.
". Si"nin" on t9e atten$an'e sheet for frien%s -a/sent. <ill not /e tolerate%.
+. C!min" late in class! "!in" !ut! sleeping! A un/ne'essary tal2in" to eac9 ot9er %uring
t9e lecture <ill /e %iscourage%. Please s<itc9 off &our 9p or put it on silent mo%e <9ile
in class.
5. a) CASIO fx-115 (any version)
b) CASIO fx-570 (any version)
c) CASIO fx-991 (any version) Recommene.
TIS ,OR SUCCESS'
-= De#use t9e +elie)e an% t9e i$ea t9at Mat9ematics is a $i##i'ult su+1e't an% is onl& for some
spe'ial pe!ple. Mat9ematics ma& not /e treate% as li;e ot9er su/:ects. Re"ularity an%
muc9 more pra'ti'e is t9e ;e& for su''ess.
.= Stu$y t9e topic/topics pri!r to t9e class lecture an% th!r!u"hly therea#ter.
B= Re"ular 'lass atten$an'e-attenti7el&. an% goo% n!te ta2in".
9= Tr& to sit in a p!siti!n <9ere &ou can easil& listen an% '!mmuni'ate <it9 lecturer.
C= ra'ti'e sol7e% e2amples an% attempt ma2imum e2ercise 6uestions.
D= Spen$ at least t9e same amount of le'ture time to stu%&/ practice on t9e same $ay=
E= Visit &our 0ecturer an% see2 help <it9out an& 9esitation.
A= As2 0uesti!ns %uring lecture <9ene7er in $!u+t.
8= A%:ust accor%ing to II>M a'a$emi' p!li'y.
-7= Concentrate more on pray if %epresse% /%istur/e% an% see; F!$ -Almig9t&. 9e
NUM*ER SYSTEM AND INE<UALITIES
1e <ill focus on t9ose properties of real an% comple2 num/er s&stem t9at are of consi%era/le interest for
calculus stu%ents. T9e ancient num/er s&stem suc9 as Cree; an% 5oman num/er s&stem <ere 9a7ing some
s9ortcoming. Conse6uentl&! ne< num/er s&stem ;no<n as Natural Num+er S&stem %enote% as
{ } ! " ! 2 ! 1 N <as intro%uce%. 0ater on <it9 t9e intro%uction of )! 8atural 8um/er S&stem <as
e2ten%e% as { } ! " ! 2 ! 1 ! ) . - Numbers hole of Set .
T9e set of inte"ers %enote% as { } ! " ! 2 ! 1 ! ) ! 1 ! 2 ! " ! ! consists of <9ole num/ers an%
t9eir a%%iti7e in7erse. Its geometric presentation on t9e 5eal line is as un%er.
8ote t9at a sign <it9 an integer in%icates t9e position of an integer on t9e 5eal line. For e2ample! K2 means
t9at integer 2 is t<o units on t9e rig9t si%es of ero -centre. <9ile #2 means it is t<o units on t9e left si%e of
ero. 1! 2! "!### are positi7e integers <9ile #1! #2! #"! ### are negati7e integers. 8ote t9at ero -). is neit9er
positi7e nor negati7e. 2! +! (! ### are positi7e e7en integers <9ile #2! #+! #(! ### are negati7e e7en integers. ) is
e7en integer /ut neit9er positi7e nor negati7e.
A num/er p L1 is calle% a prime integer if it is %i7isi/le /& t 1 an% itself. Conse6uentl&!
{ } ! 1" ! 11 ! 4 ! , ! " ! 2 " . 8ote t9at 2 is t9e onl& e7en prime.
T9e set of rational/fractional num/ers is %efine an% %enote% as

'

) A ! # ! # p
#
p
$
. For e2ample
"
2
!
"
1
an%
,
2
etc. 8ote t9at e7er& integer is also a rational num/ers <it9 %enominator as 1.
)
)

