Tut09 PDF

Tutorial 9.
Using a Single Rotating Reference Frame

Introduction
This tutorial considers the ow within a 2D, axisymmetric, co-rotating disk cavity system.
Understanding the behavior of such ows is important in the design of secondary air
passages for turbine disk cooling.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Set up a 2D axisymmetric model with swirl, using a rotating reference frame.
Use the standard k- and RNG k- turbulence models with the enhanced near-wall
treatment.
Calculate a solution using the pressure-based solver.
Display velocity vectors and contours of pressure.
Set up and display XY plots of radial velocity and wall y
+
distribution.
Restart the solver from an existing solution.
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Tutorial 1, and
that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu structure.
Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
The problem to be considered is shown schematically in Figure 9.1. This case is similar
to a disk cavity conguration that was extensively studied by Pincombe [1].
Air enters the cavity between two co-rotating disks. The disks are 88.6 cm in diameter
and the air enters at 1.146 m/s through a circular bore 8.86 cm in diameter. The disks,
which are 6.2 cm apart, are spinning at 71.08 rpm, and the air enters with no swirl. As
the ow is diverted radially, the rotation of the disk has a signicant eect on the viscous
ow developing along the surface of the disk.
Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. March 12, 2009 9-1
Rotating
Disk
Rotating
Disk
Outow
Inow
71.08 rpm
6.2 cm
44.3 cm
4.43 cm
Figure 9.1: Problem Specication
As noted by Pincombe [1], there are two nondimensional parameters that characterize
this type of disk cavity ow: the volume ow rate coecient, C
w
, and the rotational
Reynolds number, Re
. These parameters are dened as follows:

C
w
=
Q
r
out
(9.1)
Re
=
r
2
out
(9.2)
where Q is the volumetric ow rate, is the rotational speed, is the kinematic viscosity,
and r
out
is the outer radius of the disks. Here, you will consider a case for which C
w
=
1092 and Re
= 10
5
.
9-2 Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. March 12, 2009
Setup and Solution
Preparation
1. Download single_rotating.zip from the User Services Center to your working
folder (as described in Tutorial 1).
2. Unzip single_rotating.zip.
The le disk.msh can be found in the single rotating folder created after unzip-
ping the le.
3. Use FLUENT Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS FLUENT.
For more information about FLUENT Launcher, see Section 1.1.2 in the separate
Users Guide.
Note: The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, once you read in the mesh,
it will be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
Step 1: Mesh
1. Read the mesh le (disk.msh).
File Read Mesh...
As ANSYS FLUENT reads the mesh le, it will report its progress in the console.
Step 2: General Settings
General
1. Check the mesh.
General Check
ANSYS FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and report the progress
in the console. Make sure that the reported minimum volume is a positive number.
2. Examine the mesh (Figure 9.2).
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which zone number corresponds
to each boundary. If you click the right mouse button on one of the boundaries
in the graphics window, information will be displayed in the ANSYS FLUENT
console about the associated zone, including the name of the zone. This feature
is especially useful when you have several zones of the same type and you want
to distinguish between them quickly.
Mesh
FLUENT 12.0 (2d, dp, pbns, lam)

Figure 9.2: Mesh Display for the Disk Cavity
3. Dene new units for angular velocity and length.
General Units...
In the problem description, angular velocity and length are specied in rpm and cm,
respectively, which is more convenient in this case. These are not the default units
for these quantities.
(a) Select angular-velocity from the Quantities list, and rpm in the Units list.
(b) Select length from the Quantities list, and cm in the Units list.
(c) Close the Set Units dialog box.
4. Specify the solver formulation to be used for the model calculation and enable the
modeling of axisymmetric swirl.
General
(a) Retain the default selection of Pressure-Based in the Type list.
(b) Retain the default selection of Absolute in the Velocity Formulation list.
For a rotating reference frame, the absolute velocity formulation has some
numerical advantages.
(c) Select Axisymmetric Swirl in the 2D Space list.
