Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.

37:2011 80
LEXICAL LEVEL-ORDERING IN TELUGU:
A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY
Dr. Salivendra Jaya a!u" #$L%" &ydera'ad
Abstract
T(i) *a*er l++,) in-+ -(e lexical level +rdering in Telugu via v+.el
(ar/+ny. Telugu i) +ne +0 -(e )+u-( Indian language) )*+,en in 1nd(ra
Prade)( +0 India. &+.ever" -(e da-a i) -a,en 0r+/ -(e dialec- )*+,en in
2ri)(na and 3un-ur di)-ric-) +0 -(e )-a-e. 4+.el &ar/+ny i) 'a)ic i))ue +0
inve)-iga-i+n in -(e *a*er. 4+.el l+.ering i) -(e *(+n+l+gical cue -+ level-
+rder -(e Telugu lexic+n. $inally" -(e *a*er *r+*+)e) -.+ level) 0+r Telugu
lexic+n. On level-I" a00ixa-i+n and in0lec-i+n) can 'e *laced .(ile
c+/*+unding and in0lec-i+n) are *laced +n level-II.
I. Introduction
Kiparsky (1982, 1985), Halle and Mohanan (1985), Sailaja
(1992), and others have developed the theory of lexial
phonolo!y, "hih deals "ith the interfae #et"een phonolo!y
and $orpholo!y% &he #asi '(estion in lexial phonolo!y is)
*re phoneti reali+ations of "ords deter$ined #y their
$orpholo!ial str(t(re or not, -n this onnetion, Kiparsky
(i#id%) proposes three levels for .n!lish lexion #ased on
$orpholo!ial affixation proesses "hereas Halle and
Mohanan (i#id%) exa$ine the sa$e .n!lish lexion for$ a
phonolo!ial perspetive and propose fo(r levels% Sailaja
(1992) ar!(es that level/orderin! sho(ld not #e #ased entirely
on phonolo!ial riteria 0as in Halle and Mohanan (1985) and
Mohanan (1981)2, #(t on $orpholo!ial riteria 0as in Sie!al
(1934), *llen (1938) and Kiparsky (1982, 1985)2% 6ased on
this ass($ption, she proposes t"o levels for &el(!( lexion)
7evel /- (derivations, !er(nds, o$po(nds and pl(rals) and
7evel/-- (infletions)% Ho"ever, the analyses $ade #y
Kriparsky, Halle and Mohanan, and Sailaja annot #e applied
"itho(t pro#le$s to &el(!( lexial level/orderin! in vie" of
ne!letin! vo"el har$ony% &herefore, there is a need to look
afresh at the &el(!( lexial level/orderin! and provide a
prinipled ao(nt #ased on vo"el har$ony%
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 81
-n this paper, an atte$pt has #een $ade to exa$ine a lar!e
orp(s of &el(!( on vo"el har$ony and $otivate lexial level
orderin! in &el(!( in the Ka)r$ik 7in!(isti 8aradi!$ (see
6h(vanes"ar 2915a)%
II. Literature Review
-n this setion, .n!lish lexion and &el(!( lexion and their
level/orderin! #y Kiparsky (1992a), Halle and Mohanan
(1985), and Sailaja (1992) are revie"ed% :ro$ this revie", it
has #een fo(nd o(t that there are so$e ritial iss(es, "hih
have not #een ade'(ately explained #y these phonolo!ists%
&hese iss(es are also hi!hli!hted to sho" the inade'(aies of
s(h analyses and pave the "ay for Ka)r$ik phonolo!ial
analysy%
2.1. English Lexicon
7exial 8honolo!y #asially proposes that the ;ord for$ation
<(les (;:<s) and the lexial phonolo!ial r(les an #e
partitioned into a series of levels or strata and that eah
$orpholo!ial affixation proess takes plae at a parti(lar
strat($ :or .n!lish lexion, Kiparsky (1992a) s(!!ests three
levels% *ordin! to hi$, pri$ary infletions and pri$ary
derivations "ill #e at level/-% 8ri$ary infletions inl(de the
($la(t of tooth / teeth, the a#la(t of sin! / san!, and the past
tense 0/t2 of sleep / 0slep2 t in addition to the pri$ary
