How We Used To Live in Burnley: Lime Hushing

!"#$%&' )&#*&+,-%" .
%*,&"/'/0-*&' 1%/2"*$

HOW WE USED TO LIVE IN

BURNLEY:

LIME HUSHING

Reu Baggei Piess
Su Bioau Stieet
ELY
Cambs CB7 4AB

Fiist Publisheu in uieat Biitain
in 2uu8 by Reu Baggei Piess

Copyiight Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological Pioject 2uu8

Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological Pioject has asseiteu its
iights unuei the Copyiight, Besigns anu
Patents Act 1988 to be iuentifieu as the authoi of this woik.

This books is a woik of non-fiction.

This book is solu subject to the conuition that it shall not,
by way of tiaue oi otheiwise, be lent, iesolu, hiieu out,
oi otheiwise ciiculateu without the publishei's piioi
consent in any foim of binuing oi covei othei than that
in which it is publisheu anu without a similai conuition,
incluuing this conuition, being imposeu on the
subsequent puichasei.

1345.!4

This book biings togethei the woik of the Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological
Pioject anu its foieiunnei the Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological Reseaich 0nit.
In 198u the giowing uemanu foi countiysiue facilities leu to the foimation of the
Woithoine Noois Recieation Scheme, which incluueu iepiesentatives of Noith
West Watei, Lancashiie County Council anu Buinley Bistiict. Within the
Recieation Aiea oppoitunity was seen foi aichaeological ieseaich at Sheuuen
Clough to unueistanu the limestone hushings anu kilns uiscoveieu a few yeais
pieviously by Titus Thoinbei. The Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological Reseaich
0nit anu subsequently the Cential Lanashiie Aichaeological Pioject unueitook
taichaeological anu histoiical ieseaich. The woik was suppoiteu by membeis of
the Penule Aichaeology uioup anu inspiieu by the untiiing enthusiasm of Titus
Thoinbei. The site woik was supplementeu by uocumentaiy ieseaich anu
exploiatoiy fieluwoik in othei hushing sites in Buinley anu Colne. Since 199u, as
oppoitunity peimitteu, fuithei uocumentaiy ieseaich anu fielu woik has been
continueu by }ohn Shaiples, }ohn Ballam anu Baviu Baiiowclough.

The following iepoit biings togethei uiscoveiies up to the piesent uay, setting
them in theii histoiical anu inuustiial contexts. It will be obvious fiom the iepoit
that the aichaeological woik caiiieu out was piimaily of an exploiatoiy natuie
anu that moie uetaileu woik iemains to be uone, especially in the fielu of aeiial
photogiaphy. Bespite its limitations, howevei, the iepoit biings togethei the
iesults of the ieseaich anu piesents much new eviuence. It ieveals new aspects
of the histoiy of faiming in noith-east Lancashiie anu gives uetails of social, legal
anu political inciuents in the lives of men anu women of these uplanu valleys
uuiing the past foui hunuieu yeais. Peihaps, not the least, it uiaws attention to
the basic, essential pait lime has playeu ovei the centuiies in ueteimining social
anu economic piospeiity.

It is hopeu that this account of the unique Buinley limestone hushings will allow
a wiuei public to shaie aspects of the histoiy of the countiysiue that too often
iemain the pieseive of aichaeologists. If it inuuces some to walk the winuswept
moois to follow the tiails of the lime buineis anu theii packhoises anu to
uiscovei foi themselves the scale anu complexity of the "lymestone scaiies anu
bankes", the ieseaich will have been justifieu.

Acknowleugements of thanks anu inuebteuness go fiistly to Titus Thoinbei foi
unstintingly shaiing his uiscoveiy anu ieseaich thioughout all the investigations
anu foi geneious hospitality on his faim whilst the excavations weie in piogiess
anu continueu ovei the yeais that followeu. Seconuly, to }ohn Shaiples foi
shaiing the aichaeological ieseaich, fieluwoik anu excavation, anu his
contiibution on the geology of the hushing aieas anu also to his wife, Boiis, foi
theii help anu hospitality uuiing the long weeks of camping at Sheuuen Clough.

Thanks anu appieciation aie also extenueu to membeis of the Penule
Aichaeology uioup, paiticulaily Eveline }ackson, Ronnie anu Auuiey Pollaiu, }oe
Fenton anu Eiic uieenwoou foi theii pait in the excavation anu iestoiation of
Kiln 1; to Ann anu Sanuia Nitton of Fai Pastuie Faim; to Emile Bogan foi his
iestoiation woik on Kilns 7 anu 1u anu to }ohn Simpson foi consiueiable
uocumentaiy ieseaich anu coiiecting the tiansciipt of the Equity Case. Finally,
}ohn Ballam woulu like to thank }ulie Ballam foi hei pait in the excavations anu
fielu woik, foi taking photogiaphs anu help in the piepaiation of the iepoit. Last,
but not least, thanks must go to }ohn Ballam foi his ueuication to this pioject anu
foi hanuing ovei his aichive to the Cential Lancashiie Aichaeological Pioject,
which has maue this publication possible.

Funuing foi this publication anu stuuy has been pioviueu by The National
Lotteiy.

1.36 7

7#$%/89*$-/#

It woulu be uifficult to ovei-estimate the iole lime has playeu in the agiicultuial
anu builuing histoiy of Biitain since fiist intiouuceu by the Romans foi feitilizing
faimlanu anu making moitai foi builuing.

It was ielatively simple to make. Limestone oi chalk iock was quaiiieu wheievei
it occuiieu bioken into fiagments, stackeu in kilns anu heateu, oi buint to
tempeiatuies of about 1uuu uegiees centigiaue. This piocess conveiteu the
fiagments of iock into lumps of lime, which coulu then be useu by the faimeis oi
stonemasons.

0ui piehistoiic ancestois uiscoveieu this simple but effective piocess of
quaiiying iaw mateiials, stacking kilns, iaising high tempeiatuies anu changing
one substance into anothei. It leu to the manufactuie of potteiy, the smelting of
metals anu eventually, about S,uuu BC in the Neai East, to the making of lime.

0ne pioblem with the use of lime was tianspoit: caiiying it fiom wheie it was
quaiiieu anu buint to the fielus anu builuing sites wheie it was wanteu. 0x oi
hoise uiawn caits oi long lines of packhoises always maue it ielatively
expensive.

Aftei the Roman uepaituie lime continueu to be useu in the builuing of castles,
catheuials, chuiches, town walls anu othei laige builuings. Thiee moitai-
mixeis weie uiscoveieu, foi example, uuiing aichaeological excavation of a
Saxon chuich in Noithampton
1
anu the iemains of a laige, ciiculai, stone-lineu
kiln was ievealeu uuiing the excavations on the site of Beufoiu Castle
2
. Theie aie
numeious iefeiences to lime in the Royal Accounts foi the late 1Sth anu eaily
14th centuiies
S
. At Builth Castle limestones weie tianspoiteu some 1S miles in
ox-uiawn wagons anu buint in a kiln eiecteu in the bailey. In othei places,
such as Abeiystwyth, 18uu quaiteis of lime weie biought by sea fiom Tenby. At
Flint Castle, 6,7Su bags oi "iings" of lime weie pioviueu at a cost of 112:9s.9u.
These accounts show it was stonemasons who weie iesponsible foi obtaining
limestones, eiecting kilns anu moitai mills anu piouucing the lime.

0thei accounts show that at 0xfoiu in 1228 the Castle anu City Walls hau "... !
#$%& '$#() *(+ !, *-.&) /0 1.2)34//+ *55/.6$/(&+ 77789 whilst at Pickeiing Castle,
Yoikshiie, in the same yeai, two kilns weie built "777 0/. 4/.' 6/ &(-#/)& 63&
1*$#&:7778 anu anothei two at the Towei of Lonuon "... 6/ 6*'& ;9<<< #/*+) /0 #$%&
..."
4

1
Current Archaeology, No46, Sept, 1974, p345.
2
demolished in 1224, Current Archaeology, No. 47, Nov., 1974, p.370.
3
Colvin, 1963
4
Arthur Raistrick,1967.

It is quite cleai fiom these examples anu fiom suiviving builuings that meuiaeval
stonemasons coulu piouuce laige quantities of lime suppoiteu by an auequate
quaiiying anu tianspoit system.

In auuition to these majoi builuing opeiations commeicial kilns also existeu to
pioviue local communities with lime foi theii smallei scale builuings, agiicultuie
anu othei puiposes such as tanning leathei anu as an ingieuient foi meuicines.
They also supplementeu majoi builuing piojects with auuitional lime when
iequiieu, as can be seen in this inteiesting example fiom Lancashiie.

In the Royal Foiest Accounts foi 1S2S24 theie is an entiy foi Ightenhill Nanoi,
neai Buinley pioviuing the eailiest eviuence foi the use of lime in Lancashiie
anu foi commeicial limekilns at Clitheioe. The entiy conceins the builuing of a
new chimney piioi to a visit by Euwaiu the II anu gives uetails of a kiln built on
the site anu the obtaining of coal to fiie it. It also iecoius quantities of lime
bought fiom the limekilns at Clitheioe. 0vei a hunuieu yeais latei, in 144u,
manoiial iecoius foi Ightenhill pioviue eviuence of fuithei iepaiis to the Nanoi
Bouse giving uetails of the lime anu plastei useu:

Whilst the use of lime foi builuings is well uocuments anu its piesence can be
seen in stanuing builuings of eaily peiiou, eviuence foi its use in agiicultuie is
moie uifficult to finu. It can haiuly be uoubteu that the use of lime foi this
puipose was establisheu uuiing Roman times anu woulu continueu to be useu
evei afteiwaius. Its manufactuie anu use woulu become pait of the agiicultuial
yeaily life, especially wheie new lanu was being openeu up on clay soils.

It is not until the beginning of the 16th centuiy that tieatises begin to appeai
ieflecting a giowing inteiest in the agiicultuial use of lime to impiove fielus,
pastuies anu newly encloseu lanus.

The iecommenuations expiesseu in the thiee following quotations beai witness
to the impoitance anu use of agiicultuial lime ovei a peiiou of Suu yeais.

In 1SS2 Sii Anthony Fitzheibeite in his tieatise " =/'& /0 >2)1*(+.$&". Be
wiites:

?(/63&. %*((&. /0 %&(+$(@ /0 #*(+ $) 6/ %2-'9 %*.#9 /. +2(@ $69 4$63 63&
-*.6 /. 4*$(7 ?(+ $( %*(: -/2(6$&) 43&.& 5#&(6: /0 #$%&)6/(& $)9 63&
32)1*(+) +/ 12.( 63& #$%&)6/(& 4$63 4//+9 *(+ +/ )&6 $6 25/( 63&$. #*(+) A7

In 16S1 ueivase Naikham in "B/.') /( >2)1*(+.$&" expanus on this theme anu
ovei the following centuiies similai woiks appeai. Cunliffe Shaw in his "Royal
Foiests of Lancashiie"
S
quotes a iepoit of the use of lime by a lanuownei in
noith Lancashiie. It pioviues a goou example of how lime was useu thioughout
the county, incluuing noith-east Lancashiie:

5
R. Cunliffe Shaw, 1956 p 457
>$) 5#*( /0 *00&-6$(@ 63$) @.&*6 $%5./C&%&(6 $) 5.$(-$5*##: 1: 63&
*55#$-*6$/( /0 #$%& 25/( 63& )2.0*-&7 ?06&. 63& #*(+ 3*+ 1&&( &(-#/)&+ *(+
+.*$(&+9 #$%$(@ 4*) -/%%&(-&+ *1/26 DED<9 0/. 43$-3 52.5/)& F.7
G*463/.(& 3*+ #$%& '$#() *6 H:'&) IJ/.&)6 /0 =/4#*(+K 43&(-& $6 4*)
-*..$&+ /( 63& 1*-') /0 )%*## 5/($&) 6/ 63& 5#*-&) /0 $6) *55#$-*6$/(7 L6 $)
@&(&.*##: #*$+ /( $( 63& 5./5/.6$/( /0 EM #/*+) 6/ 63& *-.& I&*-3 /0 63.&&
12)3&#)K7 B3&( 0*##&(9 $6 $) .&@2#*.#: )5.&*+ /26 /C&. 63& )2.0*-& /0 63&
@./2(+9 *(+ #&06 $( 63*6 )6*6&N *06&. 43$-39 63& #$(@ *(+ /63&. -/*.)& 5#*(6)
@.*+2*##: +$)*55&*.9 *(+ @//+ @./4&.) )5.$(@ 25 $( 63&$. 5#*-&!

:'&*-&' )-;"+$/#"+

0ne souice of limestone available to the people of noith-east Lancashiie was the
glacial bouluei clay. Naue by the glacieis that hau ponueiously moveu acioss
Scotlanu, the Lake Bistiict anu the Iiish Sea it containeu pebbles anu boulueis
fiom the native iocks of all these places. Neaiei to home local glacieis hau
moveu acioss the limestone iocks of Ciaven thus auuing limestones to the
bouluei clay. In the couise of time weatheiing by iain anu fiost anu scouiing by
watei hau eaten into the bouluei clay. The clay itself was washeu away leaving
the heaviei stones eithei exposeu on the suiface oi to foim the familiai banks
anu beus of stieams anu iiveis. These weatheieu-out bouluei clay stones have
been gatheieu anu useu foi one puipose oi anothei by local inhabitants since the
eailiest times. Seven thousanu yeais ago the Nesolithics weie picking up the
cheit pebbles fiom amongst them fiom which they maue theii stone tools anu
missiles.

Legal uocuments of the 16th centuiy make the impoitance of this stone cleai. A
statement by a juiy in 1S41 uiaws attention to a iight of common to collect these
stones foi builuing anu iepaiis to walls9 &O-&56 #$%&)6/(&)78 Nanoiial custom
incluueu limestones amongst the othei "necessities" oi "estoveis" - such as
woou, coal anu tuif. It uecieeu that only local tenants anu villageis weie alloweu
to gathei them foi theii own use on theii own lanu within the township.
The Clitheioe Couit Rolls, foi example,
6
iecoiu bieaches of this custom. In 1S26
two men, Thomas Smith anu ueoige Leyuill 777 4&.& 0$(&+ !+7 0/. )&##$(@ #$%&)6/(&)
/26 /0 63& 6/4()3$5 77787 In the Tottington aiea of Rossenuale, thiee men weie 8777
0$(&+ E+ &*-3 0/. 1.&*'$(@ 63& P$(@Q) @./2(+ *6 =*#&+&( *(+ 63&.&0./% 6*'$(@
#$%&)6/(&) *(+ )&##$(@ 63&% 6/ )6.*(@&.) 77787

A gioup of cases coveiing a peiiou of sixteen yeais in the eaily pait of the 16
th

centuiy in the Couit Rolls thiow inteiesting light upon the pioblems of collecting
stones. As the following summaiy shows theie appeais to have been a long-
stanuing feuu between two families nameu Robinson anu Baigieaves, who liveu
in Thoinyholme in the Foiest of Penule.

DM!M 2(#*402# +&6&(6$/( /0 * 4*@/( -/(6*$($(@
)#*6&9 )6/(&) *(+ #$%&)6/(&)7

6
Clitheroe Court Rolls Vol 3
DM;R 6.&)5*))$(@ /( 63& /63&. %*(Q) #*(+ *(+
6*'$(@ , 4*@/( #/*+) /0 #$%&)6/(&) *(+
+*%*@$(@ 63& -./5)7
DM;S *( *.@2%&(6 /C&. 43/ 3*+ 63& .$@36 6/ 6*'&
#$%&)6/(&) 0./% * )6.&*% *6 T&.#*: =*('9
43$-3 63&: U/$(6#: )3*.&+7
DMV< W/3( >*.@.&*C&) )2&+ X$-3/#*) Y/1$()/( 0/.
!< )3$##$(@) 0/. 63& C*#2& /0 ;< #/*+) /0
#$%&)6/(& 6*'&( 0./% 3$) #*(+7
DMVD +$)526& /C&. /1)6.2-6$/( $( -/##&-6$(@ )6/(&)
0./% 63$) )6.&*% 6/ 12$#+ 0$&#+ 4*##)7

6," <,9$$'"=/%$, .**/9#$+
7

The Accounts of the Shuttlewoiths of Smithills anu uawthoipe covei the peiiou
fiom 1S82 to 1621.
8
Smithills Ball is noith of the town of Bolton anu
uawthoipe Ball on the east siue of Pauiham.

The entiies foi limestones, as uistinct fiom lime, occui only in the fiist thiee
volumes of the accounts anu it seems they all went to Smithills Ball wheie they
hau a kiln, a jouiney of ovei twenty miles fiom Clitheioe thiough hilly anu
mooilanu countiy. 0nce again Clitheioe is nameu as the place foi obtaining lime
anu limestones:

"... 63& #$%&.) /0 G#$63&./& ..." (SS)
9
;
". W/3( L)3&.4//+ /0 G#$63&./& 777"(14 anu 18);
"W/3( B$#)/( /0 G#$63&./& 0/. 1.$(@$(@ !< #/*+) /0 #$%& 0./% G#$63&./&
777"(19)

anu numeious othei entiies suggest the piesence of a numbei of quaiiies in
Clitheioe engageu in supplying lime - a tiaue which up to this time hau existeu
foi some Suu yeais anu was to continue a fuithei 4uu to the piesent uay.

The Shuttlewoith accounts show they maue use of glacial limestones. An entiy
uateu 0ctobei, 1S87 iecoius payment foi 8 mettes of limestones gatheieu by a
woman, piesumably foi the kiln at Smithills. The uesciiption "#$%&)6/(&)
@*63&.&+777" uoes not occui again but theie is a payment foi a fuithei 2 mettes
latei in the same month anu, again, foi anothei 4 mettes the following Febiuaiy -
piobably coming fiom the same souice.
1u

Some of the lime piouuceu in the kiln at Smithills was useu foi white-washing
In Febiuaiy, 1S89 6:(6):

", #/*+) /0 -/*# 6/ 12.( * #$%& '$#( *6 H%$63$##)7".

7
Harland, 1854/71
8
References to the purchase of lime and limestones are set out in Appendix 1
9
numbers in brackets following the quotations refer to the entry numbers in Appendix 1
10
this may have been Limestone Clough on the Rivington Moors, a few miles north of Smithills.

In }une, although Smithills is not specifically mentioneu, (7):" M #/*+) /0
#$%&)6/(&) 0./% G#$63&./&" anu then in the same month (8): "W/3( Z*'&) *(+ 3$)
0$C& %&( 0/. 43$6$(@ 63& 3/2)& *6 H%$63$##) 777".

:&=$,/%>" ?&''

Entiies in the iemaining volumes of the uawthoipe Accounts show that lime was
useu foi applying to new giounu, fielus anu meauows anu gaiuens anu also
auueu to miuuens oi uunghills in the piouuction of woithing,

". 4$63 @//+ )6/.& /0 #$%& $( $6 777"

In the ie-builuing of uawthoipe Ball one item specifies use: "... D;R #/*+) /0 #$%&
0/. 5#*)6&.$(@77" anu its use foi moitai can be infeiieu fiom the entiy: "D<< #/*+)
/0 #$%& 0/. -/2.6 4*##) 8 anu the items: "777 #/*+) /0 #$%& 0/. 63& 3/2)&[" must have
been useu foi the same puipose.

What puipose the 1,118 loaus of lime paiu foi in 0ctobei, 1612 was useu foi is
not cleai. The pievious loaus - S1 foi uung - weie paiu foi in the Apiil of that
yeai anu the succeeuing ones weie the 1uu loaus foi the couit walls in }uly of the
following yeai(S4). Piesumably, this laige quantity must have been useu in the
ie-builuing of the Ball. The "loaus" weie "hoiseloaus" anu at the iate of foui to
the wagon they woulu iepiesent 28u wagon loaus,
11
anu a consiueiable amount
of extia tiaffic on the ioaus of the uay.

@-''+ &#8 7#A"#$/%-"+

The use of lime anu limestones is ieflecteu in inventoiies of goous anu valuables
accompanying wills anu piobates; a list of examples is given in the appenuix.

It becomes cleai that this impoitance is not confineu to noith-east Lancashiie. In
West Yoikshiie, which is also bouluei clay countiy, iefeiences aie founu in
ueeus, conveyances anu Quaitei Session
12
inuicating that uigging foi limestones
was wiuespieau thioughout the cential Pennines.

It will be seen fiom what follows that the collecting of limestones fiom the clay
ueposits anu making them in to lime was unueitaken by the pooiei people of the
community tiying to make a living as well as those faiming the lanu oi setting up
a piivate enteipiise
1699. Quaitei Sessions:

"0/. * #/(@ 6:%& 63&.& 3*C& 1&&( @.&*6 \2*(6$6$&) /0 ]:%& H6/(&) @/66&(
5./%$)-2/2)#: $( =$(@#&: *(+ F$-'#&634*$6& 777 1: %&*() 43&.&/0 63&

11
see section on Weights and Measures
12
kindly supplied by Dr. G. Redmonds of Huddersfield.
@./2(+ $) +$@@&+ 25 *(+ C&.: %2-3 $%5*$.&+ 777 *12(+*(-& /0 5//. 5&/5#&
*.& +.*4( 6/ $(3*1$66 63& )*%& -/()6*12#*.:87
17u7. Quaitei Sessions:
8=$(@#&: #:&63 $( (/ @.&*6 ./*+9 3*63 126 )%*## 6.*+& *(+ (/ %*.'&6 ^ /(#:
63&.& *.& &%5#/:&+ * @.&*6 %*(: #*1/2.&.) $( +$@@$(@ *(+ @&66$(@ ]$%&9
43/ *.& /1)&.C&+ 6/ )5&(+ 777 63&$. 4*@&) $+#: 777 $( 63& *#&3/2)&)87

Conveyances
162u. A conveyance of lanu
8 $( =$(@#&: *(+ F$-'#&634*$6& 4$63 *263/.$6: 6/ +$@ 63&.& 0/. #$%&)6/(&)
*(+ 6/ 12.(9 )&## *(+ +$)5/)& /0 63&%8.
16Su. A conveyance by seveial men nameu Waiu of Biaughton
87774$63 02## *(+ 0.&& #$1&.6: 6/ +$@@ *(+ @&66 ]:%&)6/(&) $( P$#(&
G#/)& *(+ >$## _/59 *(+ #&*+ *(+ -*..: *4*:& 63& )*%&777777*6 *## 6:%&) /0 63&
:&*.&8

The 16th anu 17th centuiy iefeiences make cleai the impoitance of lime in
noith-east Lancashiie anu neighbouiing localities. Thioughout the 17th centuiy
the uemanu foi lime is seen to inciease as faiming iesponueu to the giowth in
piospeiity of an expanuing population. The Enclosuie Acts biought into
cultivation acies of commons anu wastes foi which lime was a necessity. Seveial
elueily witnesses in the Equity Case testifieu that manuiing with lime was a
common faiming piactice in theii boyhoou uays anu lime was essential to make
hay meauows anu goou pastuies fiom the new intakes. Without lime faims
woulu fail anu families staive.