Step 3: Models
Models
1. Enable the standard k- turbulence model with the enhanced near-wall treatment.
Models Viscous Edit...
(a) Select k-epsilon in the Model list.
The Viscous Model dialog box will expand.
(b) Retain the default selection of Standard in the k-epsilon Model list.
(c) Select Enhanced Wall Treatment in the Near-Wall Treatment list.
(d) Click OK to close the Viscous Model dialog box.
The ability to calculate a swirl velocity permits the use of a 2D mesh, so the
calculation is simpler and more economical to run. This is especially important
for problems where the enhanced wall treatment is used. The near-wall ow
eld is resolved through the viscous sublayer and buer zones (that is, the rst
mesh point away from the wall is placed at a y
+
of the order of 1).
For details, see Section 4.12.4 in the separate Theory Guide.
Step 4: Materials
Materials
For the present analysis, you will model air as an incompressible uid with a density of
1.225 kg/m
3
and a dynamic viscosity of 1.789410
5
kg/m-s. Since these are the default
values, no change is required in the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
1. Retain the default properties for air.
Materials air Create/Edit...
Extra: You can modify the uid properties for air at any time or copy another
material from the database.
2. Click Close to close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
For details, see Chapter 8 in the separate Users Guide.
Step 5: Cell Zone Conditions
Cell Zone Conditions
Set up the present problem using a rotating reference frame for the uid. Then dene the
disk walls to rotate with the moving frame.
1. Dene the rotating reference frame for the uid zone (uid-7).
Cell Zone Conditions uid-7 Edit...
(a) Select Moving Reference Frame from the Motion Type drop-down list.
(b) Enter 71.08 rpm for Speed in the Rotational Velocity group box.
(c) Click OK to close the Fluid dialog box.
Step 6: Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions
1. Set the following conditions at the ow inlet (velocity-inlet-2).
Boundary Conditions velocity-inlet-2 Edit...
(a) Select Components from the Velocity Specication Method drop-down list.
(b) Enter 1.146 m/s for Axial-Velocity.
(c) Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specication Method drop-
down list in the Turbulence group box.
(d) Enter 2.6% for Turbulent Intensity.
(e) Enter 8.86 cm for Hydraulic Diameter.
(f) Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
2. Set the following conditions at the ow outlet (pressure-outlet-3).
Boundary Conditions pressure-outlet-3 Edit...
(a) Retain the default selection of Normal to Boundary from the Backow Direction
Specication Method drop-down list.
(b) Select Intensity and Viscosity Ratio from the Specication Method drop-down
list in the Turbulence group box.
(c) Enter 5% for Backow Turbulent Intensity.
(d) Retain the default value of 10 for Backow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio.
(e) Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
Note: ANSYS FLUENT will use the backow conditions only if the uid is
owing into the computational domain through the outlet. Since backow
might occur at some point during the solution procedure, you should set
reasonable backow conditions to prevent convergence from being adversely
aected.
3. Accept the default settings for the disk walls (wall-6).
Boundary Conditions wall-6 Edit...
(a) Click OK to close the Wall dialog box.
Note: For a rotating reference frame, ANSYS FLUENT assumes by default that all
walls rotate at the speed of the moving reference frame, and hence are moving
with respect to the stationary (absolute) reference frame. To specify a non-
rotating wall, you must specify a rotational speed of 0 in the absolute frame.
Step 7: Solution Using the Standard k- Model
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solution Methods
(a) Retain the default selection of Least Squares Cell Based from the Gradient list
in the Spatial Discretization group box.
(b) Select PRESTO! from the Pressure drop-down list in the Spatial Discretization
group box.
The PRESTO! scheme is well suited for steep pressure gradients involved in
rotating ows. It provides improved pressure interpolation in situations where
large body forces or strong pressure variations are present as in swirling ows.
(c) Select Second Order Upwind from the Momentum, Swirl Velocity, Turbulent Ki-
netic Energy, and Turbulent Dissipation Rate drop-down lists.
