where the action potential occurs is called: Your Answer: the axon.
2.
The specific region on the axon where an action potential is generated is called: Your Answer: the axon hillock.
3.
What support cell forms the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system? Your Answer: Schwann cells
4.
The gaps between Schwann cells that are essential for the conduction of the action potential are called: Your Answer: nodes of Ranvier.
5.
Neurons can communicate with, or stimulate, which of the following? Your Answer: Neurons, muscles, and glands
6.
Signals from other neurons are received on what parts of the neuron? Your Answer: Both dendrites and the soma
7.
What type of neuron was examined in this section? Your Answer: Multipolar
8.
If an axon branches, these branches of the neuron are called: Your Answer: axon collaterals.
9.
What is the correct order of the path of information in a neuron from input to output? Your Answer: Dendrites, soma, axon
10.
In myelination, what part of the Schwann cell becomes the insulation? Your Answer: The cell cytoplasm
Correct Answer: The cell membrane
Review page 10 of Nervous System I: Anatomy Review. 1. What structures in the cell membrane function as ion channels? Your Answer: Integral proteins
2. Passive sodium channels in the cell membrane will allow sodium to move: Your Answer: into the cell.
3. Another name for passive channels is: Your Answer: leakage channels.
4. What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron? Your Answer: -70 mV
5. What ions pass into the cell when acetylcholine binds to its chemically gated channel? Your Answer: Sodium
6. Chemically gated channels are located mainly on what parts of the neuron? Your Answer: All parts of the neuron Correct Answer: Both dendrites and soma (cell body) Review page 8 in Nervous System I: Ion Channels.
7. Which channels are responsible for the action potential? Your Answer: Voltage-gated channels
8. Which of the following statements about voltage-gated sodium channels is correct? Your Answer: They are sensitive to changes in membrane potential.
9. What channel allows chloride to enter the cell? Your Answer: Chemically gated acetylcholine channels
Correct Answer: Chemically gated GABA channels Review page 7 in Nervous System I: Ion Channels.
10. The Japanese puffer fish contains a deadly toxin (tetrodotoxin) that can lead to death due to which of the following reasons? Your Answer: This toxin stops synaptic potentials. Correct Answer: This toxin stops action potentials. Review Quiz 6 in Nervous System I: Ion Channels 1. Excitable cells are most permeable to which of the following cations? Your Answer: Sodium
Correct Answer: Potassium
Review page 4 of Nervous System I: The Membrane Potential.
2. What is the major cation inside the cell? Your Answer: Potassium
3. Which of the following would increase membrane permeability to K + ? Your Answer: Opening of voltage-gated K + channels
4. In a cell selectively permeable only to K + , what force will push K + out of the cell? Your Answer: Concentration gradient
5. As more and more K + ions leave a cell, what force will tend to pull K + ions back into the cell? Your Answer: Electrical gradient
6. When the electrical and chemical gradients for K + are equal, what will happen to the net movement of K + ? Your Answer: There will be no net movement of K + across the membrane.
7. The inside of an excitable cell is negative compared with the outside. What gradient(s) would tend to move Na + into the cell? Your Answer: Both the concentration and electrical gradient
8. Because the neuron is permeable to Na + as well as K + , the resting membrane potential is _____ mV. Your Answer: -70 mV
9. At a resting membrane potential of -70 mV, K + tends to leak out of the cell and Na + tends to leak into the cell. The Na + /K + pump stops this leakage. How many sodium and potassium ions are moved, and in what direction do they move (in or out)? Your Answer: 3 Na + out, 2 K + in
10. What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a neuron if the extracellular concentration of K + decreased (from 5 to 2.5 mM/L)? Your Answer: The membrane potential would become more negative.
The action potential is a transient change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to +30 mV, then back to - 70 mV. This change is caused by the opening of first _____ then _____ voltage-gated channels. Your Answer: Na + then K +
2. What area(s) of the neuron generate signals that open the voltage-gated channels in the first part of the axon, thus causing an action potential? Your Answer: The axon hillock
Correct Answer: Dendrites and cell body Review page 4 of Nervous System I: The Action Potential.
3. As the axon hillock depolarizes, Voltage- gated Na + channels open and Na + moves (into or out of) __________ the cell causing further (depolarization or repolarization) __________. Your Answer: into; depolarization
4. If depolarization reaches -55 mV, an action potential will be generated. What is this -55 mV trigger point called? Your Answer: Threshold
5. At the end of the depolarization phase, what voltage-gated channels open to help restore the resting membrane potential? Your Answer: Voltage-gated K + channels
6. Repolarization is caused by the movement of what ion (sodium or potassium), in what direction (into or out of the cell)? Your Answer: potassium; out of the cell
7. After an action potential, the membrane becomes more negative than -70 mV. This period is called: Your Answer: hyperpolarization.
8. After a neuron has generated an action potential, it cannot generate another one for a while. This period is called: Your Answer: the absolute refractory period.