#
<9ere
6 can /e an& integer e2cept ).
)
)
is an in%eterminate form <9ic9 <ill /e %iscuss in a later section.
)
p
is
un%efine% <9ere p can /e an& integer e2cept ). In simple <or%s M%i7ision /& ero is not possi/leN.
An Irrati!nal Num+er is a real num/er t9at is not rational/fractional. simpl&.Irrational means n!t Rati!nal=
8ote t9at all t9e rational num/ers 9a7e %ecimal e2pansion <9ic9 eit9er terminate or repeat. For e2ample
, . )
2
1
an% " "" . )
"
1
. In contrast! t9e irrational num/ers 9a7e %ecimal e2pansion <9ic9 neit9er
terminate nor repeat.
For e2ample
+1+21",(2" . 1 2
. T9is for 6uite some time <as ;no<n as %iagonal of a unit
s6uare.
1+1,*2(,", . " . @riginall& t9is <as ;no<n as ratio of circumference to t9e %iameter of a circle.
413231323+ . 2 e . @riginall& t9is <as ;no<n
%
%
%

,
_

+

1
1 lim .
T9e set of real num/ers is %efine% an% %enote% as $ $ &
O
<9ere $
O
stan%s for set of all irrational
num/ers. For real num/er a an% / suc9 t9at b a < ! <e %efine an% %enote t9e follo<ing asJ
Close% inter7al
[ ] { } b % a & % b a !
!
@pen inter7al
( ) { } b % a & % b a < < !
Half open#close% inter7al
( ] { } b % a & % b a < !
T9e follo<ing t9eorem <ill /e 9elpful to un%erstan% t9e solution of ine6ualities.
T(EOREM
If a an% / are real num/ers suc9 t9at b a < ! t9en
i. For an& real num/er c
c b c a + < +
ii. For real num/er c an% % ! if d c < ! t9en
d b c a + < +
iii. For an& real num/er c L )!
c b c a <
i7. For an& real num/er c P )!
c b c a >

E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
" 1 2 < + %

Solution' 2 2 1 " 1 . 1 2 - < < + % % -%i7i%ing /ot9 si%e /& 2. 2 < %
Solution in inter7al notation is . 2 ! - .
Solution on t9e real lone is
E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
, 2 1 " < %

Solution'
+ 2 2 1 , 2 1 " < < % %
! %i7i%ing /& #2! note t9at ine6ualit& sign <ill c9ange
1 2 < %
Solution in inter7al notation is Q 1 ! 2 - .
Solution on t9e real lone is
E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
)
"
2 "
2
>
+
+
%
% %

Solution'
)
"
. 2 .- 1 -
)
"
2 "
2
>
+

>
+
+
%
% %
%
% %
. All t9e factors are ero at 1! 2 #" so su/%i7i%e t9e real line
at 1! 2 #" an% c9ec; t9e sign of eac9 factor in respecti7e region.
)
"
. 2 .- 1 -
>
+

%
% %
means t9at sign of t9e pro%uct of t9ree factors must /e positi7e.
Hence t9e solution is . ! 2 - . 1 ! " -
E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
" 2 %

Solution'
Q , ! 1 R , 1 " 2 " " 2 % % % %
E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
% %
% 1
1
1
>

+

Solution' )
. 1 -
1
2
)
1
1
1 1
1
1
>

+
>

+
>

+
% %
%
% %
%
% %
%
. 8o< using t9e met9o% of e2ample )."! <e can get
t9e solution as . ! 1 - . ) ! - % .
E5ample Sol7e t9e ine6ualit&
, 1 + > + + % %