derivational affixes in s(h ite$s as 00pyra$id2al2,
00o$en2o(s2, 00dep2th2, 0i$0potent22% Seondary derivation
ill(strated #y the affixes in 0(n0happy22, 00lovely2ness2,
00la#or2er2 "ill #e at level/--% <e!(lar infletions like the
pl(ral $arkers in 00at2s2, and 00pleat2ed2 are at level/---%
&hese are the three levels s(!!ested for the .n!lish lexion #y
Kiparsky%
=n the ontrary, Halle and Mohanan (1985) s(!!ests fo(r
levels for the sa$e .n!lish lexion% *ordin! to the$,
pri$ary infletions and derivations take plae at level/-,
"hereas seondary derivations take plae at level/--- and
Salivendra Jaya a!u 82
Page 2 +0 15
o$po(ndin! at level/--% *t level/->, re!(lar infletions take
plae%
&he t"o i$portant differenes #et"een these t"o $odels are)
1% Kiparsky?s $odel p(ts seondary derivation and
o$po(ndin! at the sa$e level "hereas Halle and
Mohanan?s p(ts the$ at t"o different levels%
2% Kiparsky?s $odel "on?t allo" the loop, #(t Halle and
Mohanan?s allo"s it%
2.2. Telugu Lexicon
Sailaja (1992) ar!(es that level/orderin! sho(ld not #e #ased
entirely on phonolo!ial riteria 0as in Halle and Mohanan
(1985) and Mohanan (1981)2, #(t on $orpholo!ial riteria 0as
in Sie!al (1934), *llen (1938) and Kiparsky (1982, 1985)2%
&he $orpholo!ial riteria for level/orderin! are feedin! and
o(nter feedin! relations #et"een "ord for$ation proesses%
-n this re!ard, Sailaja lai$s that $(t(ally feedin! "ord
for$ation proesses are at the sa$e level% &o sho" this, she
has taken derivations, o$po(nds, !er(nds and pl(rals of
&el(!( into onsideration%
She lai$s that &el(!( s(#/o$po(nds and pl(rals feed eah
other as sho"n in r) a#alla @ ra) a#allal( "hih $eans tt tt
A"ritin! ta#lesB and ka aCo) ( "hih $eans AspetalesB in
"hih the left ste$ is in the pl(ral for$% She also lai$s that
&el(!( s(#/o$po(nds and o/o$po(nds are inp(t to eah
other% S(#/o$po(nds are inp(ts to o/o$po(nds as in
0piiDp(llajja2 D 0 erriD enkajja2 "hih $eans A$ad 8(llaiah
and ra+y >enkaiahB% *nd o/o$po(nds are inp(ts to s(#/
o$po(nds as ill(strated in 0Ce) iD$a a$2 D i e) a$ @ tt tt dt
Ca) i$a a i e) a)l( "hih $eans Ahatred of aste and tt tt dt
reli!ionB% *nother of her lai$s is that &el(!( derivations and
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 83
!er(nds feed pl(rals% Eerivations feed pl(rals as exe$plified
in ()p( D l( @ ()p(l( "hih $eans FlooksB and !er(nds feed
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pl(rals as sho"n in ra)ja a$ D l( @ ra)ja a)l( "hih $eans
Athe ats of "ritin!B% She also lai$s that &el(!( pl(rals feed
o/o$po(nds as in i () a)ki ( "hih $eans Aho(ses and
o(rtyardsB%
She f(rther lai$s that &el(!( derivational affixation and s(#/
o$po(ndin! are inp(ts to eah other% Eerivational affixation
feeds o$po(ndin! as in 000ra)j2 a2 #alla2 "hih $eans tt
A"ritin! ta#leB% 7astly, she lai$s that &el(!( !er(nds are
seen inside s(#/o$po(nds as sho"n in ka a ap(ne)rp( Athe
skill of #(ildin!B%
*ordin! to Sailaja all, the afore$entioned $orpholo!ial
proesses are in $(t(ally feedin! relation% Hene, she p(ts
&el(!( derivations, !er(nds, o$po(nds and pl(rals at the
sa$e level (i%e% level/-) and infletions at level/--%
2.3. Problematic Issues
*t this j(nt(re, this paper exa$ines these lai$s to so$e
extent% Here, t"o of her lai$s an #e ontested% She lai$s