Use the scroll bar to access the discretization schemes that are not initially
visible in the task page.
2. Set the solution controls.
Solution Controls
(a) Retain the default values in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box.
Note: For this problem, the default under-relaxation factors are satisfactory.
However, if the solution diverges or the residuals display large oscillations,
you may need to reduce the under-relaxation factors from their default
values.
For tips on how to adjust the under-relaxation parameters for dierent situa-
tions, see Section 26.3.2 in the separate Users Guide.
3. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.
Monitors Residuals Edit...
(a) Ensure that Plot is enabled in the Options group box.
(b) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.
Note: For this calculation, the convergence tolerance on the continuity equation is
kept at 0.001. Depending on the behavior of the solution, you can reduce this
value if necessary.
4. Enable the plotting of mass ow rate at the ow exit.
Monitors (Surface Monitors)Create...
(a) Enable the Plot and Write options for surf-mon-1.
Note: When the Write option is selected in the Surface Monitor dialog box,the
mass ow rate history will be written to a le. If you do not enable
theWrite option, the history information will be lost when you exit ANSYS
FLUENT.
(b) Select Mass Flow Rate from the Report Type drop-down list.
(c) Select pressure-outlet-3 from the Surfaces selection list.
(d) Click OK in the Surface Monitor dialog box to enable the monitor.
5. Initialize the ow eld using the boundary conditions set at velocity-inlet-2.
Solution Initialization
(a) Select velocity-inlet-2 from the Compute From drop-down list.
(b) Click Initialize.
6. Save the case le (disk-ke.cas.gz).
File Write Case...
7. Start the calculation by requesting 500 iterations.
Run Calculation
(a) Enter 500 for the Number of Iterations.
(b) Click Calculate.
Throughout the calculation, ANSYS FLUENT will report reversed ow at the
exit. This is reasonable for the current case. The solution should be suciently
converged after approximately 225 iterations. The mass ow rate history is
shown in Figure 9.3.
Figure 9.3: Mass Flow Rate History (k- Turbulence Model)
8. Check the mass ux balance.
Reports Fluxes Set Up...
!
Although the mass ow rate history indicates that the solution is con-
verged, you should also check the net mass uxes through the domain to
ensure that mass is being conserved.
(a) Select velocity-inlet-2 and pressure-outlet-3 from the Boundaries selection list.
(b) Retain the default Mass Flow Rate option.
(c) Click Compute and close the Flux Reports dialog box.
!
The net mass imbalance should be a small fraction (say, 0.5%) of the total
ux through the system. If a signicant imbalance occurs, you should
decrease the residual tolerances by at least an order of magnitude and
continue iterating.
9. Save the data le (disk-ke.dat.gz).
File Write Data...
Note: If you choose a le name that already exists in the current folder, ANSYS FLU-
ENT will prompt you for conrmation to overwrite the le.
Step 8: Postprocessing for the Standard k- Solution
1. Display the velocity vectors.
Graphics and Animations Vectors Set Up...
(a) Enter 50 for Scale
(b) Set Skip to 1.
(c) Click the Vector Options... button to open the Vector Options dialog box.
i. Disable Z Component.
This allows you to examine only the non-swirling components.
ii. Click Apply and close the Vector Options dialog box.
(d) Click Display in the Vectors dialog box to plot the velocity vectors.
A magnied view of the velocity eld displaying a counter-clockwise circulation
of the ow is shown in Figure 9.4.
Figure 9.4: Magnied View of Velocity Vectors within the Disk Cavity
(e) Close the Vectors dialog box.
2. Display lled contours of static pressure.
Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...
(a) Enable Filled in the Options group box.
(b) Retain the selection of Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of
drop-down lists.
(c) Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.
The pressure contours are displayed in Figure 9.5. Notice the high pressure that
occurs on the right disk near the hub due to the stagnation of the ow entering from
the bore.