Solution' 8ee% to a7oi% t9e a/solute 7alue. Terms in7ol7ing a/solute 7alue are ero at #+ an% K1 so su/%i7i%e
t9e real line <it9 respect to #+ an% K1
Case -3
. + - + . 1 - 1 + + + % % and % % %
Hence!
. + ! - + 3 2 , . 1 - . + - , 1 + < > > + > + + % % % % % % %
.
Case .'
. 1 - 1 + + 1 + + + < < % % and % % %
Hence!
> > + > + + , , , . 1 - . + - , 1 + % % % %
t9ere is no 2 in -#+! 1. <9ic9 satisf& t9e
ine6ualit&.
Case B3
. + - + . 1 - 1 1 + + % % and % % %
Hence!
. ! 1 - 1 2 2 , . 1 - . + - , 1 + > > > + + > + + % % % % % % %
.
T9erefore t9e o7erall solution is . ! 1 - . + ! - % .
COMLEG NUM*ERS
Mo7ing to a greater le7el of a/straction! t9e real num/ers <ere e2ten%e% to t9e '!mple5 num+ers C T9is set of
num/ers arose! 9istoricall&! from t9e 6uestion of <9et9er a negati7e num/er can 9a7e a s0uare r!!t. From t9is
pro/lem! a ne< num/er <as %isco7ere%' t9e s6uare root of negati7e one. T9is num/er is %enote% /& i! a s&m/ol
assigne% /& Le!nhar$ Euler. Eac9 of t9e num/er s&stems is a su+set of t9e ne2t num/er s&stem.
S&m/olicall&!
C & $ ! N
. Comple2 num/ers are fre6uentl& use% man& areas suc9 as control
t9eor&! signal processing! flui% %&namics! 6uantum mec9anics! etc!.
De#initi!n3 . 1 ! ) - 1 i . 8ote t9at in Electrical Engineering! : is use% for i /ecause i is a notation for
current.

{ } { } & b a ib a & b a b a C + ! . - ! . ! -
.
8ote t9at . Im- . 5e- ' b and ' a then ib a ! if +
Ceometric 5epresentation'
E0uality3 T<o comple2 num/ers
2
A
1
! ! are e6ual if an% onl& if
.
2
Im- .
1
Im- .
2
5e- .
1
5e- ' ' and ' ' .
If d b and c a ! ! then id c ! and ib a ! + +
2 1 2 1
A$$iti!n' If . - . -
2 1 2 1
d b i c a ! ! then id c ! and ib a ! + + + + + +
If . ! -
2 1
. ! -
2
. ! -
1
d b c a ! ! then d c ! and b a ! + + +
r!perties'

1 2 2 1
' ' ' ' + +

"
.
1 2
- .
" 2
-
1
' ' ' ' ' ' + + + +
K ) I <9ere ) I -)!).
Multipli'ati!n3 If . - . -
2 1 2 1
bc ad i bd ac ! ! then id c ! and ib a ! + + + +
If . ! -
2 1
. ! -
2
. ! -
1
bc ad bd ac ! ! then d c ! and b a ! +
r!perties'

1 2 2 1
' ' ' '

"
.
2 1
- .
" 2
-
1
' ' ' ' ' '

" 1 2 1
.
" 2
-
1
' ' ' ' ' ' ' + +
.1 I <9ere 1I-1!).
C!n1u"ate3
ib a ' (f +
t9en '!n1u"ate !# H %enote% as . Im- . 5e- ' i ' ib a '
r!perties'

' '

2 1 2 1
' ' ' ' t t

2
.
1 2 1
' ' ' '
)
2
2
1
.
2
1
- ' provided
'
'
'
'
. 5e- 2 . 5e- 2 ' i ' ' and ' ' ' +
Di)isi!n3
+ +
2
1
2 1
!
!
then id c ! and ib a !
M!$uli/A+s!lute )alue3
2
.. -Im-
2
.. -5e-
2 2
. ! - ' ' b a ! then b a ib a ! + + +
r!perties'

) ) ' '

2 1 2 1
' ' ' '

2 1 2 1
' ' ' ' + +
' ' '
2
!lar ,!rm3 . sin ! -cos . sin -cos . ! - r i r b a ib a ! + + <9ere
2 ) . -
1
tan . arg-
2 2
! sin ! cos <

+ with
a
b
' and ! b a r r b r a
Euler ,!rmula'

< + + where
i
e r i r b a ib a ! . sin -cos . ! -
E5ample' 1rite i ! + 1 in polar form.
+ / "
2
+
"
. 1 -
1
tan . -
1
tan . arg- 2
2
1
2
. 1 - ! 1 ! 1

i
e '
a
b
' r b a

+
r!perties'

.
.
2
1 -
2 1
- .
2
2
.-
1
1
-
2 1
+

i
e r r
i
e r
i
e r ! !