Likewise, the uemanu foi builuing lime iapiuly incieaseu as the eailiei
meuiaeval timbei-fiameu houses anu bains weie giauually ieplaceu by stone
anu biick builuings. The masons oi "uelph-men" followeu the tiauitional piactice
of using lime moitai with clay anu eaith foi binuing the stones anu weathei-
pioofing the walls. As we have seen in the Shuttlewoith Accounts foi the two
halls at uawthoipe anu Smithills, lime was useu by "limeis" oi "whitesteis" foi
plasteiing the inteiioi walls of these new builuings. The subsequent piactice of
iegulai "lime-washing", oi "white-washing", the outsiue walls anu iooms of both
houses anu faim builuings fuithei incieaseu the uemanu foi lime.

But uuiing this centuiy, anu the 18th that followeu, theie weie no uevelopments
in the methous of tianspoiting lime anu limestone fiom the uistant quaiiies of
Clitheioe anu Settle. Tianspoit iemaineu by pack-hoise oi clumsy wagons; both
weie expensive anu in the quantities iequiieu coulu only be affoiueu by estates
anu well-to-uo faimeis. Whilst the giubbing of glacial limestones fiom the top
soil may have benefiteu some it was no long teim solution so that it is in this
context that the impoitance of the Limestone Scaiies & Bankes, uesciibeu in the
following section, can be assesseu.
)7B4<6CD4 ?E<?7D: .6 FE3D)4G

?9+,-#0 H/% )-;"+$/#"+

Limestone hushing is a foim of open-cast mining using watei powei to obtain
glacial limestones fiom thick ueposits of bouluei clay. Bushing, oi "washing"
was a well-establisheu methou useu in the seaich foi metals such as golu anu
leau, but nowheie outsiue noith-east Lancashiie has it been useu foi the laige
scale extiaction of glacial limestones.
1S

The suiface of the Buinley anu Colne uistiict is occupieu by glacial anu post
glacial uiift of extiemely vaiiable thickness. These ueposits have been smeaieu
anu spieau, oi uumpeu in a haphazaiu mannei, upon a lanu suiface of
consiueiable ielief. Wheie watei laiu glacial sanus anu giavels aie piesent they
lack the lateial continuity of most stiatifieu ueposits, anu vaiy in thickness fiom
u to 1uu ft. in a uistance of a few hunuieu yaius. The maximum iecoiueu
thickness of glacial ueposits is in the Thuisuen valley wheie a boie hole neai
Stephen Bey, on the noith siue of the valley pioveu ovei 1Suft. of them.

The piactice of hushing limestones uevelopeu uuiing the 16th centuiy, oi even
eailiei, but little is known of its oiigins oi eaily geogiaphical extent. Whethei it
was the inspiiation of an inuiviuual oi giauually uevelopeu fiom the piactice of
gatheiing limestone pebbles fiom stieams anu banks is not possible to say.
Bowevei, this new methou openeu up a vast, un-tappeu souice of limestones,
which otheiwise woulu have been beyonu the ieach of the laboiious spaue.
Theie was now the piospect of a supply of cheap lime, which must have hau
some beaiing on the extent of the enclosuies anu the long-teim piospeiity of the
iegion.

This hushing of the hillsiues continueu, at least, foi ovei 2Su yeais on a scale,
which can only be appieciateu by visiting the sites in these uplanu valleys. These
sites, as explaineu in Pait Iv, have only been iecently ie-uiscoveieu thiough
aichaeological fieluwoik. In auuition to the scaiies anu bankes, the iemains of
gutteis, uams anu lime-kilns have also been iecogniseu, making possible a
tentative ieconstiuction of the hushing opeiations. Biffeient phases of hushing
have been obseiveu amongst the woikings anu moie uetaileu fieluwoik shoulu
leau to tiacing piogiessive phases; thus making ielative uating possible. Theie
aie no means of assigning absolute uates but eviuence fiom uocuments pioviues
a basis foi a bioau chionological fiamewoik.

It is impoitant when visiting the sites anu viewing the extensive acies of
hushings to iealise that what is seen aie the woikings of a small numbei of
faimeis anu theii labouieis ovei a long peiiou of time, not the iemains of an
oiganiseu extiactive inuustiy. The uocumentaiy eviuence makes it abunuantly
cleai that hushing anu lime-making weie one of many faiming "enteipiises"

13
It is possible that limestone hushings may be found in other parts of the central Pennine, but at present un-
recognised.
caiiieu out by both lanuowneis anu tenants. Nowheie is theie any hint of a
special laboui foice being employeu as in leau mining.

The vaiious stages in the hushing, the gatheiing of the limestones anu the
subsequent fiiing of the kilns hau theii place in the faiming calenuai, hinteu at
by Tatteisall Wilkinson in his gianufathei's account of the hushings:
14

_3& )4$##$(@ 5./-&)) 4*) -*..$&+ /26 +2.$(@ 63& 4$(6&. %/(63) 43&( 63&.&
4*) *( *12(+*(-& /0 4*6&.9 43$#)6 63& 12.($(@ /0 63& #$%& 4*) #&06 6$## 63&
)2%%&.87

Knowleuge of the local topogiaphy woulu have been essential in the planning
anu layout of a paiticulai hillsiue, to be followeu by the uigging of gutteis anu the
constiuction of banks to foim uams. All this woik was uone by the spaue.
"uutteiing" anu "giipping" lanu anu "tuining ovei" a few acies weie all pait of
noimal faiming woik; setting out anu uigging gutteis anu builuing uams woulu
have been an extension of this woik anu accomplisheu by a skill anu economy of
effoit iaiely seen at the piesent uay.

6," 1%/I'";+ CH ?9+,-#0

Whilst the physical woik of hushing hillsiues poseu no majoi pioblems, foi the
men of the time, theie weie, as might be expecteu, legal ones, which weie not so
easily oveicome. They aie summaiiseu as follows:
(i) legal iestiictions against uiveiting stieams anu othei souices of watei
supply.
(ii) legal uistinctions between uigging foi limestones anu collecting
limestones fiom the top soil anu on the suiface.
(iii) legal iestiiction on the use of the lime to the lanuowneis oi the
tenants own lanu; anu piohibiting sale to any otheis, eithei within oi without the
township

These iestiictions weie oiiginally pait of manoiial custom foi conseiving local
iesouices anu shaiing them accoiuing to '... eveiy man's iateable value', oi status
in the township. In latei centuiies these meuiaeval customs, along with many
otheis, bioke uown as population incieaseu anu commeicialism giew.

In the case of the hushings it will be seen fiom 17th anu 18th centuiy uocuments
the way the legal iestiictions weie oveicome to meet the giowing piessuies of
economic anu political change.

@&$"% <9>>'J

Bushing uepenueu on an abunuant watei supply at the heau of the hill slopes,
usually achieveu by tapping spiings oi uiveiting stieams on the mooilanus. As

14
Tattersall Wilkinson, 1871
this invaiiably meant uepleting the watei supply to othei useis conflict ensueu.
The only eaily iecoius of this conflicts aie the one ones that came befoie the
manoi couit. Foi example, in the couit iolls of Ightenhill manoi foi the 27th
Apiil, 1S42:

8B$##$*% >*#)6&*+ I0$(&+ ,+7K /0 B/.)63/.(&9 1./'& 63& )/$# /0 P$(@Q) B*)6&
/( =./4(&) B/+& I=./4()$+&K *(+ 63&.& +$C&.6&+ * 4*6&. -/2.)&
$(-./*-3$(@ !< ./+) /0 #*(+ 1: #&(@639 /(& ./+ $( 4$+6387
1S

Latei, in the 17th anu 18th centuiies eviuence emeiges fiom othei legal souices.
A well-uocumenteu example is the uiveiting of the Foxehill uuttei, which
biought watei fiom the moois above Catlow Clough to the heau of the Thuisuen
valley. It enableu the 'fieeholueis anu copyholueis' to hush the hill-slopes on the
noith siue of Thuisuen Biook which hau no othei souice of watei. The following
quotations fiom uepositions give the main uetails.

}ohn Clayton testifieu:
16

3& 3*+ '(/4( J/O&3$## Z266&. 0/. 63.&& )-/.&) *(+ 6&( :&*.) #*)6 5*)6
(1S8u) *(+ 63*6 3& 3*+ )-/2.&+ 63& 4*6&.-/2.)&9 /. @266&.9 43$-3 -*..$&+
63& 4*6&. 0./% 63& 6/5 /0 J/O&3$## 2(6/ 63& _32.)+&( H-*..&) 43$-3 3*+ (/
4*6&. 0/. 63& 4*)3$(@ *(+ @&66$(@ /0 #$%&)6/(&) $( 63& #/4&. 5*.6 126 1: 63$)
@266&.7 >& 02.63&. +&-#*.&+ 63*6 63& 4*6&. 4*) (&C&. *--2)6/%&+9 2(6$# /0
#*6& I.&0&..$(@ 6/ Y/1&.6 `*.'&.Q) *-6$/(K9 6/ .2( $(6/ H4*:(&) `#*66
17
0/. $6
3*+ * )5.$(@9 43$-3 )255#$&+ $67 >& )*$+ 3& 3*+ 1&&( * 4/.'%*( 63&.& 0/. )$O
/. )&C&( :&*.) *(+ 3*+ #$C&+ *## 3$) #$0& 4$63$( * %$#& /0 63& 5#*-&7

Abiaham Wilkinson, of Biieicliffe, answeieu in a similai mannei:
3& 3*+ '(/4( 63& J/O&3$## Z266&. 0/. 0$06: :&*.) (c.16uu) *(+ 254*.+) *(+
63*6 $6 3*+ -/()6*(6#: .2( $(6/ _32.)+&(9 2(#&)) 6./++&( +/4( 1:
-*.63/.)&)9 43&( $6 4*) 5.&)&(6#: %*+& 25 *@*$( *(+ 62.(&+ $(6/ $6) 2)2*#
-/2.)&7 >& )*$+ 63&.& 4*) (/ (&&+ *6 *## 0/. 63$) 4*6&. 6/ .2( $(6/ H4*:(&)
`#*66 4&.& 63&.& $) 4*6&. &(/2@3 0/. 4*)3$(@ 63& #$%&)6/(&)7
18

ueoige Bannstei:
777 )*$63 63&.& $) * %*.'& /. =/2(+&. $( 63& -/%/() *(+ 4*)6&) *1/C& 63&
5#*-& -*##&+ J/O3$## +$C$+$(@ 63& 63& 5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& *(+ 63*6
63& 4*6&. +&)-&(+&63 0./% 63& )*%& 5#*-& 4/2#+ Y2( *(+ +&)-&(+ (*62.*##:
777 $(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $( 63& H4*:(&) `#*66 4$63$( 63& 5*.$)3 /0 G/#(&
*(+ (/6 $(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( $( 63& `*.$)3 /0 =2.(#&:7
?(+ 63*6 63& 4*6&. +$+ *(-$&(6#: +&)-&(+ $(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $(
H4*:(&) `#*66 2(6$# 63& #*6& P$(@& @.*(6&+ #&*)&) /0 63& )*$+ ]:%&)6/(&
H-*..&) (Thuisuen).

=26 63& 4*6&. 3*63 /0 #*6& 1&&( +.*4( 4$63 63& @266&.$(@) 4$63 * )5*+&
$(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) /0 _32.)+&( *(+ 63& +&5/(&(6 )*$63 63*6 63&

15
was this an early attempt at limestone hushing?
16
Transcript, p.49, D24/3. CLARU Internal Report No.46
17
Swaynes Platt and its hushings are now mostly under water at the top end of Coldwell Reservoir
18
Transcript, p45, D15/3, ibid.
62.($(@ /0 63& 4*6&. 0/.63 /0 $6) (*62.*# *(+ *(-$&(6 -/2.)& /0 .2(($(@ 0/.63
/0 63& `*.$)3 /0 G/#(& $(6/ 63& `*.$)3 /0 =2.(#&: 3*63 +$C&.) 6$%&) *#%/)6
+.:&+ =.*+#&: F:#(& $( 63& `*.$)3 /0 G/#(& 43$-3 6&(+&63 %2-3 6/ 63&
+*%*@& /0 63& /4(&. /0 63& %$#(& *(+ 63& )2$6/.) 63&.&7 ?(+ 63$) +&5/(&(6
+$+ 3&.&6/0/.& @/66 *(+ @*63&. ]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& H-*..&) $( H4*:(&) `#*66
*(+ +$+ &(U/: 63& 4*6&. 4$63/26 *(: $(6&..256$/( 777 *(+ 63& 62.($(@ /0 63&
4*6&. 0/.63 /0 $6) *(-$&(6 -/2.)& $) C&.: 32.602# 6/ 63& G/%5#*$(*(6 $( 63&
/16*:($(@ /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& )-*..&) $( H4*:(&) `#*66
19

_/ 63& !;.+ L(6&../@*6/.$& 3& )*$63 63*6 63& G/%5#*$(*(6 3*63 /. /2@36 6/
3*C& &(U/:&+ *## 4*6&. 43$-3 0*##) $( 63& (/.63 &*)6 )$+& /0 63& =/2(+&.)
*1/C& J/O3$## 0./% 63& 6$%& /0 3$) &(6.*(-& 6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $(
H4*:(&) `#*66 0/. 4*)3$(@ +/4( 63& ]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& )*%& )-*.) 43$-3 $)
*1/26 DS :&*.&) *@/.
2u

Euwaiu Kippax of Little Naisuen, testifying foi the Complainant, gives anothei
veision:
21

63*6 3& +/63 C&.: 4&## '(/4 63& 4*6&.) IJ/O&3$## Z266&.K 777 *(+ 63*6 43&(
W*%&) B$#)/(9 3$) 2(-#&9 *(+ Y$-3*.+ B$#)/(9 3$) )/(9 +$+ @*63&. *(+ @&66
]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& H4*:(&) `#*66 (c.16S7) 63& 4*6&. +$+ .2( $(6/ H4*:(&)
`#*66 *(+ 0./% 63&.& 6/ =.*+#&: -/.( %$##9 126 1: .&*)/( /0 63& 62.($(@ /0 63&
4*6&. $(6/ _32.)+&( 63& %$## 3*+ )/%& 6$%&) )6//+ *(+ -/2#+ (/6 @.$(+
-/()6*(6#: )/ 63*6 63& (&$@31/2.) 63&.&*1/26) 4&.& &(0/.-&+ 6/ @/ 6/ %$##)
%/.& .&%/6& *(+ 6/ @&6 63&$. -/.( 63&.& @.$(+&+7

Theie may, of couise, have been othei ieasons foi the shoitage of watei at
Biauley Nill.

Abiaham uieenwoou of Yoikshiie, a clothiei, saiu:
22

43&( 3& 4*) * )&.C*(6 0/. W*%&) B$#)/(9 *))$@(&& $( H4*:(&) `#*669
(c.1644) 3& 4*) /.+&.&+ )&C&.*# 6$%&) 6/ 62.( 63& J/O&3$## @266&. $(6/
H4*:(&) `#*66&7

Whatevei the iights anu wiongs of the time, these conflicting statements give
insight into the uiscoiu cieateu by uiveiting watei, even when officially
sanctioneu.

Eviuence fiom a late 18th centuiy attoiney's office shows that this pioblem ovei
watei supply continueu thioughout the life of the hushings.
2S

19
Transcript, p.22, C3/8, ibid.
20
21
22
23
see Part III - protest of landowners and millowners...
6," KLMN )-*"#*"

uatheiing limestones fiom tons of loose eaith gougeu by hushing was iegaiueu
as mining foi mineials, the piopeity of the Ciown.
24
In 16u9 the pioblems of
watei supply anu the iight to 'uig' oi 'mine' foi limestones weie iesolveu by
}ames I gianting:

8? #$-&(-& 6/ 6*'& #$%&)6/(&) 4$63$( 63& )-*.)9 1*(') *(+ /63&. 5#*-&) /0
=2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& *(+ 63& #$1&.6: 6/ )6/5 63& 4*6&. 4&.& *(: )2-3
#$%&)6/(&) )3*## 1& 0/2(+ 7778 0/. B$##$*% =/)4&## I/0 ]/(+/(K 0/. !D :&*.) *6
,)7 E+7
2S

About the same uate the licence is confiimeu anu is iecoiueu in the accounts of
Beniy Walton, gieave of the manoi of Colne.
26

?(+ /0 ,)7E+7 /0 (&4 .&(6 /0 B$##$*% =/)4&##9 @&(69 0/. #$-&(-& 6/ -/##&-69 6*'&
*(+ -*..: *4*: )6/(&) -*##&+ #&) #:%&)6/(&) #:$(@ *(+ 1&$(@ $( *(+ 25/( #&
H-*..&) *(+ #&) =*('&) *(+ *(:43&.& 4$63$( 63& 5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+
G/#(& 632) +&%$)&+ 6/ 63& )*$+ B$##$*% 7778

To be so nameu, it is eviuent that at least some limestone scaiies anu bankes hau
alieauy uevelopeu when the Licence was issueu. The Complainant's 27th
Inteiiogatoiie appeais to be uiafteu on the basis that }ames I took

"777 5/))&))$/( /0 63& #$%&)6/(&) $( 63& H-*..&) *(+ 1*('&) *(+ /63&. 5#*-&)
4$63$( 63& 5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& 777"

Piesumably at some stage the limestone woikings attiacteu the attention of the
Buchy at Lancastei, iesulting in the gianting of the Licence which woulu pioviue
a means of contiol anu, at the same time, iaise Royal ievenue.

Nothing is known of William Boswell oi of how fai he exeiciseu the libeity to
stop watei oi if he establisheu any new hushings . At some uate Boswell
tiansfeiieu the Licence to someone nameu Cuiiei who, in tuin, tiansfeiieu it to
Nicholas Towneley in about 1618. Nicholas Towneley helu it until 16Su when it
expiieu. }ohn Shackleton, a 76 yeai olu husbanuman of Extwistle, was askeu in
the Equity Case, if he knew any who paiu foi the libeity to get limestones in the
Scaiies anu Bankes of Buinley anu Colne, anu testifieu that:

3& )*4 /(& G2..&.9 *1/26 0/.6: :&*.) *@/ /. %/.&9 6*'& 5/))&))$/( /0 63&
]:%&)6/(&) 6/ 63& 2)& /0 63& P$(@ *(+ )3/.6#: *06&.4*.+) F.7 X$-3/#*)
_/4(&#&: 6//' 63& ]:%&)6/(&) $( #&*)&
27
.

24
Stone quarrying, being a surface activity, seems to have been regarded as "collecting" or "gathering" and only a
lease from the landowner was necessary for limestone quarrying in places like Craven and Derbyshire.
25
Farrer Transcripts D.19.
26
Duchy Ministers' Accounts. PRO D.L. 29/86/1603 Colne Manor (1609-10), granted in Michaelmas Term
1609 (IND 17596, p 639)
27
the licence was referred to by witnesses in the Equity Case as a "lease".
Accoiuing to Euwaiu Kippax, anothei witness, Nicholas Towneley uiu not apply
foi a ienewal of the Licence when it expiieu in 16S2. Be ielates that as a
messengei foi the Buchy he was commanueu by a waiiant to uemanu aiieais of
two yeai's ient as the lease hau expiieu. Nicholas Towneley gave Euwaiu
Kippax the olu lease but left the ient un-paiu. Aftei a time King Chailes gianteu a
new lease to Thomas Smith of Lonuon as a Tiustee:

? #$-&(-& 6/ @*63&. 25 *(+ 6*'& *(+ -*..: *4*: *## *(+ &C&.: #$%&)6/(&)
63*6 )3/2#+ 1& 0/2(+ 6/ #$& /. 1& $( *(: )-*..)9 1*(') /. /63&. 5#*-&) $( 63&
5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(&9 ]*(-)7 J/. _3/)7 H%:63 0/. !D :&*.) Y&(67
,)7E+7

Euwaiu Kippax negotiateu fuithei with Nicholas Towneley ovei a new lease,
eventually assigneu to him the one gianteu to Thomas Smith. Nicholas
Towneley then helu the Licence until his ueath in 164S, aftei which it was
tiansfeiieu to his nephew, anothei Nicholas Towneley, who hau succeeueu to
the Royle estates on the ueath of his fathei, Thomas, biothei of the late Nicholas
Towneley.