Figure 9.5: Contours of Static Pressure for the Entire Disk Cavity
3. Create a constant y-coordinate line for postprocessing.
Surface Iso-Surface...
(a) Select Mesh... and Y-Coordinate from the Surface of Constant drop-down lists.
(b) Click Compute to update the minimum and maximum values.
(c) Enter 37 in the Iso-Values eld.
This is the radial position along which you will plot the radial velocity prole.
(d) Enter y=37cm for the New Surface Name.
(e) Click Create to create the isosurface.
Note: The name you use for an isosurface can be any continuous string of
characters (without spaces).
(f) Close the Iso-Surface dialog box.
4. Plot the radial velocity distribution on the surface y=37cm.
Plots XY Plot Set Up...
(a) Select Velocity... and Radial Velocity from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists.
(b) Select the y-coordinate line y=37cm from the Surfaces selection list.
(c) Click Plot.
Figure 9.6 shows a plot of the radial velocity distribution along y = 37 cm.
Figure 9.6: Radial Velocity DistributionStandard k- Solution
(d) Enable Write to File in the Options group box to save the radial velocity prole.
(e) Click the Write... button to open the Select File dialog box.
i. Enter ke-data.xy in the XY File text entry box and click OK.
5. Plot the wall y+ distribution on the rotating disk wall along the radial direction
(Figure 9.7).
(a) Disable Write to File in the Options group box.
(b) Select Turbulence... and Wall Yplus from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists.
(c) Deselect y=37cm and select wall-6 from the Surfaces selection list.
(d) Enter 0 and 1 for X and Y respectively in the Plot Direction group box.
(e) Click the Axes... button to open the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
i. Retain the default selection of X from the Axis group box.
ii. Disable Auto Range in the Options group box.
iii. Retain the default value of 0 for Minimum and enter 43 for Maximum in
the Range group box.
iv. Click Apply and close the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
(f) Click Plot in the Solution XY Plot dialog box.
Figure 9.7 shows a plot of wall y+ distribution along wall-6.
Figure 9.7: Wall Yplus Distribution on wall-6Standard k- Solution
(g) Enable Write to File in the Options group box to save the wall y+ prole.
(h) Click the Write... button to open the Select File dialog box.
i. Enter ke-yplus.xy in the XY File text entry box and click OK.
Note: Ideally, while using enhanced wall treatment, the wall y+ should be in
the order of 1 (at least < 5) to resolve viscous sublayer. The plot justies
the applicability of enhanced wall treatment to the given mesh.
(i) Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box.
Step 9: Solution Using the RNG k- Model
Recalculate the solution using the RNG k- turbulence model.
1. Enable the RNG k- turbulence model with the enhanced near-wall treatment.
Models Viscous Edit...
(a) Select RNG in the k-epsilon Model list.
(b) Enable Dierential Viscosity Model and Swirl Dominated Flow in the RNG Op-
tions group box.
The dierential viscosity model and swirl modication can provide better ac-
curacy for swirling ows such as the disk cavity.
For more information, see Section 4.4.2 in the separate Theory Guide.
(c) Retain Enhanced Wall Treatment as the Near-Wall Treatment.
(d) Click OK to close the Viscous Model dialog box.
2. Continue the calculation by requesting 200 iterations.
Run Calculation
The solution converges after approximately 105 additional iterations.
3. Save the case and data les (disk-rng.cas.gz and disk-rng.dat.gz).
File Write Case & Data...
Step 10: Postprocessing for the RNG k- Solution
1. Plot the radial velocity distribution for the RNG k- solution and compare it with
the distribution for the standard k- solution.
(a) Enter 1 and 0 for X and Y respectively in the Plot Direction group box.
(b) Select Velocity... and Radial Velocity from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists.
(c) Select y=37cm and deselect wall-6 from the Surfaces selection list.
(d) Disable the Write to File option.
(e) Click the Load File... button to load the k- data.
i. Select the le ke-data.xy in the Select File dialog box.
ii. Click OK.
