The State University of Medicine and

Pharmacy N. Testemitanu
Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament
Lilian Saptefrati
Vice Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament
Tatiana Globa
Theme Nr.2
CYTOLOGY
CELL MEMBRANE, CELL MEMBRANES
TRANSPORT. INTERCELLULAR
JUNCTIONS. NON-CELLULAR
STRUCTURES.
The plasmalemma is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer and associated
integral and peripheral proteins.
Types of lipids on plasmalemma are:
-phospholipids,
-cholesterol and
-glycolipids.
Elementary biological membrane
Is composed of:
- phospholipids bilayer,
- associated proteins.
Types of elementary biological membrane
- Plasmalemma- is the skeleton of the cell
membrane
- Endomembranes- are membranes of cell
organelles.
- Special membranes are membranes of nerve
fibres and photoreceptor cells.
Cell membrane
glycocalyx
plasmalemma
elements of
cytoskeleton
Glycicalix
Composed of carbohydrates chains linked to
membrane proteins and lipids.
Role:
- protects cell surface
- interaction cell-cell
- interaction cell-extracellular matrix
- individuality to the cell
- provides the formation of the
cytoreceptors.
Molecular structure of the cell
membrane.
Ultrastructure of cell membrane
Functions of cell membrane
Maintaining the structural integrity of the cell
Controlling movements of substances in and out
of the cell (selective permeability)
Regulating cell-cell interactions
Recognizing, via receptors, antigens and foreign
cells as well as altered cells
Acting as an interface between the cytoplasm
and the external milieu
Establishing transport systems for specific
molecules
Transducing extracellular physical or chemical
signals into intracellular events.
Structural classification of cell
membrane proteins
Cryofracture ( frozen and fructered)
Functional destination cell membranes
proteins can be classified:
Receptors and their ligands.
Each cell type in the body contains a set of
receptors proteins that enable it to respond to a
complementary set of signaling molecules in a
specific programmed way.
A molecule which binds (attaches) to a receptor is
called a ligand.
Receptors may be for
-self antigens -(endogenous) neurotransmitter, a
hormone, complement, Ig, etc.
- non- selfantigens (exogenous) pharmaceutical
drug, viruses, bacteria or toxins.
Functions of protein receptors:
Control of selective permeability,
Regulating cell-cell interactions
Recognizing, via receptors, antigens and
foreign cells as well as altered cells
Membrane transport
Small molecules
passive transport active transport
-simple diffusion - pumps
-facilitated diffusion -cotransport
-osmosis
Membrane transport
Large molecules
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
Endocytosis :
-for solid
substance;
- with changing of
cells surface;
- pseudopodia.
Endocytosis :
-for liquid
substance;
-without changing
cells surface ;
Endocytosis :
Intercellular junctions :
Simple
- linear-shaped
- denticular
- digital-shaped
Compound junctions
Occluding tight junctions. Using
transmembrane proteins (occludins).
Impermiable . They act as seals to prevent
the flow of the substance between the
cells.
Ex.: intestinal and bladder
Epithelium.
Anchoring junctions
zonula adherens
(belt desmosome),
macula adherens
(spot desmosome),
hemidesmosome.
desmoplakins
desmogleins
intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Desmosoma
desmoplakins
desmogleins
intermediate filaments
Communicating junctions
GAP junction (nexus)
Smooth and cardiac muscle cells
connexin protein
connexon
Non-cellular structures
Syncytium
Symplast
Simplast
muscle fibres in
longitudinal section
nuclei of the muscle
fibre
isotrop (light) disk
anisotrop (dark)disk
muscle fibres in cross-
section
myofibrillae
heme 3
CYTOPLASM: HYALOPLASM, CELLULAR
ORGANELLES, INCLUSIONS
Cytoplasm
Is the cellular region between cell
membrane and the membrane
surrounding the nucleus.
Main functions:
energy, storage and manufacturing.
Components of cytoplasm:
-cytosol,
-organelles,
-cytoskeleton,
-inclusions
Cytosol(cytoplasmic matrix)
It is jelly-like material (80% water) and
usually incolor. The fluid of the cytosol is a
thick soup of proteins, carbhydrates, salts,
sugars, lipids, nucleotides and amino
acids.
Structural classification of organells
membranous
Routh ER
Smooth ER
Golgi ap.
lysosome
peroxisome
mitochondria
nonmembranous
Ribosome
cytoskeleton
centrioles
Functional
systems of the
cell
System of
synthesis of
cell
System of energy
System of intracellular
digestion
Cytoskeleton
System of synthesis
of cell
Ribosome
Types of ribosomes
Rough and smooth endoplasmatic reticulum
Golgi aparatus
Inclusions
Microtubules
Lipid droplets in the hepatocytes
Glycogen inclusions in the hepatocytes