Accoiuing to }ohn Wilkinson's ueposition,
28
the seconu Nicholas Towneley helu
the Licence until it expiieu in about 16SS:

%*(: /0 63& -2)6/%*.: 6&(*(6)9 )$(-& 63& &O5$.*6$/( /0 F.7 X$-3/#*)
_/4(&#&:) ]&*)&9 *1/26 )$O :&*. )$(-&9 6/ 63& 1&)6 /0 3$) .&%&%1&.*(-& 3*+
*--/.+$(@& 6/ 63&$. *(-$&(6 -2)6/% @/66&( ]:%&)6/(&) /26 /0 63& H-*..&)
*(+ #*$+ 63&% 25/( 63&$. L(#*(+9 126 3& +/63 (/6 '(/4 63*6 63&: )/#+ *(:
)$(-& 63& )*%& 6$%&7

6," <&'" /H $," )-*"#*"

Aftei the execution of Chailes I in 1649, the Commonwealth Pailiament passeu
an Act authoiising the sale of Ciown lanus anu piopeity, with poweis investeu in
Tiustees (heaueu by William Steel, Loiu Chancelloi of Iielanu) within the Couit
of Chanceiy. Whilst no lists of sales aie available foi Lancashiie,
29
it is iecoiueu
in the Equity Case that on the 28th of Becembei, 16SS, Samuel Boughton of
Extwistle bought foi the sum of 4u the Licence foi the Lymestone Scaiies.
Su
It
incluueu:

*## 63& #$%&)6/(&) 4$63 63& *55&.62(*(-&) $( 63& H-*..&) *(+ =*('&) *(+
/63&. 5#*-&) $( 63& 5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(&777

anu gave the following iights:

28
Transcript p39, D1/20, CLARU Internal Report No.46.
29
Edmund Stevenson at the beginning of his Answers states : "....he hath been steward of the Manor of Ightenhill
under Thomas Foster, esq., lord there, and hath kept the Halmot Court for him ever since his purchase...."
Transcript, p12, ibid.
30
Transcript, Robert Parkers's Bill of Complaints - Robert Brerecliffe, p 9, ibid..
02## 5/4&. *(+ *263/.$6: 6/ +$@9 @*63&.9 6*'& *4*: *(+ %*'& )*#& 6/ 3$) 1&)6
*+C*(6*@&N

02## 5/4&.9 #$1&.6: *(+ *263/.$6: 6/ +.*4 *(: 4*6&. /. )5.$(@ 63./2@3 *(: /0
63& #*(+) $( 63& 64/ 5*.$)3&)N %*'& +*%) *(+ )6*: *(+ )6/5 4*6&. 43&.&
*(: )2-3 #$%&)6/(&) 1& 0/2(+N 6/ /5&( 63&% 0/. 63& -/2.)& /0 63& )*$+ 4*6&.
6/ 4*)3 *4*: 63& &*.63 0./% 63& #$%&)6/(&) *(+ 0/. %*(: /0 63&% 6/ 0*##
+/4(N 0.&&+/% /0 *--&)) 6/ *(+ 0./% 63& 4/.'$(@) *(+ /63&. #$1&.6$&) *(+
5.$C$#&@&)7

Foui months latei, on the 29th of Apiil, 16S6, Robeit Paikei, yeoman, of Bigh
Riuihough in Extwistle, bought the Licence off Samuel Boughton. The sum paiu
was unuiscloseu but uesciibeu as a "a C*#2*1#& -/()$+&.*6$/( $( %/(&: 7778. Aftei
his puichase Robeit Paikei was in conflict with some of his neighbouis,
incluuing Nicholas Towneley, which iesulteu, as we shall see below, in an
expensive Equity Case at Westminstei.

The Licence was ieclaimeu by the Ciown anu in 1662 was gianteu once again to
Nicholas Towneley.

No fuithei ienewals of the Licence have been tiaceu. The Bonoi of Clitheioe was
soon to be tiansfeiieu to the Buke of Albemaile who appointeu a suivey of juiies
to uiscovei what the Bonoi was woith anu how the income coulu be impioveu. It
is likely the Scaiies anu Bankes of Buinley anu Colne weie leaseu unuei new
aiiangements but uetails aie wanting.

<"''-#0 /H )-;"+$/#"+

It was inevitable that hushing woulu piouuce limestones anu lime in gieatei
quantities than faimeis anu tenants neeueu foi theii own use. With lime being
much sought aftei in non-limestone aieas, theie woulu be incentives to sell the
suiplus anu this tiaue became a new enteipiise contiibuting to the faiming
economy.

As we have seen above fiom piesentments biought befoie the Balmot Couits,
the illegal selling of limestones was taking place as eaily as the 16th centuiy anu
incieaseu piopoitionately uuiing the 17th centuiy. Fiom the Bepositions it
seems, except in Thuisuen anu Extwistle, that limestones coulu be solu pioviuing
payment was maue to the Licencee. Bowevei, the geneial impiession gaineu
fiom the Equity Case is that by the miu-16Su's the piactice of tiauing in
limestones was also wiuespieau in Thuisuen anu Extwistle. It is not uifficult to
imagine how many woulu ignoie iestiictions, especially uuiing the
Commonwealth peiiou aftei the Licence hau lapseu.

Beniy Leighe of Catlow, in his ueposition, gave an account of how iestiictions
woikeu uuiing the uays of Nicholas Towneley:

777 43&( F.7 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 #*6& /0 Y/:#&9 &)\79 4*) 0*.%&. /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&
H-*..&) $( =.&.&-#$00& *(+ _32.)+&( 63& 4$6(&)) )/#+ ]:%&)6/(&) $(6/ b/.')3$.&7 F.7
_/4(&#&: )&.C&+ 3$% 4$63 5./-&&+) 0./% `.&)6/( *(+ 6/#+ 3$% 63*6 -/5:3/#+&.)
3*+ 02## 5/4&. #$1&.6: *(+ *263/.$6: 0/. +$@@$(@ *(+ 6$##$(@ #$%&)6/(&) 0/. 63&$.
/4(& 2)&9 126 +2.$(@ 3$) #&*)&9 63&: 3*+ (/6 6/ )&## 63&%7
S1

The following uefenuants weie selling lime anu limestone anu appeai to have
been uoing a lively tiaue into Yoikshiie:
S2

(i) }ohn Balsteau of Winule:
Thomas Wiigleswoith, Bieiecliffe, stateu:
63& T&0&(+*(6 W/3( >*#)6&*+ /0 B$(+#& >/2)& 3*63 @*63&.&+ *(+
12.(&+ -&.6*$( \2*(6$6$&) /0 #$%&)6/(&) $( 3$) /4( G/5:3/#+ #*(+) $(
=.$&.-#$00& *(+ 3*+ )/#+ )/%& $(6/ b/.')3$.& *(+ )/%& 6/ %&( 43/ -*..$&+
63& )*%& $(6/ b/.')3$.& )$(-& 63& !S63 ?5.$##9 D,M, 126 63$) T&5/(&(6
-/(-&$C&63 63*6 63& )*%& 4*) +/(& 1: *(+ 4$63 63& -/()&(6 /0 Y/1&.6
`*.'&. *(+ 5*$+ /. 5./%$)&+ 6/ 5*: 3$% 64/ )3$##$(@) 0/. &C&.: '$#(02## /0
#$%& 3& )/#+7
SS

(ii) }ohn Balsteau, Bigh Riuihough:
Thomas Wiigleswoith, Bieiecliffe, stateu:
63*6 )$(-& 63& )*$+ !S63 ?5.$##9 D,M, 63& T&0&(+*(6 W/3( >*#)6&*+ /0
>$@3 Y$+$3/2@3 3*63 @*63&.&+ ]:%&)6/(&) *6 63& 1/66/% /0 63& )-*..&) $(
=.$&.-#$00& *(+ 3*+ 12.(&+ *(+ )/#+ )/%& $(6/ b/.')3$.&7
S4

(iii) }ohn Ingham:
Lawience Robeit, stateu:
$( 63& #*)6 )2%&. IDRM,K W/3( L(@3*% 12.(6 )&C&.*# \2*(6$6$&) /0
#$%&)6/(&) $( T&&5 G#/2@3 *(+ )/#+ 63&% 6/ )&C&.*# 5&.)/() $( b/.')3$.& 0/.
)$O5&(-& * 3/.)&#/*+ /. 63&.&*1/26) *(+ 63*6 3& 0/2(+ 63*6 63& +&0&(+*(6
3*+ +/(& 63$) 0/. )&C&.*# :&*.&) 5*)6 6/ )&## 63&% 6/ 5&.)/() +4&##$(@ $( 63&
5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& *(+ 63*6 63&: 4/2#+ -*..: 63&% 0/.63 *(+
%*'& * 6.*+& 63&.&1: 0./% 43$-3 63&: @/66&( * 5//. #$C&#$3//+7
SS

Robeit Shackleton stateuO
63*6 )$(-& 63& !S63 +*: /0 ?5.$# D,M, 63& +&0&(+*(6 W/3(
L(@3*% 3*+ -/(C&.6&+ )/%& 5*.6) /0 3$) #$%&)6/(&) 6/ 3$) /4( 5.$C*6& 2)&
*(+ 3*+ )/#+ /63&. 5*.6) 6/ 63$) +&5/(&(6 *6 63& .*6& /0 )$O 5&(-& * 3/.)&
#/*+9 126 3/4 %*(: 3/.)& #/*+) 3& 3*+ 1/2@36 3& .&%&%1&.) (/67 W/3(
L(@3*% 3*+ )/#+ /63&. 5*.6) /0 3$) )*$+ #$%&)6/(&) 6/ W/3( F$-3&##9 *
b/.')3$.& %*(9 *(+ 6/ /63&. 5&.)/()7
S6

(iv) }ohn Simpson of Bieiecliffe, who saiu:
3& +$+ (/6 )&## *(: ]:%&)6/(&) 0/. B$##$*% H*@*. 43$-3 4&.& @/66&(
(&*. 63& H4*:(&) `#*66 126 3& @/66 *(+ 12.(&+ )/%& 1: 3$) +$.&-6$/( 43$-3
3& )/#+ 1: /.+&. 0./% Y/1&.6 `*.'&. *(+ *#)/ )/%& 0/. 3$) /4( 2)&7
S7

31
32
Transcript (i) p31, C21/9; (ii) p31, C21/9; (iii) p29, C16/9 and p33, C26/9, ibid.
33
Transcript, p31, C21/9, ibid
34
35
36
37
Transcript, p47, D19/14, ibid

6," B.D.:4B4D6 /H $," ?E<?7D:<

Lacking centialiseu inuustiial management, whom was it that planneu the watei
catchment anu hushing systems. It is quite eviuent fiom seeing the hushings in
the fielu that skilful anu long teim planning hau been exeiciseu to achieve the
maximum open casting of the hillslopes anu saw that the hushing aieas weie
faiily shaieu out between lanuowneis anu those with iights of common.

To what extent the Licencees fulfilleu this iole is unceitain. It woulu be
convenient to iegaiu Nicholas Towneley, a majoi lanuownei with expeiience of
coal mines anu leau mines, as the aichitect of the Scaiies anu Bankes. Whilst he
hau the Licence foi close on thiity yeais it was helu by otheis foi the fiist ten
yeais anu it is not known to what extent the hushings hau uevelopeu befoie the
fiist issuing of the Licence in 16u9. No uoubt Nicholas Towneley playeu an
impoitant iole in the uevelopment of the bankes anu scaiies, especially in
Thuisuen. But it must be concluueu that theii oiiginal inspiiation anu eaily
uevelopment in the late 16th centuiy must iest with, as yet, unknown men of
Buinley anu Colne.

P-A-8-#0 $," ?9+,-#0+

The appoitioning of the Limestone Scaiies between fieeholueis anu copyholueis
was baseu on the system then cuiient foi enclosing wastes anu commons. A
memoianuum fiom the Clitheioe Couit Rolls foi 1624
S8
gives uetails foi the
uiviuing of lanus in the Commons & Wastes of Biieicliffe anu the setting up of a
uam to supply them with watei. Bateu the 9th }uly, 1624 it states:

... 4$63 63& -/()&(6 /0 *## 63& J&&3/#+&.) *(+ G/5:3/#+&.) $(
=.$&.-#$00& +$C$+& DM *-.&) (24:1:8) /0 63& )*$+ -/%%/( $( =.$&.-#$$0&9 -*##&+
]$%&)6/(& H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( *%/(@)6 63& )*$+ J.&&3/#+&.) *(+
G/5:3/#+&.) *) 0/##/4&639 (*%&#:[cC&.: %*(Q) *-.&) /0 L(#*(+) $( =.$&.-#$00&7
_3&)& )&C&.*## 5*.-&##) /0 -/%%/() $( _32.)+&( 777 )&6 /26 4$63 3/#&) *(+
1/2(+) *(+ $) +$C$+&+ 1&64&&( 63&% *--/.+$(@ 6/ &$63&. /0 63&$. .*6*1#&
5*.6) /0 63&$. .&(6) *(+ #*(+)7

0ppeimost Pait G2)6/%*.:
S9
H6*626/.:
To the heiies of
Beasonfoiu
2a. ui. 11f
.
uy.uft S 1 1
6
}ohn Tatteisall of
Bieiicliffe
1a. ui. 7f. uy.1ft 1 2 S
u
}ohn Balsteau of Cockuen 1a. 2i. 24f 4y.2ft. 2 2 2

38
see Appendix for full text.
39
The term 'fall' was used in the Clitheroe Court Rolls for poles or perches. See section on "Weights and
Measures", Part III, p ??, for further further details.
. 8
To the heiies of Bainaiu
Whitwham
1i. S4f 6y.uft.
1p.
u S u
Chailes Towneley of
Towneley, Esq
1a. ui. S4f
.
6y.uft.
1 p
1 S S
S
Robeit Bieiecliffe S1f
.
1y.1ft. u 1 1
u
Total 6a 2i 21f 1
u
2 S
7
The Niuulemost Pait
}ames Foulus Si 12f. 1y.uft. 1 1 1
4
Lawience Bieiecliffe 1a ui. 16f. 1y.1ft 1 S u
S
Bollingieave anu Winule
Bouse
Si S4f. 1y.uft. 1 2 u
9
Richaiu Eckioyu 1i S9f. uy.uft S u
8
William Sagai 26f 4y.Sft 1 u
2
Total Sa 2i 7f S 2 S
8
The Loweimost Pait
4u

Nicholas Towneley of
Royle
Sa Si 24f
Isobel, his wife 1i 2uf
Total 4a 1i 4f 6 S 2
8
Totals of all S Paits
0ppeimost 6a 2i 21f 1
u
u
2
S7
Niuulemost Sa 2i 7f S u
2
S8
Loweimost 4a 1i 4f 6 u
S
28
Total 14
a
1i S2f 2
S
u1 2S

In 16S1 uetails of the holuings in the Scaiies at Biieicliffe aie summaiiseu in the
iecoius of the Balmot Couit foi that yeai:
1S acies of Scaiies into thiee paits:

Nicholas Towneley of Royle S:S:24
Isobel, his wife - theii pait u:1:2u 4:1:4 6:S:28
Foulus & otheis - the miuule S:2:18 S:S:7

40
details taken from 1631 entry.
pait
Towneley of Towneley - the
iemaining pait
7:u:18 11:1:S
Total KQOMOM RSOKOT

Nicholas anu Isobel Towneley continue to holu the 'loweimost pait' anu Foulus
anu otheis the 'miuulemost'. The iemaining pait is now unuei the name of
'Towneley of Towneley'. Theie aie iefeiences in the Equity Case to these lanus in
Biieicliffe anu Thuisuen but they ielate mainly to leasing anu the paying of ients
foi the iight to sell.

The only eviuence foi hushings in aieas othei than Thuisuen comes in a suivey
of Towneley lanus in 16S9, wheie theie is an entiy unuei Clivigei foi leasing
limestones in Sheuuing Beys: W/3( L(@3*%9 >2.)64//+[ ;M*^;.^;<5 IME[<[D;K
C*#2& dD<[<)[<+7

6," <-U" /H $," .''/*&$-/#+

It will be seen fiom the table below that the size of the Thuisuen allocations is
small, vaiying fiom a quaitei of a statutoiy acie to six anu a quaitei.

6&I'" /H .*%"&0"+ '"&+"8 -# $," ?9+,-#0+ /H F%-"%*'-HH" &#8 !'-A-0"%
(statutoiy acies:)
William Sagai 162
4
Robeit Bieiecliffe 162
4
Isobel, his wife V 162
4
}ohn Butteiwoith Beep Clough -
Clivigei
V 17S
4
To the heiies of Bainaiu Whitwham 162
4
Richaiu Eckioyu 162
4
}ames Foulus of Tiawuen 1 162
4
Bollingieave & Ru. Ratcliffe of
Winule Bouse
1V 162
4
}ohn Tatteisall 1V 162
4
Lawience Bieiecliffe 1 162
4
Chailes Towneley of Towneley, Esq 1 162
4
}ohn Balsteau of Cockuen 2V 162
4
To the heiies of Beasonfoiu S 162
4
Nicholas Towneley of Royle 6 162
4
}ohn Ingham, Buistwoou - Sheuuing
Beys
S8 16S
9

The smallei allocations of half an acie oi less woulu just about have pioviueu foi
a kiln anu its loauing aieas anu the slightly laigei ones to those entitleu to moie
kilns such as Robeit Paikei of Boluen Clough who testifieu in the Equity Case:

777 *(+9 3& 63$) +&5/(&(69 1&$(@ * J.&&3/#+&. 3*63 0/2.& '$#() /0 cO64$)6#& -/%/( *(+
)'*.) 63&.& @/66&( *(+ 12.(6 /0 3$) /4(& 5./5&. -3*.@&)7

Bowevei, these allocations moie likely ueteimine the aiea alloweu foi hushing
anu collecting of limestones anu can be iegaiueu as moveable lanus. The
possibility gains stiength when it is boine in minu that the concept of moveable
lanus was wiuely useu in meuiaeval open fielu systems.
41
In piactice, those with
common iights met annually anu by agieement allocateu the appiopiiate
numbei of stiips to each inuiviuual anu the same system existeu in latei
centuiies on the moss uoles of Lancashiie. Those with iights of common weie
allotteu an aiea foi peat cutting anu in Leylanu Bunuieu moss ieeves weie
appointeu to iegulate the aiiangements anu keep watch ovei the peat uoles.
42

Whilst no such official has been tiaceu in mooilanu paiishes, some customaiy
system of agieement must have been in foice foi the extensive peat cutting that
took place theie. 0n the moois above Bolton, foi example, theie is an aiea known
as "Chaiteis' Noss", wheie piesumably at one time chaiteieis - fieemen of the
township - hau iights to cut peat. Whilst at Anglezaike, above Choiley, small
stakes useu to maik inuiviuual plots, oi "moveable lanus", have been iecoveieu
fiom the olu peat uoles. It is likely that when it came to allocating aieas foi
collecting limestones in the hushings a similai system was employeu, implieu in
the Nemoianuum of 1624 in the Clitheioe Couit Rolls:

... )&6 /26 4$63 3/#&) *(+ 1/2(+) 6/ 1& )21^+$C$+&+ &\2*##: *--/.+$(@ 6/ &C&.:
%*(Q) .*6&*1#& 5*.6 6/ 3$) .&(6) *(+ $(#*(+) a

Fuithei suppoiting eviuence comes fiom a seiies of new, un-uevelopeu hushings
exposeu in East Sheuuen aftei a peat fiie in 199S.
4S
It is possible that these
featuies iepiesent the holuings of some of the Woisthoine faimeis, each with
his own hushing, plunging uown the hillsiue, shaiing the common feeuei gulleys
anu uams.

41
'moveable lands' were listed in a late 18thc enclosure document relating to water meadows in Leland. See
CLARU Internal Report No. 64
42
see CLARU Internal Report No 24
43
see the section on East Shedden, Part IV, for further details.

B&#&0-#0 &#8 @/%V-#0 $," ?9+,-#0+

Some inuication of how the hushings weie manageu come fiom uepositions in
the Equity Case. Thomas Wiigleswoith, foi example, ielates:

*1/26 63$) 6$%& (16S1) W/3( G#*:6/( /0 =.$&.-#$00&9 3$) 0*63&.^$(^#*49 *(+
/63&. $(3*1$6*(6) /0 =.$&.-#$00& +$+ 6*'& * #&*)& /0 64/ 63$.+) /0 63&
]:%&)6/(&) $( _32.)+&( 4*) 6*'&( 0./% X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 43/ 4*) 63&(
0*.%&. /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&)7 ?(+ 63&: 5*$+ X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: * :&*.#: .&(6
0/. 63& .$@36 6/ )&## 5*.6 /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&)7 >& -/(6$(2&+ )*:$(@[ 3& *(+
?1.*3*% B$#'$()/( -/##&-6&+ 63& .&(6) 0/. X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 43$-3 4&.&
*) %2-3 *) X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: 5*$+ 63& P$(@7 ?1.*% B$#'$()/(9 0/. &O*%5#&9
#&*)&+ ]:%&)6/(& H-*...&) $( _32.)+&( 0/. !D :&*.) *(+ 5*$+ * :&*.#: .&(6
/0 ,eE+ 0/. 63& #$1&.6: 6/ )&## 63& #$%&7
Witnesses give the impiession that unuei both Nicholas Towneleys the
auministiation of the limestone hushings woikeu comfoitably well anu when
infiingements occuiieu weie solveu by such means as gifts oi legal action, as the
two following examples illustiate:

Abiaham uieenwoou ielates in a ueposition that when he was seivant to }ames
Willson he was oiueieu seveial times to tuin the Foxehill guttei fiom Thuisuen
into Swaynes Platt, anu so that Ni Nicholas Towneley, ueceaseu, shoulu not be
angiy, he was sent

4$63 * 43/#& %266/( *(+ * %*2(+02## /0 &@@) *(+ /63&. 63$(@) 6/ F.7
_/4(&#&: 63*6 3& %$@36 3*C& 3$) 0*C/2. *(+ 62.(&+ 63& 4*6&.-/2.)& $(6/ $6)
2)2*# *(+ *--2)6/%&+ -/2.)&.

!/#$%/''-#0 $," @&$"% <9>>'J

The 1624 Nemoianuum also thiows light on how the watei supply to these
hushings was to be contiolleu, although it is unlikely this was a geneial piactice
eveiywheie:

777 * +*% /0 4*6&. $) 6/ 1& +.*4&( 3&.&*06&. 1&64&&( 63& )*$+ %$++#&%/)6
5*.6 *(+ #/4&.%/)6 5*.69 43$-3 4*6&. *## 63*6 0*##&63 0./% 3&*C&( /.
-/%&63 4$63/26 63& #&*C& /0 *(: %2)6 .2( 6/ &$63&. /0 63& )*$+ 5*.6) /(&
4&&' 0/. *(/63&. 4&&'9 (*%&#:9 6/ 63& #/4&.%/)6 5*.6 /(& 4&&' *(+ 6/ 63&
%$++#&%/)6 5*.6 *(/63&. 4&&' 0/. &C&. 3&.&*06&.7

It is not easy to ieconcile these uesciiptions of the Thuisuen Scaiies as they
appeai touay. Piobably the Niuulesmost anu Loweimost paits iefei to the
hushings on the noith siue of the valley, leaving those on the south siue, feu by
watei fiom below Reive Euge, as the uppeimost pait. Thus accounting foi the
weekly iegulation of watei between Niuulemost anu Loweimost paits, ielying
on the limiteu supply of watei fiom the Foxehill uuttei.

!/''"*$-#0 '-;"+$/#"+

Bow the limestones weie collecteu anu shaieu between those with iights in a
paiticulai hushing aiea is a mattei of speculation. Faim women anu chiluien
may have helpeu with the woik of collecting anu loauing the limestones into
pannieis on faim hoises oi onto mooilanu sleus foi caiiying to the neaiby kilns.