that derivational affixes and s(#/o$po(nds are inp(ts to eah
other% -t $eans that #oth of these proesses are in $(t(ally
feedin! relation% Hene, derivational affixes and o$po(nds
"ill #e at the sa$e level% 6(t there is no evidene for that the
derivational affixes and o/o$po(nds are inp(ts to eah other%
-t $eans that in &el(!( "e an?t find the str(t(re as
0derivational affix D 0GDG2% &his is one pro#le$ "ith Sailaja?s
lai$s%
She also lai$s that &el(!( !er(nds are seen inside s(#/
o$po(nds as in ka a ap(ne)rp( "hih $eans Athe skill of
#(ildin!B% 6(t the &el(!( s(ffix 0/a a$2 has t"o for$s%
&hey are 0/a a$2 the !er(ndival s(ffix and 0/a a$(()2 the
no$inal s(ffix% So$eti$es /( in 0/a a$(()2 !ets deleted%
Salivendra Jaya a!u 86
Here, it is not the !er(ndival s(ffix that "e see in s(#/
o$po(nds #(t the no$inal s(ffix% &hen the proess "ill #e as
follo"s)
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ka a a$( H ne)rp( @ ka a ap(ne)rp(
#(ildin! skill skill of #(ildin!B%
-n this proess, F$? !ets devoied and plosivised ($@p)%
Moreover, this for$ation is not prod(tive at all in &el(!(% So,
this is another pro#le$ "ith Sailaja?s lai$s% Hene, this
paper exa$ines so$e $ore details related to lexial level/
orderin! in &el(!(%
-n vie" of the afore$entioned pro#le$s, there is a need to
reexa$ine lexial level/orderin! in a ne" $odel "hih is
presented Setion 4%
III. Materials, Methods, and Framework
:or this, "e "o(ld like to take the interation #et"een
$orpholo!y and phonolo!y into onsideration% 8honolo!ial
#ehavio(r in the "ord/for$ation proesses has #een
onentrated (pon here% Ho"ever, !enerative fra$e"ork is
adopted for the st(dy%
3.1. Data
:or the present $orphophonolo!ial investi!ation, the re'(ired
data has #een taken fro$ the &el(!( spoken in Krishna and
I(nt(r distrits% &his paper pays attention on so$e &el(!(
no(ns and ver#s and son $orpholo!ial proesses /
Eerivational affixation, !er(ndival affixation, and
o$po(ndin!% Ho"ever, the phonolo!ial #ehavio(r of the
vo"els 0e)2 and 0e)2, and 0o)2 and 0o)2 are entral for the
investi!ation% ;ith re!ard to these vo"els, it is post(lated that
there is vo"el har$ony a$on! the vo"els%
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 87
3.2. Vowel Harmony
&he "ord for$s in the data #elo" are the at(al "ritten for$s
presented in ro$an sript% &he phoneti for$ is the at(al
spoken for$ presented in -nternational 8honeti *lpha#et
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(-8*)% *ll the ei!ht "ords in #oth the sets are disylla#i "ords%
*ll the first sylla#les in the "ords /e:,u and *e: u of set/-
and /e:,a and *e: a of set/-- an #e paid speial attention and
it an #e notied that
their n(lei are the sa$e in their "ritten for$, and
their n(lei in set/- are different fro$ the n(lei in set/-- in
their phoneti for$%
&hese t"o o#servations stand tr(e even for the other fo(r
"ords of the data i.e. g+: u and *+: u tt of set/- and g+: a and
*+: a tt of set/--% Go", the follo"in! data an #e o#served
phonolo!ially%
SET I SET II
Word
honetic
!orm
"loss Word
honetic
!orm
"loss
$eek( 0$e)k(2 nail $eeka 0$e)ka2 !oat
peed( 0pe) (2
#illets
of
"ood
peeda 0pe) a2
d(n! of
attle
!ood( 0!o) (2 !rief !ooda 0!o) a2 "all
pooth( 0po) (2 tt $ale pooth
a
0po) a2 tt po(rin!