(f) Click the Axes... button to open the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
i. Enable Auto Range in the Options group box.
ii. Click Apply and close the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
(g) Click the Curves... button to open the Curves - Solution XY Plot dialog box,
where you will dene a dierent curve symbol for the RNG k- data.
i. Retain 0 for the Curve #.
ii. Select x from the Symbol drop-down list.
iii. Click Apply and close the Curves - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
(h) Click Plot in the Solution XY Plot dialog box (Figure 9.8).
Figure 9.8: Radial Velocity DistributionRNG k- and Standard k- Solutions
The peak velocity predicted by the RNG k- solution is higher than that pre-
dicted by the k- solution.This is due to the less diusive character of the RNG
k- model. Adjust the range of the x axis to magnify the region of the peaks.
(i) Click the Axes... button to open the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box, where
you will specify the x-axis range.
i. Disable Auto Range in the Options group box.
ii. Retain the value of 0 for Minimum and enter 1 for Maximum in the Range
dialog box.
iii. Click Apply and close the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
(j) Click Plot.
The dierence between the peak values calculated by the two models is now
more apparent.
Figure 9.9: RNG k- and Standard k- Solutions (x = 0 cm to x = 1 cm)
2. Plot the wall y+ distribution on the rotating disk wall along the radial direction
Figure 9.10.
(a) Select Turbulence... and Wall Yplus from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists.
(b) Deselect y=37cm and select wall-6 from the Surfaces selection list.
(c) Enter 0 and 1 for X and Y respectively in the Plot Direction group box.
(d) Select any existing les that appear in the File Data selection list and click the
Free Data button to remove the le.
(e) Click the Load File... button to load the RNG k- data.
i. Select the le ke-yplus.xy in the Select File dialog box.
ii. Click OK.
(f) Click the Axes... button to open the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
i. Retain the default selection of X from the Axis group box.
ii. Retain the default value of 0 for Minimum and enter 43 for Maximum in
the Range group box.
iii. Click Apply and close the Axes - Solution XY Plot dialog box.
(g) Click Plot in the Solution XY Plot dialog box.
Figure 9.10: wall-6RNG k- and Standard k- Solutions (x = 0 cm to x = 43 cm)
Summary
This tutorial illustrated the setup and solution of a 2D, axisymmetric disk cavity problem
in ANSYS FLUENT. The ability to calculate a swirl velocity permits the use of a 2D mesh,
thereby making the calculation simpler and more economical to run than a 3D model.
This can be important for problems where the enhanced wall treatment is used, and the
near-wall ow eld is resolved using a ne mesh (the rst mesh point away from the wall
being placed at a y+ on the order of 1).
For more information about mesh considerations for turbulence modeling, see Section 12.3
in the separate Users Guide.
Further Improvements
The case modeled in this tutorial lends itself to parametric study due to its relatively
small size. Here are some things you may wish to try:
Separate wall-6 into two walls.
Mesh Separate Faces...
Specify one wall to be stationary, and rerun the calculation.
Use adaption to see if resolving the high velocity and pressure-gradient region of
the ow has a signicant eect on the solution.
Introduce a non-zero swirl at the inlet or use a velocity prole for fully-developed
pipe ow. This is probably more realistic than the constant axial velocity used
here, since the ow at the inlet is typically being supplied by a pipe.
Model compressible ow (using the ideal gas law for density) rather than assuming
incompressible ow text.
This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able
to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization
scheme and by adapting the mesh. Mesh adaption can also ensure that the solution is
independent of the mesh. These steps are demonstrated in Tutorial 1.
References
1. Pincombe, J.R., Velocity Measurements in the Mk II - Rotating Cavity Rig with a
Radial Outow, Thermo-Fluid Mechanics Research Centre, University of Sussex,
Brighton, UK, 1981.

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Tutorial 9.

Using a Single Rotating Reference Frame

. These parameters are dened as follows:

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