Theie is only one iefeience to this kinu of activity anu that is an inciuent iecalleu
in the Equity Case by }ohn Bolmes:

777 63& 4$0& /0 W/3( H$%)/( 6/#+ 3$% 63*6 63& G/%5#*$(*(6 (Robeit Paikei)
3*+ 6*'&( 63& )3/C&## 0/. )3/C&##$(@& ]:%&)6/(&) 0./% 3&. 32)1*(+ *(+ )/#+
63& #$%&)6/(&) 777 @/66&( 1: H$%5)/( $( * -&.6*$( 5#*66 -*##&+ T/+@*6& F//.&
a

It may well have been the case that the limestones weie pickeu out of the
washeu uown uetiitus, pileu into heaps anu latei shovelleu onto caits oi in
pannieis foi caiiying away.

1.36 77

3/I"%$ 1&%V"%

The uiscoveiy of the uocuments of Robeit Paikei's Equity Case of 16S8-6u
1
has
been of cential impoitance to the histoiy of the Lymestone Scaiies. Not only uo
they pioviue uetails of the hushings anu lime-buining but affoiu glimpses of
people who liveu in the uplanu faims anu hamlets of Buinley anu Colne in the
17th centuiy.

Whilst Robeit Paikei's name is iiievocably linkeu with the Limestone Scaiies
little is known about him. In the Equity Case he is uesciibeu as a 'yeoman of Bigh
Riuehough in Biieicliffe', wheie theie aie two faims of that name at the heau of
Thuisuen valley.
2
The occupant of the othei faim was }ohn Balsteau, one of the
uefenuants in the Equity Case, also uesciibeu as a yeoman. Which of the faims
each inhabiteu is not known but ieseaich into the histoiy of the two faims may
give moie infoimation.

Robeit Paikei's name also appeais in the Clitheioe Couit Rolls foi 16S7 when he
was chaigeu with tuining a wateicouise in Thuisuen. It is quite cleai fiom an
Inuentuie anu statements in the Equity Case that he helu lanu amongst the
hushings at Swaynes Platt.

The Inuentuie of Assignment, in which his name appeais, was uiawn up eighteen
yeais eailiei, on the 16th of Nay, 16S9:

L(+&(62.& /0 ?))$@(%&(6 %*+& 1&64&&( 63& )*$+ W/3( B$#)/(9 #*6& /0
F*(-3&)6&.9 /( 63& /(& 5*.6 *(+ >&(.: `*.'&. #*6& /0 H6&C&( >&: $(
=.&.&-#$00& $( 63& G/2(6: /0 ]*(-*)6&.9 32)1*(+%*(9 (/4 +&-&*)&+9 *(+
Y/1&.6 `*.'&. /( 63& /63&. 5*.67
S

This is confiimeu by the Complainant's 24th Inteiiogatoiie anu statements of
seveial witnesses. Thomas Aspuen witnesseu the legal tiansaction anu ueoige
Bannstei, foi example, mentions Robeit Paikei's entiance to the Limestone
Scaiies in Swaynes Platt

"...0/. 4*)3$(@ +/4( 63& #:%&)6/(&)..*1/26 DS :&*.) *@/778, i.e. 1SS9.

In 16S6 he emeigeu fiom appaient obscuiity by puichasing the Licence to 'faim'
the Limestone Scaiies. In the pioceeuings of the Equity Case uetails of some of
his activities anu snatches of his conveisation aie viviuly iecoiueu in the
uepositions of witnesses anu uefenuants. Be emeiges as a iecognisable chaiactei
ieminiscent of many Pennine hill faimeis of the piesent time. But what
happeneu to him aftei }uly, 166u, when his couit case collapseu is not known.

6," 19%*,&+" /H $," )-*"#*"

0n the 29th of Apiil, 16S6, Robeit Paikei bought, Q7770/. * @//+#: )2% 777Q9 the
Licence foi the Limestones Scaiies anu Bankes foi Buinley anu Colne fiom
Samuel Boughton, of Biieicliffe. The following 0ctobei a piesentment against
him was enteieu at the Balmot Couit by Nicholas Towneley foi tuining the watei
above Thuisuen. Two of Nicholas Towneley's tenants, Bugh Rigby anu
Chiistophei Smith, swoie on theii oaths to the homageis of the couit that Robeit
Paikei hau tuineu the watei fiom Thuisuen to Swaynes Platt. A meeting at the
time of the piesentment is uesciibeu by thiee witnesses. }ohn Watson, Euwaiu
Kippax anu Samuel Boughton:

f( 63*6 +*6& 63&: 4&.& *## 63.&& $( B$+/4 c6/2@3Q) *#&^3/2)& $( =2.(#&:9
*#/(@ 4$63 Y/1&.6 `*.'&. *(+ >2@3 Y$@1:7 _3&: 3&*.+ Y/1&.6 `*.'&. )*: 6/
>2@3 Y$@1:[ 8L 3&*. :/2 *.& -/%& 6/ )4&*. *@*$()6 %&7789 6/ 43$-3 >2@3
Y$@1: .&5#$&+[ 8L 4$## )4&*. *(+ +/ 43*6&C&. %: %*)6&. IX$-3/#*)
_/4(&#&:K 4$## 3*C& %& 6/ +/8.
Bowevei, Robeit Paikei was not piesenteu until six months latei on the
14th Nay, 16S7.

!/9%$ 3/'' /H $," B&#/% /H 70,$"#,-''

Nichaelmas 16S7 - Eastei 16S7.
_3& 3*#%/6& -/2.6 /0 _3/%*) J/)6&.9 &)\2$.&9 ]/.+ /0 63& %*(/. /0
L@36&(3$## 3/#+&( *6 =2.(#&: 25/( _32.)+*: 1&$(@ 63& DV63 +*: /0 F*: $(
63& :&*. /0 /2. ]/.+ D,MR 1&0/.& c+%2(+ H6&C&()/(9 @&(679 )6&4*.+ 63&.&7
fine OO +7

Q?#)/ 63&: g$7&7 63& U2.:h )*$& *(+ 5.&)&(6 Y/1&.6 `*.'&. /0 >$@3 Y$++$&3#*@3
0/. 62.(&$(@ /(& 4*6&. .2($(@& $(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( /266
/0 63& .$@36 G/2.)& 6/ 63& @.&*6 ?(/$*(-& /0 X$-3/#*) _/4(#&: &)\7 *(+
F$)6.&)) _/4(#&: W*%&) J/2#+) ]*4.&(-& =.&.&-#$00& W/3( >*##)6&*+ /0
B$(+#&3/2)& B$##$*% H*&. *(+ Y$-3*.+ H%$63 -/(6.*.: 6/ 63& -2)6/%& /0
63& )*$+ %*((/.7 _3$) 4*6&. 3*C&$(@& -/(6$(2&+ $( $6) 0/.%&. -/2.)& 2(6$##
/0 #*6& 6:%& 0/. 63& )5*-& /0 MV :&*.&) #*)6 5*)6 *) *55&*.&) 1: 63& /*63&) /0
>2@3 Y$@1$& *(+ G3./00&. H%$637 _3&.&0/.& 3&& $( %&.-: /0 G/2.6 *55&*.)
i-7

In his Answeis to Robeit Paikei's Bill of Complaints, Eumunu Stevenson,
Stewaiu of the Nanoi, quotes this entiy almost veibatim:

... ?(+ 3& 02.63&. )*$63 _3*6 *66 * 3*#%/6 -/2.6 3&#+ 0/. 63& )*$+ %*(/. *6
=2.(#&: DV63 F*: $( 63& :&*.& /0 /2. ]/.+ D,MR $6 4*) 0/2(+ *(+ 5.&)&(6&+
1: 63& 3/%*@& I*%/(@)6 /63&. 63$(@&)K $( 63&)& 4/.+) B& 5.&)&(6 :/2.
)2$6/. Y/1&.6 `*.'&. /0 >$@3 Y$+$3/2@3 0/. _2.($(@ /(& 4*6&. .2(($(@ $(6/
63& ]:%&)6/(&) H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( /26 /0 63& .$@36 -/2.)& 6/ 63& @.&*6
*((/:*(-& /0 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 &)\2$.& F$)6.&))7 _/4(&#&:9 W*%&) J/2#+)9
]*2.&(-& =.&.&-#$00&9 W/3( >*#)6&+ /0 B$(+#& >/2)&9 B$##$*% H*@*.9 *(+
Y$-3*.+ H%$63 -/(6.*.: 6/ 63& -2)6/% /0 63& )*$+ F*(/. _3$) 4*6&. 3*C$(@
-/(6$(2&+ $( $6) 0/.%&. -/2.)& 2(6$# /0 #*6& 6:%& 0/. 63& )5*-& /0 MV :&*.)
#*)6 5*)6 *) *55&*.&63 1: 63& /*63 /0 >2@3 Y$@1$& *(+ G3.$)6/53&. H%$63 777
Eumunu Stevenson took the piesentment anu, at the iequest of Nicholas
Towneley, uiiecteu a waiiant to the gieave of the Nanoi, Robeit Biuei, to tuin
back the watei which Robeit Paikei hau uiveiteu, which he uiu. }ohn Bolmes, a
seivant of Catlow, witnesseu this action in the couit, but saiu afteiwaius Robeit
Paikei tuineu the watei back again into Swaynes Platt. Theie is no mention,
howevei, of any fuithei action by the Stewaiu ovei this uefiance. A stay of
execution foi thiee weeks was given by the Stewaiu so Robeit Paikei coulu
tenuei a Tiaveise
4
to uispute the case foi tiial at the next sitting of the Balmot
Couit. The Stewaiu offeieu Robeit Paikei foui uays to ueciue. Accoiuing to one
witness in the Equity Case, }ohn Balsteu of Cockuen, Robeit Paikei askeu foi a
Tiaveise anu the Stewaiu iesponueu by asking him foi a pleuge to tiy the action.
Beniy Boughton, a well-to-uo yeoman of Extwistle, was chosen but not accepteu
because he was not a copyholuei. Robeit Paikei then askeu }ohn Balsteu of
Cockuen if he woulu stanu pleuge, to which he agieeu anu was accepteu. The
Stewaiu then askeu Robeit Paikei to be at the Balmot Couit at Colne the
following Weunesuay anu he woulu then entei him a Tiaveise. Robeit Paikei
askeu foi time until the seconu sitting of the Balmot Couit but the Stewaiu coulu
not accept as it was against the iules, although he woulu accept it at the next
sitting. Neveitheless, Eumunu Stevenson stateu 873& )&(6 3$) )/(9 W/3(9 +$C&.)
6$%&)7778 to Robeit Paikei to give notice to entei his Tiaveise.
0n the following Weunesuay }ohn Balsteu accompanieu Robeit Paikei to
an inn in Colne, kept by a Ni. Bainbiiuge, wheie, piesumably, the Balmot Couit
was being helu anu wheie Robeit Paikei intenueu to apply foi his Tiaveise.
Anothei witness, Richaiu Buiton of Eyshouse, gentleman, was also piesent.
Robeit Paikei met Eumunu Stevenson anu piouuceu his copy of the
Piesentment anu askeu to be aumitteu of a Tiaveise. Eumunu Stevenson
appeaieu to agiee anu wiote foui lines oi so on the left siue of the copy. At this
point Robeit Paikei saiu something to Eumunu Stevenson which the witness uiu
not heai but whatevei it was it angeieu Eumunu Stevenson who eiaseu what he
hau wiitten anu cuitly tolu Robeit Paikei "... 6/ @/ 6/ 3$) 52.5/)&...".

This inciuent took place outsiue the couit ioom, piesumably at a table oi uesk
wheie wiiting mateiials weie available. Neanwhile }ohn Balsteu was waiting to
be calleu as a pleuge foi Paikei's Tiaveise, but was left hanging about until 8777$6
@.&4 6/4*.+) ($@36 *(+ 3& 4&(6 3/%& 7778

Eumunu Stevenson, a few uays afteiwaius, askeu Richaiu Tatteisall, a chapman,
who hau been piesent at the couit to speak to Robeit Paikei anu finu out if he
wanteu the Tiaveise oi not. When appioacheu Robeit Paikei saiu he only
wanteu it if he coulu have it at the time he wanteu, to which Richaiu Tatteisall
tolu him woulu be not be acceptable to the Stewaiu, aftei uenying the iequest in
open couit. Robeit Paikei then askeu Richaiu Tatteisall to entieat the Stewaiu
to accept a mouest fine anu he woulu submit to it. Richaiu Tatteisall then spoke
to the Stewaiu anu peisuaueu him to levy a fine of 2u pence. This fine was
accepteu anu is iecoiueu in the Couit Rolls.

It may not be going too fai to suggest that Robeit Paikei uiveiteu the
Foxehill uuttei to piovoke Nicholas Towneley into piesenting him at the
halmot couit. That this manoeuvie was unueistoou by his auveisaiies
coulu have been why they weie anxious foi him to have a Tiaveise so the
mattei coulu be settleu in the Balmot Couit wheie it woulu enu. Bis
statement in the Bill of Complaints suggests that Robeit Paikei hau
manoeuvieu the uefenuants into piesenting him at the Balmot Couit
wheie he contiiveu to have the Tiaveise iefuseu anu a fine imposeu
insteau.
8 63*6 c+%2(+ H6&C&()/(9 /(& /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) *(+ H6&4*.+ /0 63& F*(/. /0
L@36&(3$## .&02)&+ 3$% * _.*C&.)& *(+ $%5/)&+ 3$% * 0$(&9 -/(6.*.: 6/ G2)6/%7 >&
3*+ 63&( (/ /63&. .&+.&)) $( ]*4 126 6/ )21%$6 3$) -*)& 6/ 63& =*./() /0 63&
cO-3&\2&...."
It becomes cleai that Robeit Paikei was in conflict with his neighbouis fiom the
veiy beginning. It is a mattei of speculation whethei Robeit Paikei blusteieu his
way into these couit cases to asseit his iights, oi, whethei he was involveu in
some soit of ieligio-political campaign involving otheis to establish
commonwealth iights once anu foi all.

4W9-$J !&+" -# $," !/9%$ &$ @"+$;-#+$"% X KLQY X KLLM

The uocuments of the Equity Case ieveal the legal uifficulties causeu by the
Commonwealth goveinment anu theii iepeicussions in the eveiyuay affaiis of
local life.

Robeit Paikei, like many local yeoman, may have been a suppoitei of the
Commonwealth, oi can be imagineu as a paiu-off Rounuheau officei ietuining to
Biieicliffe, investing his pay in the Limestone Scaiis. If so, he woulu ceitainly
have been at ouus with Nicholas Towneley, a foimei licencee of the Limestone
Scaiies anu now the esquiie of Royle who woulu not take kinuly to being loiueu
ovei by Robeit Paikei.

Nany of the fieeholueis, copyholueis, tenants anu lessei tenants of the
Limestone Scaiies in Thuisuen, Biieicliife, Buistwoou anu Clivigei hau,
seemingly, uevelopeu piofitable enteipiises selling lime anu limestones to local
faimeis anu pack-hoise meichants to tiaue into the Blackshaw aiea of
Yoikshiie, a few miles to the east. If Robeit Paikei's contiol anu levies weie
accepteu it coulu have meant that the enteipiises woulu have become
unpiofitable with peihaps seiious consequences to livelihoou.

It has been assumeu that the Scaiies anu Bankes iefeiieu to in the Licence
incluueu at least the eight aieas uesciibeu in Section Iv; namely: Wycollai,
Tiawuen, Coluwell, Thuisuen & Biieicliffe, Swinuen, Buistwoou, Cant Clough
anu Sheuuen Clough. These hushing aieas all exhibit seveial phases of use, anu
theie is no ieason to believe they uo not shaie a similai antiquity, but, only
Thuisuen & Biieicliffe, Coluwell (Swaynes Platt) anu Sheuuen Beyes (Sheuuen
Clough) aie involveu. Theie is no mention by the complainant oi any of the
witness of othei hushing aieas, oi of peisons involveu in them.
S
This coulu be
explaineu by the necessity to iestiict the case to the most impoitant issues.
The Equity Case extenueu ovei thiee yeais fiom Apiil, 16S7 to }uly, 166u. It
involveu two sepaiate Bills of Complaints against thiiteen uefenuants. Foity-one
witnesses weie calleu; twenty-five foi the plaintiff, twenty-thiee foi the
uefenuants, whilst seven weie common to both paities. Robeit Paikei was
iepiesenteu at Westminstei by thiee attoineys anu the uefenuants by five; two
Swoin Cleiks of the Equity Couit weie also involveu anu at least eleven Lay
Commissioneis weie nameu to inteiiogate uefenuants anu examine witnesses. It
must have been veiy expensive to iesoit to Westminstei anu one woulu have
thought beyonu the ieach of a yeoman of Robeit Paikei's stanuing.

6," 4W9-$J !/9%$ &$ @"+$;-#+$"%
6

Whilst theie was an Equity Couit attacheu to the Couit of the Buchy Chambei of
Lancastei it appeais to have fallen into uisuse uuiing the Inteiiegnum,
consequently the case hau to go to the Equity Couit at Westminstei, then the
accepteu couit foi civil uisputes.

The Equity Couit contiasts with othei couits wheie stiict iules of law apply. It
was conceineu with the application to paiticulai ciicumstances of what seems
natuially just anu ieasonable in cases wheie the law may not pioviue foi such
ciicumstances. The opposition between equity anu law was minimiseu by iules
of law laying uown flexible stanuaius confeiiing uiscietionaiy poweis.

The officeis of the Couit weie as follows:

$%&'() - appointeu fiom seigeants-at-law, hau same iank as }uuges of othei
couits. Theie weie foui Baions: the Chief Baion anu thiee otheis, all equal in
juuicial status. At heaiings one baion was always piesent as juuge.

*+%,-(.&) piesiueu ovei the taking of the uepositions of witnesses examineu at
Westminstei.

/0. 1-(23) 4.,.,5&%(6.& was the chief cleiical officei who hanuleu all the bills
anu appointeu the swoin cleiks. Be ieceiveu all iefeiences to suits of equity,
kept monies paiu into couit, took accounts, examineu ceitain witnesses, kept
exhibits anu uocuments, attenueu sittings in couit anu took minutes of ueciees
anu oiueis. Be hau powei to exeicise his office by ueputy. Bis office was
oiiginally in the 0lu Exchequei builuing attacheu toWestminstei Ball. It was
uestioyeu in the uieat Fiie of 1666, ie-built anu calleu the Exchequei 0ffice anu,
finally, bombeu out uuiing Woilu Wai II.

78'&( 9:.&;): theie weie eight in the Remembiancei's office. They acteu as
attoineys in the couit foi the litigants anu eveiy paity hau to employ one to
iepiesent him anu hanule the papei woik.

<%= 9',,-))-'(.&) took uepositions in the countiy.

The heaiings of the Couit weie conuucteu in two languages: Latin anu English.
Latin useu foi the foimalities, patents, wiits anu enuoisements, etc. All ievenue
anu common law iecoius weie kept in latin. But the Equity pleauings,
inteiiogatoiies anu uepositions anu the ueciees anu oiueis weie in English -
hence, calleu "English Bills." Although an Act was passeu in 16Su iequiiing
English to be the only language useu in the couits it was annulleu by a
Restoiation Act in 166u anu Latin iestoieu. It was aigueu that the English Act
hau been passeu by an assembly which was not a constitutional pailiament anu
hau nevei ieceiveu the ioyal assent.

P"$&-'+ /H $," !&+"

F-'' /H !/;>'&-#$ &0&-#+$ 3/I"%$ F%"$*'-HH" X KLQY 4&+$"% 6"%;

Buiing the Eastei Teim of 16S7, piobably between the 1Sth of Apiil anu the 9th
Nay,
Robeit Paikei's attoineys piesenteu a Bill of Complaint against Robeit Bietcliffe
to the Exchequei Equity Couit at Westminstei auuiesseu to the Right
Bonouiable Robeit Nicholas, one of the Baions. It uesciibes Robeit Paikei as ".
/0 =.$&.-#$00& $( 63& G/2(6: /0 ]*(-*)6&.", but uoes not give his social status. The
Bill is uiafteu in similai teims to that of the seconu lawsuit, uesciibeu below, of
which it has been possible to make a fullei anu moie accuiate tiansciipt.

Robeit Bieiecliffe is uesciibeu as the ownei of lanus aujacent to the Lymestone
Scaiies anu, along with othei peisons unknown, set tithes anu maue claims that
weie iightly Robeit Paikei's.

@%-$ $/ "Z&;-#" 3/I"%$ F%"%"*'-HH"[
16S7: Weunesuay, 1uth }une.
This wiit was issueu fiom the Remembiancei's 0ffice at Westminstei investing
five lay Commissioneis with powei anu authoiity to examine the uefenuant.
With suinames like Naisuen, Ingham, Aspuen anu Boughton they weie piobably
local men of gentleman iank. They weie to iecoiu his answeis on paichment anu
then sent to Westminstei. The wiit was signeu by Robeit Nicholas, Baion, anu
issueu by Fiancis Buiwell, the Loiu Piotectoi's Remembiancei.

.#+="%+ /H 3/I"%$ F%"%"*'-HH"
16S7\ Weunesuay,14th 0ctobei.
The Answeis weie taken at Colne by thiee of the appointeu Commissioneis:
Beniy Naisuen, Euwaiu Naisuen anu Beniy Boughton. Robeit Bieiecliffe
uenies all the chaiges laiu against him anu the existence oi legality of the
tiansactions emanating fiom the Pailiamentaiy Bill of Sale of Ciown piopeity.
Be uiaws attention to the confiimation of copyholu iights within the Bonoi of
Clitheioe maue in }uly 164u, anu to his copyholu iights in the Lymestone Scaiies
lawfully conveyeu to him fiom one of the Balsteu families, since which time he
has gatheieu limestones without inteifeience. Be aumits selling some of the
limestones but he is unceitain of the quantity solu.
<"*/#8 F-'' /H !/;>'&-#$+[
But this was not all, a few months latei Robeit Paikei unueitook a seconu anu
moie ambitious lawsuit, citing Nicholas Towneley anu twelve othei uefenuants
foi similai offences anu foi his piesentment anu tieatment at the manoi couit.