Salivendra Jaya a!u 85
-n the a#ove data, it is o#vio(s that vo"el lo"erin! has taken
plae in the "ords presented (nder set/- and set/--% :or
instane, in the "ords F$eek(? and F$eeka?, tho(!h Fee? has
o(rred in the sa$e phoneti environ$ent 0$ / k2, it is
reali+ed as 0e)2 in F$e)k(? and 0e)2 in F$e)ka?% Si$ilarly, in the
ase of F!o) (? and F!o) a?, Foo? has reali+ed as 0o)2 in F!o) (?
and 0o)2 in F!o a? in the sa$e phoneti environ$ent 0! / 2% -f
"e exa$ine the data, it an #e o#served that the vo"el
Page 5 +0 15
in the first sylla#les of the "ords in the set/-- is a(sed #y the
vo"el in the follo"in! sylla#le% Hene, the follo"in!
phonolo!ial r(les an #e esta#lished%
3.3. Deriational a!!ixation
.xa$ine the derivational affixation in &el(!( in the follo"in!
"ords% -n &el(!(, / a is a derivational $orphe$e as sho"n in tt
the "ords #elo"%
i% 0 0 $e)j2
>
ta 2
G
@ 0$e)ta2
Ffodder?
ii% 0 0e)j 2
>
ta 2
G
@ 0e)ta2 Fation?
iii% 0 0ne)j 2
>
ta 2
G
@ 0ne)ta2 F"eavin!?
iv% 0 0$o)j 2
>
ta 2
G
@ 0$o)ta2
Fload?
v% 0 0 po)j 2
>
ta 2
G
@ 0po)ta2
Fpo(rin!?
-n the a#ove andidates / i, ii, and iii, 0a2 in the derivational
s(ffix / a infl(enes 0e)2 in the roots 0 $e)j 2, 0e)j 2, and tt
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 87
0 ne)j2% -n iv and v, 0a2 in the derivational s(ffix / ta infl(enes
0o)2 in the ver#al roots 0$o)j 2 and 0 po)j 2% Go", let (s look
into the ver#al for$s of the a#ove no(ns%
vi% 0 0 $e) j 2 ( 2 @ 0 $e) j( 2 F!ra+e?
vii% 0 0 e) j 2 ( 2 @ 0 e) j( 2 Fdo?
viii% 0 0 ne) j 2 ( 2 @ 0 ne)j( 2 F"eave?
ix% 0 0 $ o) j 2 ( 2 @ 0 $ o)j( 2 Fload?
x% 0 0 po) j 2 ( 2 @ 0 po)j( 2 Fpo(r?
-t an #e notied that 0e)2 and 0o)2 in the a#ove ver#al for$s are
not infl(ened #y the 0(2 the ver#al endin!% Hene, 0(2
Page 7 +0 15
preserves the '(ality of 0e)2 and 0o)2 of the root for$s "hereas
0a2 affets the '(ality of 0e)2 and 0o)2% 8honolo!ially, it an #e
interpreted that vo"el lo"erin! of 0e)2 and 0o)2 is a(sed #y the
vo"el 0a2 in the a#ove ontext% 7et (s exa$ine the
phonolo!ial #ehavior J vo"el lo"erin! f(rther in the ontext
of so$e $orpholo!ial for$ations%
3." #erun$ial a!!ixation
#erb !orm "loss "erundivised!orm "loss
i% pe) n( Fto "ine? pe)na a$ Ft"inin!?
ii% ne)rp( Fto teah ne)rpa a$ Fteahin!?
iii% le)p( Fto a"aken? le)pa a$ Fa"akenin!?
iv% pe)l( Fto shoot? pe)la a$ Fshootin!?
v% $e)p( Fto feed? $e)pa a$ Ffeedin!?
vi% $o)p( Fto set? $o)pa a$ Fsettin!?
vii% o)p( tt Fto p(sh? o)pa a$ tt Fp(shin!?
viii% $o)!( Fto rin!? $o)!a a$ Frin!in!?
ix% $o) ( dt Fto #eat? $o) a a$ dt F#eatin!?
x% po)l( Fto o$pare? po)la a$ Fo$parin!?