9. The fastest conduction of an action potential would occur in an axon with which of the following characteristics? Your Answer: Large diameter and myelinated
10. What is the name of the disease in which the myelin sheaths of central nervous system axons are destroyed? Your Answer: Multiple sclerosis
1. The somatic nervous system stimulates what type of muscles? Your Answer: Skeletal
2. Will signals from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) cause heart rate to increase or decrease? Your Answer: Increase
3. Will signals from the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) cause smooth muscles in the small intestine to increase or decrease contractions? Your Answer: Decrease
Correct Answer: Increase
Review page 3 in Nervous System II: Anatomy Review.
4. If a neuron synapses with the dendrite of another neuron and excites it, this will lead to an ____________ on the second neuron. Your Answer: action potential
5. Synapses between axon terminals of one neuron and the cell body of another neuron are called: Your Answer: axosomatic synapses.
6. The type of synapse that regulates the amount of chemical transmitter that is released is called an: Your Answer: axosomatic synapse.
Correct Answer: axoaxonic synapse.
Review page 5 in Nervous System II: Anatomy Review.
7. In an electrical synapse, when current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions, this synapse is always __________. Your Answer: excitatory
8. Which of these choices is the fastest synapse? Your Answer: Electrical
9. In chemical synapses, one neuron excites another neuron by: Your Answer: releasing a neurotransmitter.
10. What causes the neurotransmitter to be released at a chemical synapse? Your Answer: An action potential in the presynaptic neuron 1. Which type of channel is responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential? Your Answer: Passive channels
2. Which type of channel is responsible for establishing synaptic potentials? Your Answer: Chemically gated channels
3. An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is produced when the movement of ions makes the inside of the cell more __________. Your Answer: positive
4. Ion channels on a typical excitatory synapse are specific for __________. Your Answer: cations, such as sodium and potassium
5. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes the inside of the cell more __________. Your Answer: negative
6. Ion channels in a typical inhibitory synapse are specific for which of the following ions? Your Answer: Chloride
7. An example of a neurotransmitter that works indirectly, by using a second messenger instead of opening ion channels, is: Your Answer: GABA.
Correct Answer: norepinephrine (NE).
Review page 7 in Nervous System II: Ion Channels.
8. Which of the following neurotransmitters only act indirectly? Your Answer: GABA
Correct Answer: Norepinephrine (NE)
Review page 7 in Nervous System II: Ion Channels.
9. Which of the following neurotransmitters can act both directly and indirectly? Your Answer: Norepinephrine (NE)
Correct Answer: Acetylcholine (ACh)
Review page 7 in Nervous System II: Ion Channels.
10. When a neurotransmitter acts indirectly, it activates a G protein, which then activates an enzyme that produces a second messenger. What does the second messenger activate? Your Answer: An intracellular enzyme 1. What channels in the presynaptic membrane open in response to an action potential? Your Answer: Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels
2. The presence of what ion inside the axon terminal causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane? Your Answer: Calcium
3. What is stored in the synaptic vesicle? Your Answer: Neurotransmitters
4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors located on the: Your Answer: presynaptic membrane.
Correct Answer: postsynaptic membrane.
Review page 4 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission.
5. How can ion movement through channels affect the postsynaptic neuron? Your Answer: Ions can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, depending on the ion channel opened.
6. What happens to acetylcholine (ACh) when it dissociates from its receptor? Your Answer: It is broken down by an enzyme.
7. Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to cholinergic receptors. Name the type of cholinergic receptor found in the heart and describe the effect on heart rate when ACh binds to this receptor. Your Answer: Muscarinic receptor; increases heart rate
Review page 8 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission.
8. Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors. Name the type of adrenergic receptor that is excitatory to the heart. Your Answer: 1
Correct Answer: 1
Review page 9 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission.
9. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is: Your Answer: glycine.
Correct Answer: glutamate.
Review page 12 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission.
10. How does the botulinus toxin decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter? Your Answer: The toxin blocks the release of the neurotransmitter. 1. Do EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) hyperpolarize or depolarize the membrane? Your Answer: Depolarize
2. Potentiation of a synaptic potential is caused by: Your Answer: increased calcium entering the axon or presynaptic terminal.
3. Presynaptic inhibition is a result of what type of synapse? Your Answer: Axonaxonic
4. Synaptic potentials are also called: Your Answer: action potentials.
Correct Answer: graded potentials.
Review page 5 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration.
5. Which potentials decay as they move along the neuronal membrane? Your Answer: Both EPSPs and IPSPs
6. Increasing the number of synapses from different neurons would cause which type of summation? Your Answer: Spatial summation
7. Inhibitory synapses have the maximum effect if they are located on what part of the neuron? Your Answer: The cell body, near the axon hillock
8. What is the process called when all the EPSPs and IPSPs are added together to determine whether there will be an action potential? Your Answer: Full integration
Correct Answer: Cellular integration
Review page 9 in Nervous System II: Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration.
9. The stimulus for opening ion channels in a synaptic potential is caused by: Your Answer: the binding of neurotransmitters.
10. Increasing the number of action potentials on a presynaptic axon in a given period of time would cause what type of summation? Your Answer: Temporal summation