.
2 1
-
2
1
2
1

i
e
r
r
!
!
EGERCISE 7=-
In e2ercise 1#1)! sol7e t9e ine6ualities. S9o< &our result in inter7al as <ell as on real line.
1. + 2 " % 2. + 1 2 1 < + %
2.
( ,
2
% %
+. )
"
. 2 .- 1 -

+ +
%
% %
".
% %
% 1
1
1
<
+

,. 2
1
1
>
+

%
%
+.
% %
>
+ 1
1
1
1
(.
2 1 %
,.
1 1 1 + + % %
1).
1
1
1
>
+

%
%
11. Is . ! - i i a comple2 num/ersS Dustif& &our ans<er.
-.= Is it true t9at e7er& real num/er is also a comple2 num/erS Dustif&.
-B= Is 2K"i I "K 2i . Is 1Ki I i K1
-9= If i ' and i ' i ' 2 2
"
1
2
! " 2
1
+ + . Fin%
" 2
!
" 1
!
2 1
' ' ' ' ' ' +
-C= If lly )eometrica result your erpret and
i
'
i' find i ' int ! ! " 2 +
-D= ' ' and ' ' ' find i ' + ! ! 2 2
-E= 0et
find i ' ! " 2 + '
:
'
= Is it true that
'
I
'
-A= 4rite at least t<o con%itions <9ere
2 1 2 1
' ' ' ' + +
rat9er t9an
2 1 2 1
' ' ' ' + < +
-8= Is it true t9at
2 2
' '
.7= For an& t<o real num/ers a an% / ! <e can sa& b a . Can <e compare comple2 num/ers
2 1 2 1
' ' sayin) by ' and '
. Dustif& &our ans<er. 19at a/out sa&ing
2 1
' '
.-= Interpret
2 2 1 ! > + ! and i ! r !
"e!metri'ally=
..= ,!r >hat '!mple5 num+ers
2
' is ' a real num+erJ
.B= 4rite the #!ll!>in" '!mple5 num+ers in !lar ,!rm: usin" the usual '!n)enti!ns #!r the ar"ument3
" ! 2 1 ! " 2 ! i i i
.9= >sing Euler formula! e7aluate
1)
. 1 - i + .
CHAPTE5 3
-Po<er Series! Ta&lor series.

+ + +

2
. -
2
. -
1 )
)
. - a % c a % c c
n
n
a %
n
c
is a po<er series in po<er of -2#a.! <9ere
!
1
!
)
c c
are real constant an% MaN is t9e centre of t9e series.

+ + +

2
2 1 )
)
% c % c c
n
n
%
n
c
is a po<er series in 2 <it9 centre at ) -Maclaurin series..

N
n
n
a %
n
c %
N
S
)
. - . -
is calle% nt9 partial sum.
If
<

L %
N
S
N
. -
lim
series is con7ergent ot9er<ise %i7ergent.
Eac9 Series is al<a&s con7ergent at its 'entre.
If

)
. -
n
n
a %
n
c
con7erges for all points in
& a % <
t9en
i. T9e region
& a % <
is calle% inter7al of con7ergence. 5 is calle% ra%ius of
con7ergence.
ii. If 5 I ) t9en series con7erges onl& at centre. If 5 I

t9en series con7erges

e7er&<9ere or
%
. In ot9er situation 5 can /e an& finite positi7e real num/er.
NOTE3 If a series con7erges for
& a % <
t9en it must /e %i7ergent for
& a % >
an% for
& a %
! it ma& con7erge at e7er& point or on some points or ma& not con7erge at all.
(O4 TO ,IND RADIUS O, CONVERFENCE R S
Fin%
L
n
c
n
c
n

+

1
lim
i. If 0 I ) t9en 5 I
< a % and
ii. If ) & L so series con7erges onl& at centre MaN.
iii. If
L
& then case L L
1
. ) - ) < >
?. Fin% ra%ius an% inter7al of con7ergence for t9e series
-i.