-n the a#ove $entioned data, it is very lear that vo"el
lo"erin! has taken plae only after the affixation of the
!er(ndival s(ffix% Hene, it is (nderstood that the !er(nd /
a a$ is in feedin! relation "ith vo"el lo"erin!%
Salivendra Jaya a!u 88
3.% &om'oun$ing
i% pe)ka Da) a pe)ka) a F!a$#lin!?
ii% $e) ta D $o)p( $e) ta$o)p( F#(ndle of fodder?
iii% te)pa D iddar( te)piddar( Fevery ti$e t"o?
iv% Ce)na D ill( Ce)nill( Fs$all ho(se?
v% le)ta D i)ne le)ti)ne Ftender vein of
leaf?
vi% to)ka D i)ka to)ki)ka Ftail and feather?
vii% do)$a D (d#a"a$ do)$o)d#a"a$ F#irth of
$os'(ito?
viii% !o) a D ()a !o) ()a F$etal #ar of "all?
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xi% to)ka D (( to)k(( Fslip knot of tail?
xii% $o)ta D #ar( ( $o)ta#ar( ( Fload "ei!ht?
Gotie that lo"erin! has taken plae prior to o$po(ndin!%
&hey are after affixation and #efore o$po(ndin!% Moreover,
the final vo"el of the first no(ns !ets deleted #ea(se
o$po(ndin! in this ontext is in feedin! relation "ith vo"el
deletion%
I#. $onclusion
*fter exa$inin! all the a#ove $orpholo!ial and phonolo!ial
interation, "e $ay onl(de that &el(!( lexion needs to
have derivations and !er(nds at one level and o$po(nds on
the other level% -n other "ords, all the affixations take plae at
one level and o$po(ndin! on the other% &his !ives rise to the
pro#le$ "ith the pl(ral affixation% 0/l(2, sine &el(!( s(#/
o$po(nds and pl(rals feed eah other% &he $ost possi#le
explanation is that 0/l(2 $ay #e per$itted at #oth the levels
sine it is a str(t(re/preservin! affixation and not
syntatially transparent%
So, the level/orderin! for &el(!( lexion "ill, no", #e as
follo"s)
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 88
7.>.7 / - Eerivations >o"el Har$ony)
(exept o$po(nds) >o"el 7o"erin!
-nfletions
7.>.7 / -- Eerivations >o"el Eeletion
(only o$po(nds)
-nfletions
*ordin! to this vie", lexial level orderin! takes plae d(e
to vo"el lo"erin! #ea(se of vo"el har$ony% &his
pheno$enon of vo"el lo"erin! a(sed #y vo"el har$ony has
not #een taken into onsideration #y Sailaja% *s a res(lt, her
Page 8 +0 15
lexial level orderin! differs fro$ the a#ove $entioned level
orderin!%
Go", the vo"el lo"erin! needs to #e paid attention% -n the
andidates like $e) a$o)p( F#(ndle of fodder? and tt
$o) a#ar( ( Fload "ei!ht?, vo"el lo"erin! lakes after tt
affixation and #efore o$po(ndin!% Ho"ever, in the
andidates like pe)ka) a F!a$#lin!? and !o) ()a F$etal #ar of
"all?, vo"el lo"erin! an #e said to #e #efore o$po(ndin!
#(t not to #e after affixation% ;hat is $ore, vo"el lo"erin!