F-'' /H !/;>'&-#$+ &0&-#+$ D-*,/'&+ 6/=#"'"J
7
&#8 /$,"%+
KLQYO in the Nichaelmas Teim
8

The Befenuants
Nicholas Towneley Royle esquiie
Isabell

Towneley

Bank Top

wiuow

Eumunu

Stevenson

Penule

gentleman

}ohn

Ingham

Buistwoou

gentleman

Robeit

Bieiecliffe

Buiwains,
Extwistle

yeoman

Lauience

Bieiecliffe

Buiwains,
Extwistle

yeoman

Richaiu

Smith

Pigghoule,
Biieicliffe

yeoman

Chiistophei

Smith

Stony Rakes,
Biieicliffe

yeoman

}ohn

Balsteau

Bigh
Riuihough,
Biieicliffe

yeoman

}ohn

Balsteau

Winule
Bouse,
Biieicliffe

yeoman

William

Sagai

Catlow

yeoman

Bugh

Rigby

Buu Bouse,
Biieicliffe

husbanuman

6," !/;>'&-#$+ Robeit Paikei complains that his iights have been inteiiupteu
anu hinueieu by the Befenuants anu othei peisons not yet iuentifieu that they:
D 7 )&6 25 )&C&.*# 6$6#&) *(+ -#*$%) 6/ 63& #:%&)6/(&) *(+ 5*.6 /0 63& 5./0$6)
43$-3 )3/2#+ .$@36#: 1& Y/1&.6 `*.'&.Q)9 *(+ 3*C& +&0.*2+&+ 3$% /0 3$)
1&(&0$6)7
!7 3*C& 62.(&+ 4*6&.
;7 3*C& 6*'&( *(+ -*..$&+ *4*: 63& @.&*6&. 5*.6 /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&) 0/. 63&$.
/4( 2)& /. 0/. )*#& 0/. @.&*6 )2%) /0 %/(&:
V7 1: -/%1$(*6$/( *%/(@ 63&%)&#C&) +$+ 5.&)&(6 3$% *6 63& >*#%/6 G/2.6
0/. 2)$(@ )/%& 5*.6 /0 63& )*$+ 4*6&.)7
M7 63*6 c+%2(+ H6&C&()/(9 /(& /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) *(+ H6&4*.+ /0 63& F*(/.
/0 L@36&(3$## .&02)&+ 3$% * _.*C&.)& *(+ $%5/)&+ 3$% * 0$(&9 -/(6.*.: 6/
G2)6/%7
,7 $( +$C&.) 4*:) *(+ 1: /63&. 4./(@) 3*C& $(6&..256&+ *(+ 3$(+&.&+ *## /0
43$-3 *.& -/(6.*.: 6/ @//+ -/()-$&(-& *(+ .$@36 &\2$6:7 _/ *## /0 43$-3 3&
3*) (/ .&%&+:7
>& *)') 63& =*./() 6/ -/%5&# 63& T&0&(+*(6) 6/ %*'& '(/4( 6/ 3$% 43*6
\2*(6$6$&) 63&: 3*C& &*-3 @*63&.&+ 0/. 63&$. /4( 2)& *(+ *#)/ 0/. )*#& *(+
6/ 43/% 63&: 3*C& )/#+ 63&%9 *(+ 0/. 3/4 %2-39 *(+ 6/ 5*: 3$% 3$) +2&)7
>& *#)/ *)') 63*6 63& T&0&(+*(6) )3/2#+ 1& 1./2@36 1&0/.& 63& G/2.6 6/
%*'& *()4&.7

]/-#$ &#8 <"A"%&' .#+="%+ /H D-*,/'&+ 6/=#"'"J &#8 C$,"%+[
KLQY^T[ (piobably }anuaiy_
A wiit was issueu on Satuiuay, the 28th. Novembei, 16S7 to examine Nicholas
Towneley anu otheis, who gave the following answeis:
?## /0 63& 6&( T&0&(+*(6)9 &O-&56 W/3( L(@3*%9 *.& -/5:3/#+ /. #&))&.
6&(*(6) $( =.$&.-#$00& *(+ _32.)+&(7
D7 _3&: '(/4 (/63$(@ *1/26 63& )*#& /0 63& .$@36) *(+ 5/4&.) 6/ H*%2&#
>/2@36/( /. /0 3$) )*#& /0 63&% 6/ Y/1&.6 `*.'&.7
!7 _3&: *.& -2)6/%*.: *(+ -/5:3/#+ 6&(*(6) /0 63& #*(+) *(+ 6&(&%&(6) $(
\2&)6$/( 43$-3 63&: 3*C& 3&#+ 2(+&. 63& #*6& P$(@7
;7 ?) -2)6/%*.: 6&(*(6) *(+ -/5:3/#+&.) 63&: 3*C& * .$@36 6/ 63& #$%&)6/(&
3&.&+$6*%&(6) *(+ 6/ %*'& #$%& 0/. 2)& /( 63&$. /4( #*(+7
V7 _3&: @$C& +&6*$#) /0 #*(+ 63&: 3/#+ 2(+&. C*.$/2) -/5:3/#+ *@.&&%&(6)7
$K X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: $( D,;! 3*+ ;*7 ;. !V0 I,[D[DDK $( 63& G/%%/() *(+
B*)6&) /0 =.&$.-#$00& 4$63$( 63& DM *-.&) I!V[D[EK /0 63& ]$%&)6/(& H-*..&)
*##/6&+ 6/ 3$% 1: 63& G/%%$))$/(&.)
$$K L)/1&## _/4(&#&: 3*+ D.7!<0 I<[![DRK
$$$K ]*4.&(-& =.&.&-#$00&9 W/3( >*#)6&+ /0 B$(+#& >/2)&9 B$##$*% H*@*.9
Y$-3*.+ H%$639 W*%&) *(+ W/3( c-'./:+ /0 _.*4+&( 3/#+ ;*7!.7DE07 IM[;[D,K
$CK >2@3 Y$@1: *(+ G3.$)6/53&. H%$63 3/#+9 *) #&))&. 6&(*(6) /0 X$-3/#*)
_/4(&#&: *(+ L)/1&## _/4(&#&:9 )/%& 5*.6) /0 63& H-*..&)7
CK W/3( >*#)6&+ /0 >$@3 Y$+$3/2@3 $) * #&))&. 6&(*(6 /0 W*%&) J/2#+)7
M7 ?## 63& #&))&. 6&(*(6) -#*$% 63&: )3/2#+ 3*C& 63& )*%& .$@36) *) 63& 02## 6&(*(6)7
,7 ?) .&@*.+) 63& 2)& *(+ )&##$(@ /0 #$%& *(+ #$%&)6/(&)[
}ohn Balsteu of Bighei Riuihough aumits gatheiing limestones foi use on
his own lanu. At this point the uocument is uamageu but the following can
be maue out:

W/3( L(@3*% *()4&.) 8777D<< #/*+)7 8N B$##$*% H*@*.9 #$'&4$)&, 8777D '$#(02#7777;
'$#(02#)778

.#+="%+ /H 48;9#8 <$"A"#+/# $&V"# &$ F9%#'"J KLQY^QT 22 }anuaiy Fiiuay
Eumunu Steven saiu foi many yeais past he has been stewaiu of the Nanoi of
Ightenhill unuei Thomas Fostei, esquiie, since he puichaseu the manoiial iights,
anu has kept the Balmot Couit foi him evei since. Be testifieu that at the Balmot
Couit helu at Buinley on the 14th. Nay,16S7, Robeit Paikei of Bigh Riuihough
was piesenteu foi

862.($(@ /(& 4*6&. .2(($(@ $(6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(&) H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( /26 /0
63& .$@36 -/2.)& 6/ 63& @.&*6 *((/:*(-& /0 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 &)\2$.&
F$)6.&))7 _/4(&#&:9 W*%&) J/2#+)9 ]*2.&(-& =.&.&-#$00&9 W/3( >*#)6&+ /0
B$(+#& >/2)&9 B$##$*% H*@*.9 *(+ Y$-3*.+ H%$63 -/(6.*.: 6/ 63& -2)6/% /0
63& )*$+ F*(/.8
Bugh Rigbie anu Chiistophei Smith ueclaieu on oath that this watei hau
continueu in its foimei couise foi the past S4 yeais until of late. Eumunu
Stevenson saiu he accepteu the piesentment anu, at the iequest of
Nicholas Towneley, gianteu a waiiant to the gieave of the Nanoi to put
the watei back into the iight couise, with stay of execution foi thiee
weeks to give the accuseu time to tenuei his Tiaveise at the next couit.

Eumunu Stevenson saiu he sent his son, }ohn Stevenson, to Robeit Paikei seveial
times to give him notice to entei a Tiaveise. Robeit Paikei went to Eumunu
Stevenson at Colne anu tenueieu his Tiaveise, but foi the )&-/(+ couit aftei. This
was uenieu being against the custom of the Nanoi, anu Robeit Paikei iequesteu
a fine of 2u pence, which was gianteu anu paiu.

@%-$ $/ "Z&;-#" &'' @-$#"++"+
KLQTO B/#8&J\ RN D/A";I"%

Y$-3*.+ ]/.+ `./6&-6/. /0 63& G/%%/(4&*#63 /0 c(@#*(+ H-/6#*(+ *(+ L.&#*(+ *(+
63& T/%$($/() *(+ _&..$6/.$&) 63&.&2(6/ 1&#/(@$(@7
_/ /2. 4&##1&#/C&+ Y$-3*.+ P$(@9 @&(679 c+%2(+ Y$@@9 @&(679 B$##$*% H3266#&4/.639
@&(679 *(+ W/3( F//.&9 @&(67
Z.&&6$(@ 77777777+/& @$C& *(+ @.*(6 2(6/ :/2 /. *(: 64/ /. %/.& /0 :/2 02## 5/4&. *(+
*263/.$6: +$#$@&(6#: 6/ &O*%$(& *## 4$6(&))& 25/( -&.6*$(& ?.6$-#&) /.
L(6&../@*6/.$&) 6/ 1&& &O3$1$6&+ 1&0/.& :/2 /( 63& 1&3*#0& /0 Y/1&.6 `*.'&.9
5#*$(6$009 *) /( 63& 1&3*#0& /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) *6 =2.(#&: G/#(& /. `*+$3*% 0/. )2-3
+*: /. +*:) *) :/2 )3*## *55/$(6 :/2 -*## *(+ -*2)& 6/ -/%& 1&0/.& :/2 63&
4$6(&))&)7
?(+ 63*6 :/2 +/ +$#$@&(6#: &O*%$(& 63&)& 4$6(&))&)N 63*6 64/ :/2 +/ @/ 6/ 63& 3/2)&
/0 W/3( G#*:6/( /0 `*.' >/2)& I0/. .&*)/() /0 *@& *(+ 0.*$#6:K *(+ $(6&../@*6& 3$%
63&.&7
?(+ 63*6 :/2 )&(+ 63& 4.$66&( 5*.-3%&(6) 6/ 63& =*./() /0 /2. cO-3&\2&. *6
B&)6%$()6&. $( 63& %/../4 /0 63& 52.$0$-*6$/( /0 63& 1#&))&+ j$.@$( F*.: I!(+
J&1.2*.:K )&*#&+ 2(+&. 63& )&*#) /0 *(: 64/ /. %/.& /0 :/2 6/@&63&. 4$63 63&
L(6&../@*6/.$&) *(+ 63$) 4.$669
_3& +&0&(+*(6 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 6/ 3*C& 6&( +*:) (/6$-& 1&0/.&3*(+ /0 63& +*:
*(+ 5#*-& /0 63& 0$.)6 )$66$(@7
>-?(.)) _3/%*) B$++.$(@6/( P($@36 *6 B&)6%$()6&. 0/. 63& !S63
+*: /0 X/C&%1&. $( 63& :&*. /0 /2. ]/.+ D,ME7

!/;>'&-#&#$`+ 7#$"%%/0&$/%-"+ &#8 @-$#"++"+` P">/+-$-/#+[

As a iesult of this Wiit all witnesses weie examineu at Colne on Tuesuay, the 2S
}anuaiy, 16S8S9, except }ohn Clayton who was examineu at his house. The
Bepositions weie wiitten on paichment anu then uispatcheu unuei seal to the
Equity Couit at Westminstei.
Inteiiogatoiies conceining legal foimalities anu those not accompanieu by
ueposition have been excluueu.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O Y >*C& Y/1&.6 `*.'&.Q) .$@36) 1&&( $(6&..256&+ 1: *(: /0 63&
T&0&(+*(6)k

@-$#"++"+: <&;9"' ?/90,$/# : Relates Bugh Rigbie's suppoit of his mastei
Nicholas Towneley.

48=&%8 a->>&Z : By some of the uefenuants, but none aie nameu.

]/,# <-;>+/# : The Foxhill Slack guttei which tuins watei into Thuisuen
staives Swaynes Platt anu that is a hinuiance.
9

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O T (i) >*C& *(: /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) )$(-& !S63 ?5.$#9 D,M, +$C&.6&+
*(: 4*6&. 1&#/(@$(@ 6/ Y/1&.6 `*.'&.k
I$$K >/4 #/(@ 3*) 63& J/O3$## H#*-' @266&. .2( 4*6&. $(6/ _32.)+&(k
I$$$K B3$-3 /0 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) +/&) $6 1&#/(@ *(+ 43$-3 /(& 4/2#+ $6 )&.C&
(*62.*##:k
I$CK B3*6 5*.6 /0 H4*:(&) `#*66 -*((/6 1& @/6 4$63/26 $6k
1u

@-$#"++"+:-

:"/%0" F&##+$"%: Theie was a bounuaiy stone on the wastes anu commons
above Foxhill Slack that uiviueu the paiishes of Colne anu Buinley. The watei
that uescenus fiom heie woulu flow natuially into Swaynes Platt. But since the
lease fiom Chailes I to Nicholas Towneley watei has been uiawn fiom it - the
Foxhill Slack guttei -to iun into Thuisuen anu staiveu the hushings anu the coin
mill uown at Biauley Nill. Be uiu woik the hushings in Swaynes Platt at one time
without any inteiiuption.

48=&%8 a->>&Z: Repeats the above stating that since the 29th Apiil, 16S6 some
of the uefenuants have tuineu the watei into Thuisuen.
11

]/,# <,&*V"'$/#: Confiims.

]&;"+ @,-$$&*V"%: Confiims. Be has known of this watei foi 2u to Su yeais but
uoes not know who tuineu it.

]/+">, 39+,$/#: Implies this tuining has been in existence foi about 4u yeais
anu has known of no tiouble until of late between the Complainant anu
Befenuants.

3/I"%$ ?&%$'"J: Confiims these statements.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O Rb
12

B3*6 4*6&.) 3*) Y/1&.6 `*.'&. &(U/:&+ 0/. 32)3$(@ $( H4*:(&) `#*66 +2.$(@ 63&
5*)6 DS :&*.)k

@-$#"++"+O
:"/%0" F&##+$"%: Be shoulu have hau all the wateis fiom Foxhill Slack

]&;"+ @,-$$&V"%: Be husheu in Swaynes Platt foi S oi 6 yeais, pait in Nicholas
Towneley(I)'s uay when he assigneu Swaynes Platt ovei to Wilson, anu pait
when Wilson assigneu Swaynes Platt to Robeit Paikei anu the watei which fell
by iain uescenueu into Swaynes Platt save what was tuineu into Thuisuen.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O N
I$K >*C& *(: /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) )$(-& !S63 ?5.$#9 D,M, @*63&.&+ *(+ -*..$&+ *4*:
#$%&)6/(&) 4$63 $( 63& 64/ 5*.$)3&) 0/. 63&$. /4( 2)& /. 0/. )*#&k
I$$K B3*6 \2*(6$6: *(+ \2*#$6:9 43/ +$+ 63&: )&## 63&% 6/ *(+ 0/. 3/4 %2-3k
I$$$K B&.& 63&: @/66&( /( 0.&&3/#+ /. -/5:3/#+ #*(+k

@-$#"++"+:
B-*,&"' F'9#8"'': Names William Sagai anu }ohn Balsteu of Bigh Riuihalgh anu
says they got anu caiiieu away uiveise quantities fiom Swaynes Platt, copyholu
lanu, anu have solu seveial quantities to himself anu some men in Yoikshiie foi
SVu anu 6u a hoiseloau. Also Bugh Rigbie fiom Richaiu Shuttlewoith's lanus
neai Swaynes Platt, but whethei copyholu oi fieeholu is not known.

)&=%"#*" 3/I"%$: }ohn Ingham, Beep Clough in Clivigei, pait copyholu lanu,
solu seveial quantities into Yoikshiie foi about 6u a hoiseloau. Anu in past yeais
has solu quantities to caiiieis in the paiishes who have solu them on anu ".
gotten a pooi livelihoou ..."

?"#%J F&%*%/H$: Confiims the above but uoesn't know whethei lanus aie
fieeholu oi not. The same lanus weie encloseu some 6u yeais ago.

3/I"%$ <,&*V"'$/#: }ohn Ingham solu him some limestone but uoes not
iemembei how much at the iate of 6u a hoiseloau, also solu some to a }ohn
Nichell, a Yoikshiie man anu to othei peisons.

6,/;&+ @%-0'"+=/%$,: }ohn Balsteu of Winule Bouse, gatheieu anu buint
limestone on his copyholu lanus in Biieicliffe anu solu some into Yoikshiie anu
some to caiiieis into Yoikshiie. This was uone with Robeit Paikei's consent anu
an agieement to pay him 2 shillings foi eveiy kilnfull. Also }ohn Balsteu of Bigh
Riuihough gatheieu limestones in the scaiies in Biieicliffe anu solu some into
Yoikshiie.

6,/;&+ <,&*V"'$/#: Confiims the above anu auus that on both siues of the
watei in Extwistle & Thuisuen some of the lanu is copyholu anu some fieeholu.
In the last two summeis he solu a 1uu hoiseloaus to caiiieis into Yoikshiie at
about 6u a hoiseloau at the kiln mouth.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KM
I$K B*) Y/1&.6 `*.'&. 5.&)&(6&+ *6 63& >*#%/6 G/2.6 /( 63& DV63 F*:9 D,MR 0/.
2)$(@ )/%& 5*.6 /0 63& 4*6&.) 0/. 3$) #$%&)6/(& )-*..&) $( H4*:(&) `#*66k
I$$K B*) 63& 5.&)&(6%&(6 -/(6.$C&+ 1: X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: *(+ )/%& /0 63& /63&.
+&0&(+*(6) 25/( 63& /*63) /0 >2@3 Y$@1: *(+ G3.$)/53&. H%$639 43/ 4/2#+ )4&*.
43*6&C&. X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: 4*(6&+k

@-$#"++"+:
]/,# @&$+/#: The Foxhill Slack guttei tuins watei into Thuisuen Scaiies which
woulu natuially fall into Swaynes Platt

48=&%8 a->>&Z anu ]/,# @&'$/#: Beaiu Bugh Rigbie - 2Siu 0ctobei, 16S6 say
he woulu sweai to whatevei was to the auvantage of Nicholas Towneley

]/,# <$"A"#+/# anu 48;9#8 6&$$"%+&'': Robeit Paikei was piesenteu at the
Balmot Couit 14th Nay, 16S7 foi tuining a wateicouise in Thuisuen.

7#$"%O KK
I$K T$+ Y/1&.6 `*.'&. /00&. 6/ 526 $( * 6.*C&.)& *6 63& 6$%& /0 3$) 5.&)&(6%&(6 k
I$$K T$+ 63& +&0&(+*(6 c+%2(+ H6&C&()/(9 .&02)& * 6.*C&.)& /. +/ *(:63$(@ &#)&
-/(6.*.: 6/ 63& -2)6/%) /0 63& %*(/.k
@-$#"++"+:
]/,# <$"A"#+/#: Beposeu as he hau uone pieviously foi the Befenuants.

3-*,&%8 F9%$/#: Relates how he accompanieu Robeit Paikei to Colne to meet
the Stewaiu, Eumunu Stevenson, to be aumitteu of a Tiaveise but uiu not
succeeu.

]/,# ?&'+$"8 of Cockuen: Piesent in Couit. Be accepteu to be a pleuge foi
Robeit Paikei foi aumittance to a Tiaveise anu offeieu to accompany Robeit
Paikei to the next Couit in Colne.

3/I"%$ ?&%$'"J: Beaiu of the iefusal in Couit by the Stewaiu to accept a
Tiaveise unless piesenteu at the next Couit. Be saiu he hau been on the juiy in
many Couits anu hau nevei known a Tiaveise been iefuseu.

]/,# @&'$/#: Was of the opinion that a Tiaveise shoulu be offeieu within a
month of the piesentment

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O Kb
>*C& *(: /0 63& +&0&(+*(6) ^ *(-&)6/.)9 3&$.)9 6&(*(6) ^ /0 *(: /0 63& #*(+) 4$63$(
63& 5*.$)3&) 5*$+ *(: %/(&: 0/. #$1&.6: 6/ @&66 *(+ @*63&. *(+ )&## ]:%&)6/(&) 6/
63& 5.&C$/2) 0*.%&.) /0 63& #$-&(-&)k
@-$#"++"+O
B-*,&"' F'9#8"'': Beaiu that some paiu to Nicholas Towneley I ient to gathei
anu sell fiom Swaynes Platt.

.I%&; @-'V-#+/#: Be uiu faim of Nicholas Towneley(I) some pait of the
Lymestone Scaiies in Thuisuen foi 21 yeais - up to about 16Su - anu paiu him
68u. 0thei copyholueis in Biieicliffe took the iemainuei of the Scaiies anu they
all paiu togethei 2S to sell limestones anu also a yeaily ient. Be useu to collect
this yeaily ient foi Nicholas Towneley(I) who saiu that the copyholueis coulu
have gatheieu limestones foi theii own use without a lease. Also }ames Wilson
paiu a yeaily ient to Nicholas Towneley(I) anu now to his wiuow, Isobel
Towneley, to sell limestones gotten in Swaynes Platt. Be also says that within his
Su yeais memoiy he has nevei known any ient paiu foi libeity to sell lime
gatheieu in the two paiishes except at Thuisuen anu SwaynesPlatt.