1
2
n
n
%
n
n
-ii.

1
. " -
2
. T -
.T 2 -
n
n
%
n
n
Sol' -i.
1
1
2
1
!
2
+
+

n
n
n
c
n
n
n
c !
2
1 1
2 2
1
2
lim
2 . 1 -
1
2
lim

+

+
+

L
& L
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
an%
inter7al of con7ergence is
2
1
) < %
-ii.
2
. .T 1 --
. 2 2 -
1
!
2
. T -
.T 2 -
+
+

n
n
n
c
n
n
n
c
+
1 1
+
2
. 1 -
. 1 2 .- 2 2 -
lim
. T 2 -
2
. .T 1 --
2
. T - .T 2 2 -
lim

+
+ +

+
+

L
&
n
n n
n n n
n n
n
an% inter7al of
con7ergence is
+
1
" < %
1it9in inter7al of con7ergence! series con7erges a/solutel& an% uniforml&. It can /e
%ifferentiate% an% integrate% term /& term an% resulting series 9as t9e same ra%ius as <ell as
inter7al of con7ergence.
Term >ise a$$iti!nJ
+

)
. -
n
n
a %
n
a

)
. -
n
n
a %
n
b
I

+
)
. .- -
n
n
a %
n
b
n
a
Term >ise multipli'ati!nJ

)
. -
n
n
a %
n
a

)
. -
n
n
a %
n
b
I
n
a % b
n
a
n
b a
n
b a
n
n
b a . U-
) 2 2 1 1
)
)
V + +

If t9e series correspon% to a function sa&

)
. - . -
n
n
a %
n
a % f
t9en t9e ra%ius of con7ergence
in most of t9e casesW is t9e %istance of t9e closest singular point -point of %iscontinuit&. from t9e
centre of t9e series.
E2ample'
1
)
2
1
1
1

+ + +

&
n
n
% % %
%
TAYLOR SERIES/OLYNOMIAL=
Ta&lor series! Maclaurin series an% in general! t9e series are use% to appro2imate a function.
To appro2imate a function at a targete% point! <e use series at anot9er suita/le -/ut <it9in
inter7al of con7ergence. point as t9e centre of t9e series.
0et
. -% f y
/e a gi7en function. Assume
. -a f
e2ist an% . -a
n
f e2ist n ! t9en
+

+ + . -
T "
"
. -
. -
T 2
2
. -
. - . - . - . - a f
a %
a f
a %
a f a % a f % f is calle% Ta&lor series of
. -% f
at centre
a %
. -
T
. -
. -
T "
"
. -
. -
T 2
2
. -
. - . - . - . - a
n
f
n
n
a %
a f
a %
a f
a %
a f a % a f % f

+ +

+ + is
calle% Ta&lor pol&nomial of %egree n <9ic9 appro2imate
. -% f
at
a %
.
In case ) a t9en t9e Ta&lor series/Pol&nomial is ;no<n as Maclaurin series/pol&nomial.
E5ample'
Fin% t9e Ta&lor series of
2
) cos . -