does not take plae in the !eneral pron(niation of so$e
dialets s(h as the &elan!ana dialet and in standard for$al
pron(niation in literary "orks% &herefore, the appliation of
vo"el lo"erin! is varied% Hene, $otivation of lexial level
orderin! thro(!h vo"el lo"erin! has to ao(nt for all these
variations% -n order to $otivate these variations in a syste$ati
"ay "e need a a(sal approah, "hih is not offered #y
lin!(ists in any other fra$e"ork exept Ka)r$ik 7in!(isti
&heory 0K7&2 / as far as - kno"% -n the next setion, s(h a
a(sal $otivation is offered in the K7& paradi!$ to provide a
prinipled ao(nt of lexial level orderin! "ith $ore
explanatory and desriptive ade'(ay and psyholo!ial
validity%
Salivendra Jaya a!u 80
(LT )otiation o! Lexical Leel or$ering in Telugu
*ordin! to 6h(vanes"ar, (2915a) lan!(a!e is not only u)ed
as a reso(re for the onstr(tion of Ka)r$ik reality #(t also
crea-ed o(t of it% *tional reality is the state of affairs o#tained
"hen an ation is prod(edK dispositional reality is the state of
disposition that !enerates/hooses/speifies/direts and
$ateriali+es ational reality aordin! to its o"n state of
disposition "hih is a o$plex of traits, kno"led!e and
va)sanasK and Ka)r$ik reality is a state of affairs that is
prod(ed #y dispositional reality for the (lti$ate experiene of
the res(lts of ation% :ro$ this perspetive, all the variations
Page 10 +0 15
"ith referene to vo"el lo"erin! are a res(lt of dispositional
hoies $ade aordin! to the different !ro(ps of &el(!(
speakers% &his (nderstandin! has a $ajor fall o(t for analysin!
&el(!( lexial orderin!) variations in for$ are not 0+r/-
)en)i-ive #(t di)*+)i-i+n-)en)i-ive% <elated to this iss(e,
6h(vanes"ar (2915#) proposes three i$portant priniples for
interpretin! s(h dispositionally Ienerated/Lhosen/Speified/
Eireted/Materiali+ed 0ISEMed2 variations% &hey are)
1% ;:8s o$e into existene after a ;:8 is di)*+)i-i+nally
reated and esta#lished #y -LLLS* and r(les are ind(ed a
*+)-eri+ri fro$ the data of the ;:8% &o ela#orate f(rther,
disposition ISEMs all lin!(al ation at the individ(al as "ell
as the !eneral proess level and this 9uali0ying is "hat #rin!s
a#o(t variety/ran!e/depth/(nifor$ity/diversity/o$plexity/
ar#itrariness in lan!(a!e% *s disposition r(les s(pre$e in the
gradual ev+lu-i+n of the data, the r(les #eo$e di)*+)i-i+n-
)en)i-ive #(t n+- for$/sensitive% *s a res(lt, the for$al
str(t(re has to #e $od(lated aordin! to the dispositional
state at the ti$e of reatin! and esta#lishin! the proess and
the r(les fro$ it% Hene, r(les are for$ed dis%osition&
sensitivel' #y $otivatin! for$al r(les thro(!h -LLLS* and
not #y $ere for$al/str(t(ration% :+n)e9uen-ly" exa/*le) are
gr+u*ed -+ge-(er in-+ +ne ca-eg+ry acc+rding -+ I:::S1
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 81
-a,ing in-+ c+n)idera-i+n -(e $is'ositionali*ation +0 0+r/al
rule +rdering% &his "ill #e larified in the setion 2a:r/i,
Lingui)-ic ;+-iva-i+n +0 ule 1**lica-i+n later%
2% &he r(les operate "ithin the )*eci0ic d+/ain and cul-ural
c+n-ex- in "hih the ;:8 takes plae%
5% &he r(les are au-+n+/+u)ly for$ed "ithM"itho(t referene
to other r(les and hene they $ay or $ay not follo"Mviolate
other r(les%
&he sa$e r(les an #e (sed to $otivate lexial orderin! in
&el(!( as follo"s%
Page 11 +0 15
)otiation o! Vowel Harmony
>o"el har$ony "ith referene vo"el lo"erin! is desri#ed
and explained in the data presented a#ove% >o"el lo"erin!