6,/;&+ @%-0'"+=/%$,: Confiims the above anu names }ohn Clayton, his fathei-
in-law, as one of the copyholueis. Be auus that these ients was as much as what
Nicholas Towneley(I) paiu to the King foi all the Scaiies in the two paiishes.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KS
I$K T$+ X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:ILK 3*C& 3$) 4/.'%&( &(6&. W*%&) B$#)/(Q)9 /. Y$-3*.+
B$#)/( 3$) )/(9 #*(+ *6 H4*:(&) `#*66 6/ 32)39 @*63&. *(+ -*..: *4*: #$%&)6/(&)k
I$$K T$+ 3& -3*.@& 63& B$#)/() .&(6k
@-$#"++"+O
48=&%8 a->>&Z: Be chaigeu Richaiu Wilson S pei yeai foi libeity to sell
limestones fiom Swaynes Platt.

B-*,&"' F'9#8"'': About 2u yeais ago Nicholas Towneley(I) sent Bugh Rigbie to
entei Wilson's lanu at Swaynes Platt to gathei anu caiiy away limestones. Be
confiims above, auus that aftei Richaiu Wilson's ueath the iights weie passeu on
to }ohn, his biothei.

?"#%J )"-0,: Confiims above.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KL
>/4 #/(@ 3*C& 63& -/5:3/#+&.) 4$63$( 63& F*(/. /0 L@36&(3$## 3*+ #$1&.6: 6/
@*63&.9 12.( *(+ )&## #$%&)6/(&)k

@-$#"++"+O
48=&%8 a->>&Z: All the copyholueis within the Nanoi foi as long as he can
iemembei gatheieu limestones in the stannaiies which weie cast by the wateis
anu buineu the same foi the manuiing of theii Inlanu but not foi sale.

B-*,&"' F'9#8"'': Confiims above.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RK
?.& :/2 -/5:3/#+&.) /. 0.&&3/#+&.)k

@-$#"++"+O ?"#%J )"-0,: Be was both within the paiish of Colne.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RL
>*C& :/2 C/#2(6*.$#: *@.&&+ 4$63 Y/1&.6 `*.'&. 6/ 5*: 3$% .&*)/(*1#&
-/()$+&.*6$/( 0/. @&66$(@ #$%&)6/(&) 0./% :/2. #*(+)k

@-$#"++"+O
.I%&; @-'V-#+/#: saiu that he, Eumunu Tatteisall, Lauience Bietcliffe, late of
Blakehouse Lane, anu Thomas Whittam hau voluntaiily anu without compulsion
paiu Robeit Paikei his iights foi getting limestones fiom theii lanus.

48;9#8 6&$$"%+&'': Be has foi getting limestones fiom his lanus in Biieicliffe
anu elsewheie within the paiishes so that he coulu make sale.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RY
T$+ :/2 4$6(&)) *(:/(& 6*'& 5/))&))$/( /0 63& ]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& H-*..&) *(+
=*('&) *(+ /63&. 5#*-&) 0/. 63& 2)& /0 63& #*6& P$(@ W*%&)k
@-$#"++"+O
]/,# <,&*V"'$/#: saw one Cuiiei about 4u yeais ago anu shoitly aftei that
Nicholas Towneley(I) took them in lease.

P"H"#8&#$+` 7#$"%%/0&$/%-"+ &#8 @-$#"++"+` P">/+-$-/#+

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O b
>/4 #/(@ 3*C& -2)6/%*.: 6&(*(6) *(+ -/5:3/#+&.) $( =.$&.-#$00& 3*+ #$1&.6: 6/
@*63&. *(+ @&6 #$%&)6/(&) *(+ +*% 4*6&. $( 63& -/%%/() *(+ 4*)6&) $( 63& F*(/.
/0 L@36&(3$## -*##&+ 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&) $( _32.)+&( 0/. 63& 52.5/)& /0 %*'$(@
#$%& 6/ %*(2.& 63&$. /4( #*(+)k

@-$#"++"+O
F&%#&%8 ?9+I&#8: Beclaies that seveial times as a seivant uuiing the past 6u
yeais he husheu limestones - but not foi sale - in these Scaiies without
inteiiuption.

]/,# <,&*V"'$/#: Confiims ancient iights pie-uating Nicholas Towneley(I)'s
lease.

]&;"+ 39+,$/#: Confiims iights ovei past Su yeais, without uistuibance oi
inteiiuption till of late. Auus that both copyholueis anu fieeholueis have
gatheieu limestones on both siues of Thuisuen Biook as well as within theii own
lanus.

]/+">, 39+,$/#: Confiims iights. Be auus that he has known }ohn Smith anu
Bugh Rigby get limestones at Swaynes Platt not only foi theii own use but foi
sale. Be hau bought lime fiom them foi }ohn Balsteu of uieat Neailey, an out-
peison within the paiish of Clitheioe, foi use on a close in Swinuen in the paiish
of Colne.

48=&%8 a->>&Z: Confiims the custom, but the limestones gatheieu must not be
solu.

.I%&,&; @-'V-#+/#: Confiims iights. Be auus that he has known the watei-
couise (Foxhill Slack guttei) foi Su yeais iun into Thuisuen without inteiiuption
except when tiouuen uown by cait hoises anu then iestoieu. Be infeis that theie
is watei enough foi both Swaynes Platt anu Thuisuen.

]/,# ?/';"+: Be accompanieu Ni. Towneley of Stone Euge, S8 yeais ago, one of
the Enclosuie Commissioneis, anu anothei Commissionei, to set out the
wateicouise foi Nicholas Towneley(I) to iun into Thuisuen (Foxhill Slack
guttei), the same which has been tuineu into Swaynes Platt by Robeit Paikei.
Theie was pieviously no inteiiuption except by the caithoises.

]/,# !'&J$/#: Confiims iights. Be auus that befoie the time of Nicholas
Towneley(I)'s lease all copyholueis anu customaiy tenants within Biieicliffe anu
Thuisuen hau libeity to gathei limestones in any of the scaiies oi copyholu
lanus within the two paiishes, not only foi theii own use but foi sale also. But
aftei Nicholas Towneley(I)'s lease they weie only hinueieu in Swaynes Platt anu
Thuisuen foi getting limestones to sell. Be says theie weie uisagieements
between the tenants about getting limestones but not between them anu the loiu
of the manoi.

Be has known the Foxhill Slack guttei foi the past 7u yeais anu that he has
scouieu it. Fuithei, that watei was nevei accustomeu to iun into Swaynes Platt,
until of late by Robeit Paikei. Be stateu the Swaynes Platt hau a spiing which
supplieu it with sufficient watei. Be woikeu at Swaynes Platt foi 6 oi 7 yeais anu
liveu all his life within a mile of the place.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"+O T

B3*6 #&@*# .$@36) 3*C& 63& -2)6/%*.: 6&(*(6) *(+ -/5:3/#+&.) 6/ 63& ]:%&)6/(&
H-*..&) $( 63& c(-#/)&+ ]*(+)k

@-$#"++"+O
3/I"%$ )"-0,": Theie is a Buchy ueciee giving ancient anu customaiy tenants
iights anu libeities to gathei limestones

]/,# <$"A"#+/#: Confiims above

3-*,&%8 6&$$"%+&'': Nicholas Towneley (I) hau some acies of copyholu lanu in
the Lymestone Scaiies of Biieicliffe which he willeu to Nicholas Towneley (II).

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O N.
I$K L) (/6 63& -/5:3/#+ #*(+ *(+ 6&(&%&(6) /0 63& T&0&(+*(6) 1*..&( 4$63/26 63&
2)& /0 #$%&k
I$$K >*C& (/6 *## -#*))&) /0 6&(*(6) 1&&( *--2)6/%&+ 6/ @&6 #$%&)6/(&) 0/. %*(2.$(@
63&$. /4( #*(+)k
I$$$K >/4 #/(@ *(+ $( 43*6 %*((&. 3*C& 63&: +/(& 63$)k
@-$#"++"+O
]/,# @-'V-#+/#: Lime is necessaiy. They have got limestones foi the past 28
yeais to his knowleuge anu without inteiiuption, until Robeit Paikei, anu he has
been one of them foi the past 2u yeais as a tenant of }ames Foulues of Tiawuen.

]/+">, 39+,$/#: Lime is necessaiy

6,/;&+ 6&J'/%: Confiims above, also he has known these lanus foi 44 yeais.

!,%-+$/>,"% 6/=#"'"J: Confiims above, also he has liveu at Towneley foi Su
yeais.

?"#%J )"-0,": Confiims above, mentioning the conuition that the limestones
weie not foi sale.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KK
T$+ Y/1&.6 `*.'&. )6/5 63& J/O3$## H#*-' @266&. *(+ 4*) 3& 5.&)&(6&+ *6 63& >*#%/6
G/2.6 0/. +/$(@ )/k

@-$#"++"+O
]/,# ?/';"+: Yes, anu he was piesenteu at the Couit anu the gieave was
oiueieu by the couit to tuin it back again, which he uiu. Afteiwaius Robeit
Paikei tuineu it back again.
@(?.&&'2%?'&-.) AB7 ?.& *(: /0 63& +&0&(+*(6) 0.&&3/#+&.) /0 *(: /0 #*(+) 4$63$(
63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&)k T&6*$#)k

@-$#"++"+O !,%-+$/>,"% 6/=#"'"J: Nany of them aie; uetails aie in the Butchy
iecoius, which he has seen. Be instances William Ingham of Buistwoou. Bi fathei
was tenant of Ni Towneley of Towneley who was a fieeholuei in the manoi of
Ightenhill. The Inghams gatheieu limestone in Sheuuing Beys anu Beep Clough.

3/I"%$ @-'V-#+/#: Auus that the Inghams hau been gatheiing limestones foi
about 4u yeais in these places.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KS.
I$K T$+ W/3( H$%5)/( )&## *(: #$%&)6/(&) @*63&.&+ 1: B$##$*% H*@*.9 * +&0&(+*(69
0./% /. (&*. H4*:(&) `#*66 )$(-& !S63 ?5.$#9 D,M,k
I$$K T$+ W/3( H$%5)/( )&## 63&% 4$63/26 H*@*.Q) -/()&(69 3/4 %2-3 4&.& 63&:
4/.63 *(+ 43*6 +$+ 3& @&6 0/. 63&%k
I$$$K T$+ (/6 Y/1&.6 `*.'&. 6*'& 63& )3/C&# 0./% W/3( H$%5)/( *(+ )&## 63&
#$%&)6/(&) 3$%)&#0k

@-$#"++"+O
]/,# ?/';"+: Be uiu not know that }ohn Simpson hau solu any limestones since
29th Apiil, 16S6, oi at any othei time. Relates that }ohn Simpson's wife tolu him
that Robeit Paikei took the shovel useu foi shovelling limestones fiom hei
husbanu anu then solu the limestones which hau been gatheieu on William
Sagai's lanu on Bougate Nooi, neai Swaynes Platt. Be believes this because
Robeit Paikei subsequently confesseu to it.

]/,# <-;>+/#: Be uiu not sell any limestones foi William Sagai, but gatheieu
anu buint some on William Sagai's oiueis anu he solu them to Robeit Paikei, on
his oiueis, foi his own use.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KL.
T$+ W/3( `*.'&. I)\2$.& /0 cO64$)6#&K @$C& W/3( >*#)6&+ /0 >$@3 Y$+&3/2@3
5&.%$))$/( 6/ @*63&. #$%&)6/(&) *6 >$@3 Y$+&3/2@3 *(+ +$)5/)& /0 63&% *) 3&
4$)3&+k

@-$#"++"+O
]/,# 1&%V"%: As the fieeholu loiu of the manoi of Extwistle, he says that he uiu.

3/I"%$ 1&%V"%: Says }ohn Balsteu of Bigh Riuehough also askeu his peimission
to gathei anu buin limestone, which he gave. Be, being a fieeholuei hau 4 kilns
in the limestone scaiies of Extwistle. Be confiims copyholueis iights accoiuing
to custom.
.;I%/+" !'&J$/# : Confiims; mentions }ohn Paikei's fathei, also nameu }ohn
Paikei, iecently ueceaseu, who gave initial peimission to }ohn Balsteu of Bigh
Riuehough.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O KY:
I$K T$+ W/3( >*#)6&+ /0 >$@3 Y$+&3/2@3 @&6 *(: #$%&)6/(&) 0./% Y$-3*.+
H3266#&4/.63Q) #*(+9 *(+ 4&.& 63&: 0.&&3/#+ #*(+)k
I$$K B*) W/3( >*#)6&+ 5*$+ 0/. +/$(@ 63$)k
I$$$K =: 43*6 .$@36 3*+ Y$-3*.+ H3266#&4/.63 /. >2@3 Y$@1: I+&0&(+*(6K *(+
c+4*.+ =#*-'&12.(&9 6&(*(6) /0 63& #*(+)9 6/ @&6 #$%&)6/(&) 63&.&k

@-$#"++"+O 48=&%8 F'&*V"I9%#": }ohn Balsteu got limestones in Shuttlewoith
Pastuie, fieeholu lanu in Biieicliffe, about S yeais ago foi both him anu Bugh
Rigby.

]/,# F//$,: Confiims above.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RM
>*) Y/1&.6 `*.'&. /. *(: /0 3$) 4/.'%&( )&-.&6#: $( 63& &C&($(@) /. ($@36 6$%&
62.(&+ 63& J/O3$## H#*-' @/$6k

@-$#"++"+O
6,/;&+ 6&J'/%: Be has not heaiu of this happening anu has known this guttei
foi 44 yeais.

.I%&,&; :%""#=//8: About 14 yeais ago when he woikeu foi }ames Wilson he
was askeu seveial times to tuin the watei into Swaynes Platt. Appaiently
Nicholas Towneley(I) heaiu about it anu }ames Wilson sent this witness to
Nicholas Towneley(I) with a whole mutton anu a basket of eggs to have his
favoui anu ietuineu the watei to its accustomeu couise.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RRO
I$K B*) X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: ILK * #&))&& /0 63& ]:%&)6/(& H-*..&)9 43&( *(+ 0/. 3/4
#/(@k
I$$K T$+ X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: ILK 3$(+&. &$63&. 0.&&3/#+&.) /. -/5:3/#+&.) 0/. @&66$(@
#$%&)6/(&) 0/. 63&$. /4( 2)& /. 6$##*@& /0 /63&. #*(+)k

@-$#"++"+O
]/,# <,&*V"'$/#: Nicholas Towneley(I) was lessee in }ames's time anu both
copyholueis anu fieeholueis got theii limestones without any inteiiuption.

48=&%8 a->>&Z: Confiims anu auus that the lease was to hinuei tenants fiom
selling limestones but not foi gatheiing them foi theii own use.

!,%-+$/>,"% 6/=#"'"J: Confiims the above anu ueclaies he heaiu Nicholas
Towneley(I) say as much to that effect.

.I%&,&; @-'V-#+/# anu ]/,# <-;>+/#: Confiims above

?"#%J )"-0,: Be solu limestones into Yoikshiie anu Nicholas Towneley (I) took
pioceeuings against him anu Nicholas Towneley (I) tolu him cleaily that uuiing
his lease limestones must not be solu, but foi theii own use only.

]/,# !'&J$/#: Confiims.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O Rb:
I$K B*) Y/1&.6 `*.'&. 5.&)&(6&+ *6 63& >*#%/6 G/2.6 /( 63& DV63 F*:9 D,MR 0/.
62.($(@ J/O3$## H#*-' @266&. 6/ 63& *((/:*(-& /0 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:LL *(+ /63&.
+&0&(+*(6)k
I$$K T$+ c+%2(+ H6&C&()/(9 H6&4*.+9 /00&. Y/1&.6 `*.'&. *6 63*6 -/2.6 * 6.*C&.)&
*(+ @*C& 3$% V +*:) 6/ +&-$+&k I$$$K T$+ (/6 Y/1&.6 `*.'&. +&(: 6/ 6.*C&.)&
*--/.+$(@ 6/ 63& .2#&) /0 63& -/2.6k
I$CK T$+ 3& (/6 *)' 0/. * #$@36 0$(& *(+ +$+ 3& (/6 5*: $6k
@-$#"++"+O
]/,# <$"A"#+/#: Confiims anu stateu that his fathei, Eumunu Stevenson,
stewaiu of the Couit, offeieu Robeit Paikei foui uays to consiuei whethei he
woulu accept a fine. Robeit Paikei wanteu until the seconu couit aftei to entei a
tiaveise. Eumunu Stevenson coulu only accept waiting till the fiist couit aftei,
that being the custom of the Nanoi. Robeit Paikei woulu not accept this iuling
anu askeu Eumunu Stevenson foi an easy fine - 2u pence. This fine is enteieu in
the Couit Roll.

3-*,&%8 6&$$"%+&'': Confiims the above anu auus that a shoit time aftei the
sitting of the couit he met Eumunu Stevenson in Buinley, who askeu him if he
woulu speak to Robeit Paikei about enteiing a tiaveise. When askeu, Robeit
Paikei ieplieu, only if he coulu entei it at the seconu couit aftei. Richaiu
Tatteisall tolu him that answei was unacceptable as he hau alieauy been tolu in
the open couit that he coulu not uo that. It was then that Robeit Paikei askeu
him to entieat with Eumunu Stevenson to accept a small fine to which he woulu
submit.

7#$"%%/0&$/%-"O RSO
I$K T$+ 63& $(3*1$6*(6) 4$63$( cO64$)6#& @*63&. #$%&)6/(&) 43$-3 4&.& -*..$&+ +/4(
*) 0*. *) 63& 4*6&. 4/2#+ -*..: 63&% /( &$63&. )$+& /0 _32.)+&( B*6&. 4$63/26
$(6&..256$/( /. 5*:$(@ *(:63$(@ 6/ X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: ILK7k
I$$K ?(+ 3*C& $(3*1$6*(6) /0 =.$&.-#$00& @*63&.&+ #$%&)6/(&) /( 63& cO64$)6#& )$+& /0
_32.)+&( B*6&. *#)/ 4$63/26 $(6&..256$/( /. 5*:%&(6k
I$$$K ?.& :/2 $(+&16&+ /. *##$&+ 6/ Y/1&.6 `*.'&. k

@-$#"++"+O
]/,# @-'V-#+/#: Both sets of inhabitants have uone so foi a long time anu no
one has inteiiupteu them except Robeit Paikei.

.I%&,&; @-'V-#+/# anu ]/,# !'&J$/#: Confiim above.

5-%+$ 4W9-$J !/9%$ ?"&%-#0\ KS$, D/A";I"%\ KLQN[
As instiucteu above, the paichments containing the uepositions weie uuly sent
to Westminstei, but it was not until Nonuay, the 14th. of Novembei of 16S9 that
the fiist couit heaiing took place.
Both cases - the one against Nicholas Towneley anu otheis anu the one against
Robeit Bieiecliffe weie heaiu at the same time anu weie iepiesenteu by the
same attoineys anu swoin cleiks. Aftei much uelibeiation the Couit iequesteu
Robeit Paikei to pioviue pieceuents weie plaintiffs hau been ielieveu in similai
cases, anu his attoineys weie to piesent theii iesults to the Couit.

_3& -*2)& 3&.& +&5&(+$(@ 1: c(@#$)3 =$## 1&64&&( Y/1&.6 `*.'&.9 5#*$(6$009
*(+ X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&:9 &)\79 *(+ /63&.)9 +&0&(+*(6)9 1&$(@ *55/$(6&+ 6/ 1&
3&*.+ 63$) +*:9 63& 5.$(-$5*# )-/5& /0 63& 5#*$(6$00Q) 1$## 1&$(@ 6/ 3*C&
)*6$)0*-6$/( 0./% 63& +&0&(+*(6) 0/. -&.6*$( \2*(6$6$&) /0 #$%&)6/(&) 1:
63&% @*63&.&+ $( 63& )-*..&) *(+ 1*('&) *(+ /63&. 5#*-&) 4$63$( 63&
5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& $( 63& -/2(6: /0 ]*(-*)6&. *(+ -/(C&.6&+ 6/
63&$. /4( 2)& *(+ 6/ 3*C& 5/))&))$/( /0 63& @*63&.$(@ *(+ )&##$(@ 63&.&/0
\2$&6&+ 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$007 l5/( /5&($(@ /0 63& 1$## 1: F.7 _2.(&. /0 -/2()&#
4$63 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 *(+ /0 63& *()4&.) /0 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) 1: F.7
f64*: /0 -/2()&# 4$63 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) *(+ 25/( 3&*.$(@ /0 F.7
]&-3%&.&9 *66/.(&: /0 63& T2-3: *(+ F.7 >*.+.&))& *(+ F.7 H6&53&() /0
-/2()&## 4$63 )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 *(+ /0 F.7 H&.@&*(6 Z#:((9 H$. B$##$*% c##$)9
=*./((&669 F.7 ?6'$() /0 -/2()&## 4$63 63& +&0&(+*(6)7 ?06&. #/(@ +&1*6& /0
63& %*66&. 63& -/2()&## 0/. 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) I*%/(@)6 /63&. 63$(@&)K
*##&+@$(@ 63*6 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 (/6 6/ 1& .&#$&C&+ $( c\2$6: $( 63$) G/2.6 0/.
63& %*66&.) 7$( \2&)6$/( 126 3*+ 5./5&. .&%&+: *6 #*47
L6 $) 3&.&25/( 63$) +*: /.+&.&+ 1: 63& G/2.6 63*6 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 )3/4
-*2)& 25/( 63& )&-/(+ )$66$(@ _32.)+*: 63& (&O6 6&.% 1&$(@ 63& ($(&63 +*:
/0 J&1.2*.: 43: 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) )3/2#+ (/6 1& +$)%$))&+ *(+ 63& )*$+
5#*$(6$00 %*: 63&( 5./+2-& 5.&-&+&(6) 43&.& 5#*$(6$00) 3*C& 1&&( .&#$&C&+ $(
#$'& -*)&) /0 43$-3 5.&-&+&(6) * (/6& $) 6/ 1& +&#$C&.&+ * 4&&' 1&0/.& 63&
)*$+ +*: 2(6/ 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) *66/.(&: $( G/2.67

swoin cleiks: >*## 0/. 63& +&0&(+*(6)
P&&5& 0/. 63& 5#*$(6$00

?"&%-#0 &$ <"%2"&#$+` 7##\ !,&#*"%J )&#"
KT$, 5"I%9&%J\ KLLM
A fuithei heaiing in chambeis on Satuiuay, 18th Febiuaiy, 166u, at the
Seijeant's Inn, oiueieu that a tiial at law shoulu be biought by the plaintiff to
ueteimine whethei he hau the iights he claimeu.