% and % at % % f
S!luti!n3

+ +
+ + + + + + +

+ + +

+ +
)
.T 2 -
2
. 1 -
T +
+
. -
T 2
2
. -
1
. ) -
T ,
,
. -
. 1 -
T +
+
. -
. ) -
T "
"
. -
. 1 -
T 2
2
. -
. ) - . - 1 . ) -
T ,
,
. ) -
. ) -
T +
+
. ) -
. ) -
T "
"
. ) -
. ) -
T 2
2
. ) -
. ) - . ) - . ) - . -
T "
"
. -
. -
T 2
2
. -
. - . - . - . -
n
n
n
%
n
% %
% % % %
%
v
f
%
iv
f
%
f
%
f
%
f % f a f
a %
a f
a %
a f a % a f % f
+

+ +

+ + +

+ +
T ,
,
.
2
-
T "
"
.
2
-
.
2
- ) .
2
-
T ,
,
.
2
-
.
2
-
T +
+
.
2
-
.
2
-
T "
"
.
2
-
.
2
-
T 2
2
.
2
-
.
2
- .
2
- .
2
- . -
T "
"
. -
. -
T 2
2
. -
. - . - . - . -

% %
%
v
f
%
iv
f
%
f
%
f
%
f % f a f
a %
a f
a %
a f a % a f % f
E5amples3

+
+
+ +
1
.T 1 2 -
1 2
. 1 -
T 4
4
T ,
,
T "
"
sin
n
n
n
%
n
% % %
% %

+ +
)
.T 2 -
2
. 1 -
T (
(
T +
+
T 2
2
1 cos
n
n
n
%
n
% % %
%

+ + + +
)
.T - T "
"
T 2
2
1
n
n
n
% % %
%
%
e

+ +
1
1
. 1 -
+
+
"
"
2
2
. 1 ln-
n
n
n
%
n
% % %
% %

+ + +

)
" 2
1
1
1
n
n
% % % %
%
Appli'ati!ns3
Ne> Series +y su+stituti!n3
S
2

%
e
Usin" + + + + + + + +
T "
(
T 2
+
2
1
2
T "
"
T 2
2
1
% %
%
%
e
% %
%
%
e
2
1
1
2
1
1
%
or
% +
C9ange
2
% by % in
+ + +

+ + +

( + 2
1
2
1
1
" 2
1
1
1
% % %
%
% % %
%
Similarl& +
+
+ + +

" 2
1
1
1
" 2
1
1
1
% % %
%
% % %
%
+
+
( + 2
1
2
1
1
% % %
%
. -% f % cos 1 ) cos
) .
2
cos-

. -% f % sin ) ) sin
1 .
2
sin-

. -% f % cos 1 ) cos
) .
2
cos-

. -% f % sin ) ) sin
1 .
2
sin-

. -%
iv
f
% cos 1 ) cos
) .
2
cos-

. -%
v
f
% sin ) ) sin
1 .
2
sin-

Ne> Series +y $i##erentiati!n an$/!r inte"rati!n3
+ +
T +
+
T 2
2
1 .
T ,
,
T "
"
- . -sin cos
% % % %
%
%
* %
%
* %

+ + +

,
,
"
"
.
( + 2
1 -
2
1
1
.
1
-tan
1
tan
% %
% % % % d%
%
d% %
%
* %
T! e)aluate the limit3
(
1
(
2
.
12)
1)
(
(
2
-
)
lim
(
2 2
sin
)
lim

1
1
1
1
]
1

%
%
% %
%
% %
% %
%
T! appr!5imate the Inte"ral3
3* . 1
1
1
1
1
.
T ,
+
T "
2
1 -
.
T ,
,
T "
"
-
1
1
sin

+
+

d%
% %
d%
%
% %
%
d%
%
%
Lar"est !r smallest #un'ti!n3
1. sin 1+ 2. cos ".
2
1
1

+ + +
T ,
,
T "
"
1 sin 1

! +
T +
+
T 2
2
1 cos

!
+ + +

+ 2
1
2
1
1

If <e consi%er onl& up to

2

an% 1 > t9en

2
1
1
sin 1 cos
2
1 1
T 2
2
1

< + < + < + <

?. Compare % and
%
e + 1
%
% %
%
%
e + + + + + 1
T "
"
T 2
2
1