takes plae after affixation #efore o$po(ndin! in the
andidates like $e) a$o)p( F#(ndle of fodder? and tt
$o) a#ar( ( Fload "ei!ht?% 6(t, in the andidates like tt
pe)ka) a F!a$#lin!? and !o) ()a F$etal #ar of "all? vo"el
lo"erin! an #e said to #e #efore o$po(ndin! #(t not to #e
after affixation / hene the ano$aly% &his ano$aly an #e
resolved #y dispositionali+ation of the for$al proessin! of
vo"el lo"erin!% &he dispositionali+ation o(rs in a
soioo!nitive lin!(isti fra$e"ork as sho"n #elo" in the
K7& Iraphs 1* and 16 aordin! to 6h(vanes"ar (i#id%)
Salivendra Jaya a!u 82
-n the data taken into onsideration, vo"el lo"erin! took plae
in the first sylla#le d(e to the vo"el o(rred in the seond
sylla#le% &he vo"el MaM o(rred in the seond sylla#le is a lo"
vo"el and the vo"els Me)M and Mo)M o(rred in the first sylla#le
are lose/$id vo"els% &he open (lo") vo"el MaM affets Me)M and
Mo)M and lo"ers the$ to Me)M and M )M respetively as ill(strated
in the fi!(re #elo"%
Page 12 +0 15
:i!%) Vowel Diagram
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 83
1cc+rding -+ -(e di)*+)i-i+nal c(+ice" -(e )*ea,er c(+)e le))
e00+r- a) an +*-i+n. T(e le)) e00+r- cau)e) ea)e +0 ar-icula-i+n"
.(ic( lead) -+ v+.el l+.ering% 7et (s ill(strate the
dispositional hoie of vo"el lo"erin! "ith the exa$ples
!iven #elo"%
a) $eeka 0$e)ka2 F!oat?
#) !ooda 0!o) a2 F"all?
) $e) a tt 0$e) a2 tt Ffodder?
d) $o) a tt 0$o) a2 tt Fload?
e) $e)p( 0$e)pa a$2 Ffeedin!?
f) $o)p( 0$o)pa a$2 Fsettin!?
!) pe)ka) a 0pe)ka) a2 F!a$#lin!?
h) $o) a#ar( ( tt 0$o) a#ar( (2 tt Fload "ei!ht?
:ro$ the a#ove exa$ples, three o(rrenes of vo"el
lo"erin! (>7) an #e o#served) 1) it takes plae #efore any
affixation as in (a) and (#), 2) it takes plae after affixation as
in () and (d), 5) it takes plae after o$po(ndin! as in (e) and
(f), and 4) it takes plae #efore o$po(ndin! as in (!) and (h)%
&his an #e explained "ith referene to the K7& !raph 1* as
follo"s%
Page 13 +0 15
;ith referene to the speaker of vo"el lo"erin!, his or her
dispositional hoie i$pels hi$ or her to o!ni+e the "ord
thro(!h ease of arti(lation that a(ses vo"el lo"erin!% &h(s,
the a#ove data is dispositionally prod(ed #(t not derived fro$
Nniversal Ira$$ar% &hat is "hy this vo"el lo"erin! is
o#served in one dialet #(t not in other dialets (&elan!ana and
Standard 7iterary <e!ister)%
&he disposition of a vo"el lo"erin! speaker an #e interpreted
as follo"s%
&he !(Ga)s (traits) of the speaker are &a)$asik (inertial)% *s a
res(lt, heMshe "ants to perfor$ the ation of prono(nin! the
"ord &a)$asikally% &his trait i$pats on the kno"led!e of the
Salivendra Jaya a!u 86
"ord and dispositionali+es its pron(niation% -n a si$ilar "ay
hisMher va)sana i$pats on the kno"led!e of the "ord and
exe(tes the pron(niation of the "ord &a)$asikally #y the
onj(ntion of the !(Ga)s and va)sana% &h(s, the for$al
kno"led!e of the "ord !ets dispositionali+ed% *t the sa$e
ti$e, the kno"led!e of the "ord is o#tained fro$ the "orld
vie" '(adrant #y its refletion in the onsio(sness '(alified
disposition (L/'/E)% Go", the dispositional i$p(lsion does not
take plae in isolation #(t in a ontext% So, the ontext(al
ativity represented in the dia!ra$ #y the dia!onal i$pats on
the dispositionally o!ni+ed kno"led!e of the "ord% :inally,