3"+$/%&$-/# /H !,&%'"+ 77\ RN$, B&J\ KLLM
Aftei this uate the Bouse of Loius voteu the King into all his possessions anu the
Suiveyoi-ueneial began to iesume contiol of Ciown lanus anu to negotiate with
those who hau bought them. In the fiist of the Settlements was the Bill of
Inuemnity anu 0blivion which incluueu the fate of lanus anu piopeity
confiscateu, but whilst it establisheu a piinciple it faileu to pioviue any
measuies. The puichaseis of these lanus incluueu many soluieis, Lonuon
meichants, gentiy anu foimei tenants anu whilst piomises, iesolutions anu
pioposals foi compensation weie maue nothing was passeu. Both Ciown anu
Chuich began leasing on a laige scale. Chailes commissioneu a bouy of peeis anu
N.Ps. to aibitiate in cases of uispute but unfoitunately the iecoius of this
Commission have vanisheu..

6," 5-#&' 4W9-$J !/9%$ ?"&%-#0\ R#8 ]9'J\ KLLM
At this heaiing on the 2nu }uly, 166u, Robeit Paikei was not iepiesenteu by any
of his attoineys anu theie is no mention of the Robeit Bieiecliffe case. The text of
the Beciee iecoiueu at the Couit is as follows:

B3&.&*) Y/1&.6 `*.'&.9 c)\79 3*63 &O3$1$6&+ 3$) c(@#$)3 =$## $(6/ 63$) G/2.6
*@*$()6 X$-3/#*) _/4(&#&: c)\79 *(+ /63&.) 6/ 3*C& )*6$)0*-6$/( 0./% 63&
+&0&(+*(6) 0/. -&.6*$( \2*(6$6$&) /0 ]$%&)6/(&) 1: 63&% @*63&.&+ $( 63&
H-*..&)9 =*('&) *(+ /63&. 5#*-&) 4$63$( 63& 5*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(&
$( 63& G/2(6: /0 ]*(-*)3$.& *(+ -/(C&.6&+ 0/. 63&$. /4( 2)&) *(+ 6/ 3*C&
63& 5/))&))$/( /0 63& @*63&.$(@ *(+ /0 63& )&##$(@ 63&.&/0 \2$&6&+ 2(6/ 63&
)*$+ 5#*$(6$00 43$-3 G*2)& -/%$(@ 6/ 1& 3&*.+ 25/( F/(+*:9 DV63 +*: /0
X/C&%1&.9 $( F$-3*&#%*) _&.%& D,MS
l5/( 3&*.$(@ /0 -/2()&## /( 1/63 )$+&) *(+ *06&. #/(@ +&1*6& /0 63& %*66&.
63& -/2()&## 0/. 63& )*$+ +&0&(+*(6) *##&+@$(@ 63*6 63& 5#*$(6$00 /2@36 (/6 6/
1& .&#$&C&+ $( &\2$6: $( 63$) G/2.6 $( 63& %*66&. $( \2&)6$/( 126 3*+ 5./5&.
.&%&%+: /0 #*4 -/(-&.($(@ 63& )*%&7
L6 4*) 63&.&25/( 63&( /.+&.&+ 1: 63& G/2.6 63*6 63& 5#*$(6$00 )3/2#+ )3/4
-*2)& 25/( 63& )&-/(+ )$66$(@ _32.)+*: /0 63& 63&( (&O6 6&.% 1&$(@ 63&
($(63 +*: /0 J&1.2*.: 43: 63& +&0&(+*(6) )3/2#+ (/6 1& +$)%$))&+ *(+ 63&
5#*$(6$00 %$@36 63&( 5./+2-& 5.&-&+&(6) 43&.& 5#*$(6$00) 3*C& 1&&( .&#$&C&+
$( #$'& -*)&) /0 43$-3 5.&-&+&(6) * (/6& 4*) 6/ 1& +&#$C&.&+ * 4&&' 1&0/.&
63& +*: 2(6/ 63& +&0&(+*(6) ?66/.(&: $( G/2.67
X/4 25/( 63& g%/6$/(h /0 F.7 f64*: /0 G/2()&## 4$63 63& +&0&(+*(6)
$(0/.%$(@ 63$) G/2.6 63*6 63*6 )$(-& 63& %*'$(@ /0 63& /.+&. 63*6 $) 6/ )*: /(
H*62.+*: 63& DE63 +*: /0 J&1.2*.: #*)6 63& G*2)& -*%& 6/ * 02.63&. 3&*.$(@
1&0/.& 63& 63&( =*./() /0 63$) G/2.6 *6 H&.U&*(6) L((& $( G3*(-&.: ]*(&7 f(
43$-3 +*: 25/( .&*+$(@ /0 63& .&-$6&+ /.+&. *(+ 25/( 3&*.$(@ /0 G/2()&##
25/( 1/63 )$+&) $6 4*) /.+&.&+ 1: 63& G/2.6 63*6 * _.$*# *6 ]*4 )3/2#+ 1&
3*+ 25/( *( *-6$/( 6/ 1& 1./2@36 1: 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 $( 63& /00$-& /0 5#&*) /0
63$) G/2.6N 43&.&$( 63& $))2& )3/2#+ 1& 43&63&. 63& )*$+ 5#*$(6$00 3*63 63&
.$@36 )&6 0/.63 $( 63& =$## /. (/6 *(+ 43&63&. 63& $))2& 4*) 6/ 1& 6.$&+ *6 63&
63&( (&O6 ?))$m&) $( b/.')3$.& /. ]$(-/#()3$.&7
?(+ $0 G/2()&## /( 1/63 )$+&) -/2#+ (/6 *@.&& -/(-&.($(@ 63& $))2& 63& )*%&
4*) 6/ 1& )&66#&+ 1: F. =*./( `*.'&. 63&( /(& /0 63& =*./() /0 63$) G/2.6
*(+ 63& &\2$6: /0 63& G*2)& 4*) .&)&.C&+ 6/ 3$) G/2.67
_3& F.7 f64*: 02.63&. $(0/.%$(@ 63$) G/2.6 63*6 63& 5#*$(6$00 3*63 (/6
3$63&.6/ 5./-2.&+ 63& f.+&. 6/ 1& +.*4( 25 *(+ &(6&.&+9 (/. 3*63 3& $(
52.)2*(-& 63&.&/0 0$#&+ *(: +&-#*.*6$/( $( 63& /00$-& /0 5#&*)9 (/. 3*63 3&
)$(-& 63& 5./(/2(-$(@ /0 63& /.+&. 5./-&&+&+ $( 63& G*2)& *(+ 63&.&0/.& 3&
32%1#: 5.*:) 63*6 63& +&0&(+*(6) %$@36 1& +$)%$))&+7
?(+ 25/( 3&*.$(@ F. ?6'$() /0 G/2()&## 4$63 63& +&0&(+*(6) *(+ 25/(
.&*+$(@ /0 63& /.+&. /0 63& DV63 +*: /0 X/C&%1&. D,MS $6 $) 63&.&25/( 63$)
+*: /.+&.&+ 1: 63& G/2.6 63*6 63& +&0&(+*(6) )3*## 1& +$)%$))&+ /26 /0 63$)
G/2.6 *) 6/ 63& G/%5#*$(*(6Q) =$## /0 G/%5#*$(6 *(+ 63& %*66&.) 63&.&$(
-/(6*$(&+9 2(#&)) G*2)& 1& )3/4&+ 6/ 63& -/(6.*.: 25/( 63& 0$.)6 _32.)+*:
63& (&O6 6&.%&7
swoin cleik: >*## 0/. 63& +&0&(+*(6)

Theie is no obvious tiace of any cause being shown on the fiist Thuisuay
aftei the next teim anu theiefoie this final heaiing in which the
uefenuants aie uismisseu must be the enu of the case.

!/#*'9+-/#+[
Consiueiing the social anu political issues anu the ieligious iivaliies of those
tioubleu times uiviuing local communities, it is quite possible that Robeit
Paikei's 'faiming' of the Limestone Scaiies hau become an aiena foi a tiial of
stiength between local Royalist anu Commonwealth factions. This possibility
becomes moie feasible when financial costs aie consiueieu. Whilst no figuies aie
available theie is no uoubt that they woulu have been veiy high. Nicholas
Towneley anu his co-uefenuants must have consiueieu it woithwhile to put up
theii uefence, shaiing costs between them, but it is uifficult to see how Robeit
Paikei, a compaiatively humble yeoman, was able to unueitake an expensive
case of this kinu. Bis attoineys must have been assuieu of sufficient funus befoie
taking up the case. Bow uiu he iaise the money. It can only be concluueu that he
must have hau a backei, oi backeis, who may have been politically oi ieligiously
motivateu. It is conceivable that the ieal battle went on outsiue the couitioom.
Bowevei, in these speculations we cannot oveilook the ueposition of Elizabeth
veepon, a clothiei, ageu SS, of Bieiecliffe,
1S
when askeu

>*C& :/2 /. +/ :/2 '(/4 /0 *(: /(& 43/ 3*) 1/.(& *(: -3*.@&) /( 1&3*#0&
/0 63& +&0&(+*(6) /. @$C&( 63&% *(: *+C$-& k

ieplieu that:

3&. 32)1*(+
14
3*+ 1&&( *)'&+ *(+ -/(6.$126&+ )/%& %/(&:
1S
7 Y/1&.6
`*.'&. 3&*.$(@ /0 $6 63.&*6&(&+ 6/ )2& 3$% *(+ 3& 3*+ 3$) %/(&: .&)6/.&+ 6/
3$%7
Theie weie obviously legal iestiaints on iaising finance foi litigation anu,
piesumably, these woulu apply to both paities. The mysteiy iemains.
It is cleai fiom the ueciee of the Fiist Beaiing that the Equity Couit coulu not
suppoit Robeit Paikei's Bills of Complaint. Bis lack of iesponse to the oiueis in
the ueciee anu the absence of his attoineys at the Final
Beaiing inuicates the case hau been abanuoneu. The eaily uays of the
Restoiation weie not a goou time foi those who hau acquiieu Royal piopeity
uuiing the Commonwealth. No uoubt Robeit Paikei, like many otheis in his
position, was anxious to placate the Royalist neighbouis he hau pieviously
challengeu anu offenueu. Theie was always the hope that he may iecovei the
4u which Samuel Boghton hau initially paiu foi the Licence.
Shoitly afteiwaius in 1661, the Licence was gianteu to Nicholas Towneley of
Royle - a bittei uay foi Robeit Paikei no mattei wheie he was oi what hau
happeneu to him.

1 see CLAR0 Tiansciipt (Inteinal Repoit No. 46) foi uetails.
2 they still exist, but now spelt 'Riuehalgh'.
S Beniy Paikei was piobably Robeit's fathei fiom whom he inheiiteu. Bowevei,
"Paikei" was a common name in Biieicliffe anu Extwistle, as witnesseu by the
numbei of 'Paikeis' in the Equity Case, incluuing a Robeit Paikei of Boluen
Clough, anothei yeoman.
4 A tiaveise in the halmot couit was a heaiing at which peisons piesenteu foi a
ciime oi misuemeanoui coulu aigue theii case, suppoiteu by witnesses. In the
manoi of Ightenhill it appeais to have been available at the Stewaiu's
uiscietion. A pleuge, oi suiety, hau to be pioposeu by the uefenuant anu
accepteu by the Stewaiu, piesumably to guaiantee the costs of the tiaveise.
The pleuge hau to be a peison of some financial stanuing, but moie
impoitantly, a copyholuei, oi fieeholuei within the manoi. The tiaveise hau
to be helu at the next sitting of the couit.
S Abiam Wilkinson in his ieply to the Complainant's 1Sth Intei.says: ....#$1&.6: 6/
)&## ]:%& @*63&.&+ $( 63& 63& )*$+ `*.$)3&) /0 =2.(#&: *(+ G/#(& &O-&56 $(
_32.)+&( *(+ H4*:(&) `#*66777N implying the existence of the othei hushing
aieas.
6 Biyson, 197S.
7 Theie weie two Nicholas Towneleys, uncle anu nephew, uistinguisheu heie by
(I) anu (II). No. I was the holuei of the Licence until his ueath, often iefeiieu
to in the Equity Cae as "Nicholas Townely, uesceaseu". No II was the chief
uefenuant in the Equity case anu final holuei of the Licence.
8 piobably between 0ctobei, 6th anu Novembei 2Sth.
9 piesumably Robeit Paikei's limestone hushings.
1u see also Complainant's Inteii: 2S.
11 uoes this iecent "tuining" iefei to a "ie-tuining" - a conflict which leu to the
Balmot Couit piesentment.
12 Complainant's Inteii:2S enteieu heie because of links with Inteii: 8.
1S Elizabeth veepon anu hei husbanu }ohn weie piospeious clothieis in
Biieicliffe anu well-known Quakeis. Elizabeth must not have been a Quakei at
this time as she was piepaieu to testify foi hei husbanu. See Notes on Peisons
foi fuithei uetails.
14 a Quakei, see Notes at the enu of this Section.
1S it must have been illegal foi uefenuants oi litigants to collect money foi theii
lawsuit.

1.36 777

6?4 KT$, .DP KN$, !4D6E374<

6," KT$, !"#$9%J

Refeiences to lime anu limestones thioughout the 18th centuiy aie, compaieu
with the pievious centuiy, spaise. Piobably because theie was less litigation.
Bowevei, changes have taken place anu chief amongst them is Nothing fuithei is
heaiu of hushing iights oi of faimeis taken to task foi selling lime anu
limestones fiom the hushings, but the uifficulties of inteiiupteu watei supply
iemain. The pioblems encounteieu with Foxehill uuttei anu the coin mill at
Biauley
44
in the 17th centuiy aie seen again in a case at Tiawuen uesciibeu
below.

KYTS^TQ X The Tiawuen Nill Nasteis anu othei Lanuowneis calleu a public
meeting to pievent a peison nameu uieenwoou fiom hushing Lime Scais on
Boulswoith Nooi...Two entiies occui in the Bay Book of }ohn Bolton,
4S
an
attoiney in Coln:.
i) 1st Novembei, 1784

_.*4+&( F$## F*)6&.) F.7 B%7 J/#+) *(+ /63&.)7 T.*4$(@ (/6$-& 6/
Z.&&(4//+ 6/ +&)$)6 0./% 4*)3$(@ 63& ]$%& H-*.) i ! -/5$&)7

ii) 2Sth of }anuaiy. 178S

_.*4+&( F$## F*)6&.) ?66&(+$(@ F.7 J/#+) i )&C&.*# /63&. ]*(+ 3/#+&.)
%*(: _$%&) *1/26 5.&C&(6$(@ 5&.)/() 0./% B*)3$(@ ]$%& H-*.) /(
=2#)4/.63 ^ 43&( $6 4*) -/(-#2+&+ 6/ -*## * 521#$- %&&6$(@ /0 *## 63&
]*(+/4(&.)7 T.*4$(@ (/6$-& *(+ G/5: 6/ 521#$)3 $( 63& G32.-37

The Lime Scais iefeiieu to in the announcement woulu be one oi othei of the
hushings above Tiawuen anu Wycollai uesciibeu in Pait III.

)"&+"+

Theie is a continuation of leases ielating to the limestone scaiies, but as in the
17th centuiy, they only iefei to the two aieas of Biieicliffe anu Clivigei:

!'-A-0"%:
17S4 }ohn Butteiwoith Pastuie Faim (piobably Niuule Pastuie Faim), leaseu,
among othei lanus:
]$%& H-*..&) Q( 63Q T&&5 G#/2@3[ D. !,5 (u:2:27)

44
now part of Nelson, on Walverden Water a continuation of Catlow Brook.
45
John Bolton of Colne's Day Book No. 2 January 1784 - January 1792; T - Z section p.1 Nove 1784 and p.4 25
Jany. 1785; Lancashire Record Office DDBd uncatalogued Box 25
Y*C&() H-*. ;* ;. ;<5 (6:1:2u),
Stephen Aspuen, uieens Tenement (off the Bacup ioau) hau piopeity
calleu Catt Scai9 a piobable hushing site yet to be investigateu.
17S9 Beinaiu Whitam,(tenant of Neieclough Faim):
.&(6 0/. T&&5 G#/2@3 ^ #$1&.6: /0 @&66$(@& #:%&)6/(& dDM[R[V+
46

178S Robeit Whitam[
.&(6 0/. T&&5 G#/2@3 dD<[DV[V+7

It can be constiueu fiom this lease, anu an entiy in the Towneley Accounts,
which iefeis to "Clough Lime,
47
that Robeit Whitam was engageu in selling
limestones husheu fiom Whitty Bank.

F%-"%*'-HH"
1764 Will of Beniy Balsteau of WinuleN owneu iateable pait of 1S acies
(24:1:8) of lanu "... -*##&+ 8]$%&)6/(& H-*..&) 4$63$( =.$&.-#$00&8
48
. This woulu no
uoubt be the holuing of 1.S acies (stat.) in the 'miuulemost pait' listeu in the
1624 Nemoianuum unuei the name of Richaiu Balsteau.
49

)-;" !'&9+"+
In the 18th centuiy moie anu moie tenancy leases incluue clauses wheieby the
lanuloiu unueitook to pioviue lime foi ceitain fielus at iegulai inteivals. Fielu
names iefeiiing to lime occui on the Towneley 18th centuiy estate plan foi
Clivigei, some within a compaiatively small aiea:

J$&#+ X/7 ,! Y2)3: #$%&+N >/.)& #$%&+N^
J$&#+ M, H6/(&: #$%&+N >$@3 =2## #$%&+N ]/4&. =2## #$%&+
Y2)3: #$%&+
J$&#+ X/7 ,R ]$%&+ F&*+/4 ^ c7 /0 =*.-./067

The following entiy appeais in }ane Shackleton's uiaiy,
Su
conceining hei family's
estate in Colne:

1764 W2#: !, W/3( B*#6/( 6/ #*: /( DM< #/*+) /0 4&##^12.(6 #$%& *)
*@.&&+ $( 3$) #&*)& +*6&+ ;D)6 F*.-39 DR,<N *(+ 6/ #*: /( D!M #/*+)9 #&*)&
+*6&+ D<63 J&1.2*.:9 DR,!7

Bennett
S1
notes that in 178u a Bi. Paikinson of Bollingieave Faim supplieu lime
foi paiish use to the chuich waiuens, but it is not known foi what puipose.

Rogei Fiost incluues in his book
S2
the following Sale Notice which inuicates that
limestones weie still being got fiom the hushings aiounu Swaynes Platt.
KYNQ Sale Notice of New Bouse Faim, Thuisuen
SS
; uesciibeu as:

46
Farrer Papers Central Reference Library. Manchester.
47
entry No 17.
48
Roger Frost, 1982
49
see p ??:............
50
Lancashire Record Office; Elizabeth Shackleton Diary, Box1.
51
Bennett 1946/61.
52
Roger Frost,1982.

"-/5:3/#+9 *(+ -/()$)6&+ /0 * 0*.%3/2)&9 /2612$#+$(@) *(+ /C&. RV *-.&) /0
#*(+ 4$63 .$@36 /0 -/%%/( 6/ 63& *+U*-&(6 %//.777 63&.& $) 5#&(6: /0
#$%&)6/(& /( 63& 5.&%$)&)87

6/=#"'"J <$"=&%8`+ .**/9#$+\ KYYb X KYNQ
S4

4ntiies in these Stewaiu's Account show vaiious uses of lime foi estate anu
agiicultuial puiposes uuiing the lattei pait of the 18th centuiy. They can be
compaieu with those in the Shuttlewoith Accounts some 2uu yeais eailiei. The
entiies aie aiiangeu unuei the following heaus:

Nain Supplieis, which incluue Robeit Whitam (piobably woiking the limestones
at Sheuuing Beys), Richaiu Loiu anu Ben Biivei - both of whom nothing is
known.

The 0thei Supplieis whose names only occui once, anu of whom nothing is
known.

The final list biings togethei all entiies iecoiuing money payments to some
tenants insteau of supplying the lime itself.

Again, as with the Shuttlewoith Accounts, costs pei loau vaiy fiom 6u. to 18u a
loau, with the majoiity between 12 anu 14 pence.

Theie is one entiy foi limei's woik;

DRR,9 H&5DV9 B$##%7 H%$639 ]$%&.) 4/.' 9 dD[E[D<+7

anu one foi Reu Lees Tuinpike:

DREM9 W*(D9 Y&+ ]&&) _2.(5$'&9 5*))$(@ 63./2@3 4$63 #$%& 0/. 2)9 ;[,+7

The tuinpike was establisheu in 17S9 with two toll houses: one at Reu Lees anu
the othei at Biunshaw on this section of the ioau. The ieviseu chaiges of 1776
weie 6u. foi loaueu oi unloaueu beasts anu 2 shillings oi one shilling anu
sixpence, uepenuing on wheel wiuth foi wagons. The sum of S:6u. in this entiy
woulu, piesumably pay foi 7 "gels" caiiying 14 loaus of lime, piobably fiom
Sheuuen oi Beep Clough to Towneley Paik.

53
(SD909356) This farm house has been demolished except for the doorway now preserved as a feature on the
footpath coming from Thursden.
54
Lancs. Record Office, Hawkshead-Talbot of Chorley Papers (DDHk.). Collection not fully catalogued.
6/=#"'"J <$"=&%8+ .**/9#$+[
B&-# <9>>'-"%+
3/I"%$ @,-$&;
177
6
Nay12 foi lime to Biitliss --- 16:11u.
177
9
0ct22 17 loaus of Clough lime
SS
6u 8:6u.
177
9
Nov8 147 loaus of lime o' th' new wall 12u 7:7:uu.
178
2
0ct28 99 loaus of lime 9u S:14:Su.
178
4
Api14 S72 loaus of lime 6u 9:6:uu
178
S
0ct18 lime to the meauows --- 4:8:7u
178
6
0ct17 lime to Towneley --- 1S:1S:1u
u
3-*,&%8 )/%8
177
9
0ct1u SS loaus of lime foi Boltwalls 12u 1:1S:uu
178
1
0ct17 1u loaus of lime 12u 1u:uu.
178
S
Nai6 42 loaus of lime 12u 2:2:uu.
178
S
0ct18 Su loaus of lime foi uaiuen
Walls
12u 1:1u:uu.
178
6
Aug12 S loaus of lime into uaiuen . 12u S:uu.
178
7
}unS 6S loaus of lime to Towneley 1Su S:7:9:u
F"# P%-A"%
177
S
0ct18 81 loaus of lime foi uaiuen 1Su 4:7:9u.
177
6
0ct16 lime to Poiten uate --- S:9:11u.
179
S
Aug17 S6 loaus of lime to
Bunnockshaw Bain
--- 1s.6u.
179
S
Aug17 caiting timbei --- S:2u.