the o$#ination of disposition, kno"led!e, and ontext !et
(nified into a sin!le pheno$enon% &his (nified dispositional
i$p(lsion projets the o!ne$e of the "ord "ith vo"el
lo"erin! for its reali+ation in a ontext% -n addition, the
o!ne$e is reali+ed "ith its vo"el lo"erin! in a three/sta!e
proess) 1) Lonept(ali+ation, 2) 8atternin! and Str(t(re, and
5) So(nd for$ as sho"n in K7& !raph 16%
*s a &a)$asik speaker (ses the "ord in interpersonal
o$$(niation, the other speaker also aepts this
pron(niation and f(rther spreads it #y analo!y% *s the "ord is
Page 16 +0 15
(sed a!ain and a!ain "ith the sa$e pron(niation, it !ets
esta#lished in the (lt(ral $e$ory of the lan!(a!e o$$(nity%
:ro$ that point on"ards, it is trans$itted and perpet(ated in
the lan!(a!e as sho"n in the follo"in! net"ork%
Lexical Level-Ordering In Telugu OPiL.37:2011 87
1) -/-/- net"orkin! of the "ord as a net"ork "ithin a
net"ork and inte!ration takes plae #y !rad(al evol(tion%
(a+rmi, -.a$ial/ 0r$ering o! Telugu Lexicon
-n the !enerative fra$e"ork, the lexion is ordered in a
hierarhy% *s s(h, the proesses are not psyholo!ially
pla(si#le, #ea(se in lan!(a!e different levels $ay #e
proessed in a linear or parallel or yli $anner fro$ a
dyna$i perspetive% Ho"ever, "hen a lin!(isti proess is
synoptially vie"ed, it t(rns o(t to #e a radial proess% &o
ill(strate this point, let (s take the ase of arran!e$ent of
phonolo!y, lexis, syntax, and se$antis% -n the
onept(ali+ation proess, "e $ay think of "ords first and
then p(t the$ in a syntati pattern and as a parallel proess
i$#(e it "ith $eanin!% &hen, all these levels "ill #e #ro(!ht
to!ether #y #indin! into a sin!le (nified o!ne$e% -n this
o!ne$e, there is no hierarhy, #(t only an e'(al stat(s for all
the radii / even in reation the onept of hierarhy is an
Page 17 +0 15
ill(sion sine a $o(ntain has its o"n f(ntion and a #lade of
!rass its o"n) none is inferior nor s(perior% -t is apt(red in the
follo"in! dia!ra$%
7evel / - 7evel / - 7evel / --
7evel / --
(etwork )) *ierarchical and E+ui&archical
,rderin- o! Telu-u Le.icon
-n vie" of the pheno$ena of >o"el 7o"erin! and 7exial
7evel =rderin! takin! plae dispositionally, s(h an ao(nt
looks $ore explanatorily and desriptively ade'(ate and
Salivendra Jaya a!u 85
psyholo!ially valid% Hene, Ka)r$ik lin!(isti $otivation is
#etter s(ited for explainin! s(h pheno$ena in phonolo!y%
REFERE($ES
*llen, M% (1938)% Morpholo!ial -nvesti!ations, Eotoral
Eissertation, Nniversity of Lonneti(t%
Halle, M% and Mohanan, K%8% (1985)% Seg/en-al P(+n+l+gy +0
;+dern #ngli)(, 7in!(isti .n'(iry 111 pp%53/111%
Kriprasky, 8% (1982)% Lexical ;+r*(+l+gy and P(+n+l+gy, -%S% Oan!
(ed%), 7in!(istis in the Mornin! Lal$, Hashin, Seo(l%
_____________ (1985)% <+rd-0+r/a-i+n and -(e Lexic+n, :%
-n!er$an (ed%), 8roeedin!s of the Mid *$eria 7in!(istis
Lonferene, Nniversity of Kansas%
Mohanan, K%8% (1981)% &he &heory of 7exial 8honolo!y, E% <eidel
8(#lishin! Lo$pany, Eordreht%
Sailaja, 8% (1985)% So$e *spets of the >o"el 8honolo!y of
&el(!( and &el(!(/.n!lish, M% 7itt% Eissertation% L-.:7,
Hydera#ad%
PPPPPPPPP (1999)% 8honolo!ial and Syntati Lriteria in ;ord/
for$ation) * St(dy of &el(!( and .n!lish, Eotoral Eissertation,
L-.:7, Hydera#ad%
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