C$,"% <9>>'-"%+
177
6
Sept.S Eumu. Tayloi to Neeicough --- S:9:uu.
177
6
}un1S Robt. Winteibottam lime to P
Noss
--- 4:1S:9u.
177
6
0ct11 Wm. Sutcliffe..17 loaus of lime
into Paik
1Su 18:Su.

55
There was a Thomas Whittam gathering and burning limestones in Deep Clough, Shedden Heyes, see p ??
177
8
AugS Thos Chaubuin 2 loaus of lime
to Townley
14u 2:4u.
177
9
Nai1u Ni Whittakei 181 loaus of lime
to Sanueis Pastuie
14u 1u:11:2u.
178
u
Nay S }as. Whitam S9 loaus of lime to
new Wall in uaiuen
6 Vu 1:19:uu.
178
u
}un24 L. Smith S6 loaus of lime to the
new wall
12u 2:16:uu.
178
u
0ct1S }ames. Smith slate flags anu
lime to his house
--- 2:11:6u.
178
2
0ct28 }ohn Bitchon lime to his Bain --- 1: 6:2u.
178
4
0ct26 }ohn Paikei of Botting 7S loaus
of lime to Biuiley Bow (.)
S6

1Su 4:11:Su.
178
S
Sep19 Bick Ashwoith lime to Natthew
Pollaius in Penule
--- 1:16:uu.
178
7
}un.S Ni. Paikinson 9 loaus of lime 14u 1u:6u.
179
4
Nai2S }no Beap foi 11 loaus of lime 1Su 11:11u.

B/#"J .''/=&#*"+ 5/% )-;"
177
4
Nai 16 }oshua Nuttall foi lime agieeu to allow
him
8:8u.
177
4
0ct18 }oshua Nuttall alloweu foi iepaiis in lime 11s.11u.
177
S
Nai1S }ames Cunuliff & }osh. Nuttall lime 7s.uu.
177
S
0ct 18 Euwaiu Leigh his allowance foi lime S:u:uu.
177
9
Nai1S }no Whitam foi his lime set on the Bents 2u:u:u
u
177
9
Nai1S Richaiu Naishall foi lime set on his faim 1u:u:u
u
178
u
Api. S Richaiu Naishall foi lime set on his faim 1u:u:u
u
178
2
}an. 26 }as. Smith: Ni Towneley's allowance foi
lime at his faim
1u:u:u
u
178
2
Api. S Sheepeiu's wiuow foi lime as by oiuei 2:1u:u
u
178
S
Api. 2 }no Clegg. Alloweu foi lime 1u:u:u
u
178
6
Bec24 Ni. Paikei: exchange of lime foi coals this
summei
8:u
179
4
Nai 2S }no Whitam, Extwistle foi lime set on his
faim
1S:1S:
S
179 0ct. 21 }no Thomson, alloweu foi lime 16:4

56
see Swinden pp ??
4

C**9>&$-/# "#$%-"+
No occupation entiies ielating to the hushings occuiieu in iegisteis of the 16
th

anu 17
th
centuiies, so piesumbably any skills oi ciafts involveu came within the
iange of the faimei anu his labouieis. 0nly two occupation entiies have been
founu in the paiish iegisteis of Buinley anu Colne ielating to lime anu they aie in
the late 18
th
anu eaily 19
th
centuiies. The fiist is that of '-;" I9%#"% in St. }ohn's
Paiish Recoius, Bolme, unuei Biiths:

179S W2(& S639 DRS;9 1/.( ?5.$# !E637 =&(U*%$( G3*+4$-'9 )/( /0 B$##$*%
*(+ ?#$-&9 G./43/#&)7 f--25*6$/([ #$%& 12.(&.7

Ciowholes
S7
is a faim that still exists on Foxstones Lane in Clivigei, aujacent to
Sheuuen anu its limestone hushings. As this uate was befoie the canal was built
Benjamin Chauwick must have woikeu with kilns in the limestone scaiies.

The seconu is that of '-;" *&%%-"% in St, Petei's, Paiish Registeis, Buinley, unuei
Biiths:

18u6 f-67 D! B3$6*'&. (sic), )/( /0 W*%&) B3$6*'&. /0 >*1&.@3*% c*C&)9
#$%& -*..$&.9 1: H*.*3 3$) 4$0&.

}ames Whitakei was most piobably caiiying lime fiom the inuustiial kilns
which, by that uate, weie spiinging up along the siue of the canal. Consiueiing
the scale of this commeicial lime inuustiy it is stiange fuithei entiies have not
been founu ielating to it in the paiish iecoius.

6," KN$, !"#$9%J

By the enu of the 18th centuiy the uemanu foi lime incieaseu at a iate nevei
known befoie as builuing anu agiicultuie expanueu anu new chemical piocesses
weie uevelopeu, consequently the impoitance of lime incieaseu. Whilst coal was
locally available, lime was not. The lime-gals caiiying it fiom faiaway quaiiies
aiounu Skipton anu Clitheioe weie not only expensive but weie unable to cope
with the uemanu anu the output of lime fiom the hushings was too limiteu to
meet these new uemanus: the shoitage of lime ieacheu ciisis piopoitions.

6," )""8+ &#8 )-A"%>//' !&#&'

The lime ciisis is ieflecteu uuiing the 177u's in pailiamentaiy applications foi
the constiuction of a Canal to tianspoit limestones fiom the quaiiies of Ciaven
to the new inuustiial towns of Lancashiie. The Leeus anu Liveipool canal was
openeu in 1796 enabling gieat quantities of quaiiieu limestone to be biought to
the giowing inuustiial towns thiough which it passeu. Laige commeicial kilns

57
SD 882307.
weie built along its banks wheie lime coulu be collecteu by local useis. The olu
system of lime piouuction that hau existeu foi close on a thousanu yeais came to
an\enu.

The woiking of the limestone scaiies anu bankes of Buinley anu Colne as pait of
the olu system likewise came to an enu anu the hushings weie soon foigotten.
Pollution of the stieams anu iiveis was exchangeu foi aii pollution as the laige
inuustiial lime-kilns in Buinley belcheu smoke anu sulphui.

Two of these kilns built into the canal bank have been pieseiveu in the cai paik
that now occupies the olu kiln site. Bowevei, it seems that the uays of the
hushing weie not quite ovei. Tatteisall Wilkinson iecoius that a kiln neai the
Culveit in Yoikshiie Stieet was taking glacial limestones fiom the hushings at
Cant Clough caiiieu uown by 'lime-gals'.

.%$-*'" -# $," F9%#'"J 4Z>%"++\ B&J KTNS

J./% >2.)64//+ 4& (/4 0$(+ /2. 4*: 6/ G*(6 G#/2@37 X/6 %/.&
63*( * 63$.+ /0 * -&(62.: *@/9 %*(: 4$## .&%&%1&. 63& 1&*)6) /0 12.+&(9
@&(&.*##: -*##&+ 8#$%& @*#)87

_3&)& 4&.& 4/(6 6/ -/%& 6/ =2.(#&: 1: 4*: /0 =.2()3*4 /(-& /.
64$-& * +*:7 _3& @*#)9 43$-3 4&.& 1.$+#&#&))9 0/##/4&+ 63& #&*+&. .$@36 *4*:
0./% 63& #$%& \2*..$&) *6 G*(6 G#/2@39 2(6$# 63&: *..$C&+ *6 63& #$%& '$#()
(&*. 63& G2#C&.6 $( b/.')3$.& H6.&&67

6," &I&#8/#"8 )-;"+$/#" <*&%%"+

As the canal system became establisheu lime fiom the hushings woulu be less
attiactive anu the new geneiation of faimeis woulu have hau no neeu to
continue it. They hau othei enteipiises uemanuing theii time anu it was
cheapei to take caits to the canal to collect lime as they neeueu it. The giauual
uisappeaiance of pack-hoise tiains was anothei factoi in the uecline of the
hushings, especially those wheie access by cait was impossible.

The skills of hushing uieu with the last of the hushing lime buineis anu a time
came when theie was no one left who iemembeieu. The sounu of watei
cascauing uown the hushings, the smell of the kilns anu the sight of smoke on the
moois weie foigotten. Foi the fiist time foi Suu yeais the inhabitants of the
mooilanu valleys weie fiee fiom muuuy stieams anu watei shoitage that hau
been a bane tothem foi so long.

In iemote places like Wycollai local limestone buining seems to have continueu
latei into the 19th centuiy. Emily Bionte in hei book, "Wutheiing Beights",
mentions smoke iising fiom kilns seen fiom Wutheiing Beights anu tells of
}oseph going to them with his cait to collect lime.
S8

The uemanu incieaseu foi new sheep anu uaiiy faims capable of pioviuing
piouuce to The iapiuly giowing populations of the neaiby mill towns stimulateu
the uemanu foi local piouuce leauing to the cieation of new faims on hitheito
maiginal lanu. At Sheuuen Clough anu Sheuuen Beyes stone walls weie built
acioss the limestone hushings anu the aujacent open mooilanu to cieate
pastuies anu meauows foi newly establisheu faims such as Sheuuen Faim, now
in iuins.

Eviuence fiom the excavations at Kiln 1u in Sheuuen Clough suggests the
possibility that some of the olu kilns weie ie-useu to make lime foi the new
fielus anu pastuies. In othei places, wall builueis iobbeu ueielict kilns foi
useful stone anu faimeis filleu many in to pievent uangei to stock.

58
see the section on Wycollar for further details.
c9/$&$-/#+ H%/; */#$";>/%&%J +/9%*"+

Fiom this centuiy a few infoimative anu evocative accounts of the limestone
hushings have suiviveu.

6[ P[@,-$&V"% KTMM
S9

The giaphic uesciiption of the limestone hushing given by T. B. Whitakei in 18uu
is paiticulaily infoimative as he liveu at the enu of the hushing peiiou anu
iecoius fiom his own uiiect expeiience anu those of his contempoiaiies.

877772(+&. 63& 6/4()3$5 /0 =.$&.-#$00& * %/+& /0 /16*$($(@ #$%&)6/(&
5&-2#$*.77776/ 63*6 *(+ * 0&4 *+U/$($(@ +$)6.$-6)7
L( 63& +&&5 @2##$&) 4$63$( G#$C$@&.9 B/.)63/.(&9 =.$&.-#$00&9 &6-7977777*.&
(/4 +&5/)$6&+ *6 .*(+/% $( 1&+) /0 -#*: /. /63&. #//)& %*66&. C*)6 1&+) /0
#$%&)6/(&77763& #*(+ 43$-3 -/(6*$() 63&% 1&$(@ /0 #$66#& C*#2&9 63&: 3*C&
0./% 6$%& 6/ 6$%& +$)$(6&..&+ 1: 32)3$(@ /. 4*)3$(@ *4*: 63& )/$# 0./%
.&)&.C/$.) -/##&-6&+ *1/C&9 63& /26#&6) /0 43$-3 *.& +$.&-6&+ *6 5#&*)2.&9 *(+
5/$(6&+ 4$63 %2-3 +&O6&.$6: *6 63& .&%*$($(@ 1&+)
?%$+)6 63& )-&(&) /0 +&)/#*6$/( 43$-3 63$) )6.*(@& 5./-&)) 3*)
/--*)$/(&+ 63& 1./*+ 1&+) /0 @.*C&##: )6/(&) 6/))&+ *1/26 *) $( 63&
*1*(+/(&+ -/2.)& /0 )/%& @.&*6 .$C&.9 63& 0*(6*)6$-*# +$.&-6$/() 43$-3 63&
)6.&*%) 3*C& )2--&))$C&#: 6*'&(9 *(+ )/%&6$%&) $()2#*6&+ %*))&) /0 &*.63
*(+ #$%&)6/(& 6&.%$(*6$(@ $( )3*.5 .$+@&) 1: 63& @.*+2*# *66.$6$/( /0 63&$.
)$+&)9 &O3$1$6 * (/C&# *(+ )6.$'$(@ *55&*.*(-&9 )2-3 *) $) .*.&#: 5./+2-&+ 1:
*(: *.6$0$-$*# -*2)&7
=26 63& )6.&*%) 1&(&*63 *.& *#%/)6 5&.5&62*##: +$)-/#/2.&+ *(+
+&0/.%&+ 1: 63$) 2(-#&*(#: /5&.*6$/(9 43$-3 $) -*..$&+ /( (&*. 63&$.
)/2.-&)N *(+ 0./% 43$-3 63& -/(($C*(-& /0 -&(62.$&) 3*) #&06 63& $(3*1$6*(6)
25/( 63&$. 1*(') 1&#/4 4$63/26 *(: 3/5&) /0 .&+.&))7778

6&$$"%+&'' @-'V-#+/#\ KTYK
6u

Recalls a summei's walk aiounu Woisthoine anu Cant Clough. Be uesciibes the
limestone scaiies fiom knowleuge baseu on tales tolu by his gianufathei, boin
about 1764, who, as a boy, iemembeieu them woiking.

8777 63& +&&5 C*##&:) /0 _32.)+&(9 H4$(+/(9 _3/.(+&*( *(+ H3&++$(@9
43$-3 *## .2( 5*.*##&# 6/ &*-3 /63&. 0./% &*)6 6/ 4&)6 *(+ 5&(&6.*6$(@ +&&5
$(6/ 63& `&(($(& .*(@& $) 0/2(+ * C*)6 \2*(6$6: /0 4*6&. ./##&+ #$%&)6/(&
1/2#+&.) a ?6 63& 5.&)&(6 6$%& 63&.& $) 63& .&%*$() /0 *(-$&(6 #$%&'$#()
*#/(@ 63& -/2.)&) /0 63& C*##&:) *##2+&+ 6/7 _3& 5./-&)) /0 -/##&-6$(@ 63&
#$%&)6/(&) 4*) C&.: 5.$%$6$C&7 _3& 5#*( 4*) 6/ +*% 25 )6.&*%) *6 63&$.
)/2.-&)9 *(+ 5*))$(@ $6 *#/(@ 63& )$+&) /0 *.6$0$-$*# -3*((&#)9 #&*C$(@ /5&(
)5*-&) *6 $(6&.C*#) 0/. 62.($(@ 63& 4*6&. +/4( )#/5&)9 4*)3$(@ *4*: 63& )/$#

59
Whittaker,1800
60
Tattersall Wilkinson, Burnley Advertiser, 24th. June, 1871.
*(+ #&*C$(@ 63& 1/2#+&.) &O5/)&+7 _3& )4$##$(@ 5./-&)) 4*) -*..$&+ /26
+2.$(@ 63& 4$(6&. %/(63) 43&( 63&.& 4*) *( *12(+*(-& /0 4*6&.9 43$#)6
63& 12.($(@ /0 63& #$%& 4*) #&06 6$## 63& )2%%&.87 L -/2(6&+ (/ 0&4&. 63*6 )$O
/0 63&)& '$#() $( 63& H4$(+&( j*##&: 777
777 U2)6 (/4 * (2%1&. /0 %$## @$.#) .&62.($(@ 3/%& 0./% 63&$. #*1/2.) *.&
-/%$(@ 25 63& 0$&#+) 777 _3&: *.& )$(@$(@ 63& 8f#+ >2(+.&+8 I63& 3:%( 8?##
`&/5#& 63*6 /( c*.63 +/ T4&##8K )/06#: *(+ )4&&6#: 777 63& )/2(+) -*%&
)4&##$(@ /( 63& 1.&&m& 777 %&#6$(@ *4*: $( )/06 43$)5&.)7 L &(6&.&+ 63& C$##*@&
/0 B/.)63/.(&78

.%$-*'" -# $," F9%#'"J 4Z>%"++\ B&J KTNS

J./% >2.)64//+ 4& (/4 0$(+ /2. 4*: 6/ G*(6 G#/2@37 X/6 %/.&
63*( * 63$.+ /0 * -&(62.: *@/9 %*(: 4$## .&%&%1&. 63& 1&*)6) /0 12.+&(9
@&(&.*##: -*##&+ 8#$%& @*#)87
_3&)& 4&.& 4/(6 6/ -/%& 6/ =2.(#&: 1: 4*: /0 =.2()3*4 /(-& /.
64$-& * +*:7 _3& @*#)9 43$-3 4&.& 1.$+#&#&))9 0/##/4&+ 63& #&*+&. .$@36 *4*:
0./% 63& #$%& \2*..$&) *6 G*(6 G#/2@39 2(6$# 63&: *..$C&+ *6 63& #$%& '$#()
(&*. 63& G2#C&.6 $( b/.')3$.& H6.&&67
_3$) 4*) * 5#&*)*(6 )$@36 0/. 63& -3$#+.&( ./2(+ *1/269 43/ 4&.&
+&#$@36&+ 6/ )&& 63& #/(@ ./4) /0 @*##/4*:)9 @&(&.*##: +.$C&( 1: *( /#+ %*(9
43/ )&&%&+ * 0$6 -/%5*($/( 0/. 63& )3:^#//'$(@ *($%*#) 3& 4*) +.$C$(@7
=26 $6 4*) /( 63&$. .&62.( 0./% 63& #$%&'$#() 43&( 63& )*-' /0 #$%&
3*+ 1&&( &%56$&+ *(+ 63& 12.+&() (/ #/(@&. /( 63&$. 1*-')9 63*6 63&
*($%*#) )&&%&+ 6/ 1& 63& %/)6 5#*:02#9 *(+ $(+2#@&+ $( 63& 0./#$-) )/
5#&*)$(@ 6/ 63& U2C&($#& &:&9 *(+ $6 4*) (/ 2(-/%%/( 63$(@ 0/. 63& -3$#+.&(
6/ *--/%5*(: 63& .*'$)3 -*C*#-*+& *) 0*. *) =.2()3*4 _/59 )/ %2-3 +$+ 63&
@*%1/#$(@) /0 63& @*##/4*:) 0*)-$(*6& 63&%7
`./-2.$(@ #$%&)6/(& 3*+ 1&&( *( /--25*6$/( #/(@ -*..$&+ /( *6
G*(6 G#/2@3 *(+ $( 63& C*##&:) *+U*-&(69 63& %*(: 63/2)*(+ 6/() /0 -/11#&
)6/(&) 43$-3 *.& C$)$1#& *./2(+ *1/26 1&*.$(@ &C$+&(-& /0 63& &O6&(6 /0 63&
/5&.*6$/() /0 63*6 $(+2)6.:7
=26 63& $(+2)6.: 4*) 0*6&+ 6/ +$& /267 _3& -/()6.2-6$/( /0 63& ]&&+)
*(+ ]$C&.5//# G*(*# *6 63& 1&@$(($(@ /0 63& 5.&)&(6 -&(62.: 1./2@36 63&
#$%&)6/(& \2*..$&) /0 G#$63&./& )/ %2-3 (&*.&. 63& %*.'&6)9 *(+ *) *
-/()&\2&(-& )/ %2-3 -3&*5&. 4*) 63& %*6&.$*#9 63*6 63& 4/.') *6 G*(6
G#/2@3 4&.& 5.*-6$-*##: *1*(+/(&+9 /. &'&+ /26 * )6.2@@#$(@ &O$)6&(-&9 63&
/(#: %&*() /0 #/-/%/6$/( 1&$(@ 1: %&*() /0 63& 8#$%& @*#)8 4& 3*C& )5/'&(
/07
=26 63& #$%&)6/(& @&66&. /(#: %*+& 4*: 0/. 63& (*CC:9 43/ 4$63
)5*+& *(+ 5$-'^*O& *(+9 *$+&+ 1: 63& %/)6 %/+&.( /0 $%5#&%&(6)9 .&*.&+ 25
63& @$*(6 &%1*('%&(69 *(+ 63& -#/2@3 1&-*%& * )6/.*@& 5#*-& 0/. 63&
4*6&. 43$-3 3&#5) 6/ )255#: /2. 6/4( /0 =2.(#&:7

These two accounts inuicate the hushings weie not entiiely foigotten uespite
theii absence on the 0iunance Suivey maps anu ueological Suiveys of the 19th
centuiy.

7DPE<637.) ?7<6C3G /H )7B4

)-;"+$/#"

The use of lime in agiicultuie was ueteimineu in foimei times by the pioximity
of the faim to natuial aieas of limestone oi chalk iock. In the noith the main
aieas of limestone aie the Peak Bistiict anu the Yoikshiie Bales, with smallei
locations such as noith Lancashiie anu the Ribble valley of miu-Lancashiie. The
lattei is the neaiest souice of limestone iock to Buinley anu Colne.

Whilst wealthiei estates anu lanuowneis coulu affoiu the getting anu
tianspoiting of lime anu limestones fiom uistant souices, it was too costly foi
the smallei faimeis who especially neeueu it on pooiei lanus. Bowevei, as we
have seen, ielief foi some was affoiueu by the piesence of glacial limestones in
the ueep glacial clays foiming the sub-soil of east Lancashiie.

a-'#+ .#8 )-;"XF9%#-#0

Theie weie two main types of lime kiln: single buining anu continuous buining,
often iefeiieu to as "mixeu feeu kilns" because the small fiagments of limestone
weie stackeu in alteinating layeis with the those of the fuel being useu, eithei
woou oi coal.

<-#0'" F9%#-#0 a-'#+[ The single buining kiln aftei being stackeu was fiieu anu
left to buin foi about thiee uays. It was then iakeu-out anu the lime sepaiateu
fiom the buint uioss, the kiln ie-stackeu anu the piocess iepeateu.

These kilns weie known as "countiy kilns" oi 'faimeis' kilns' because they weie
often built on the faims to piouuce lime foi theii fielus. Limestones anu fuel
weie biought by lime-gals, oi collecteu in the faimei's cait; anu sometimes one
kiln woulu seive seveial neighbouiing faims. Theie was a tiauition that "lime
caiiieu hot to the fielus was the best". ueoige 0wen in 1S9S uesciibes limekilns
of this kinu useu in Pembiokshiie uuiing the 16th centuiy.

8?06&. 63& #$%&)6/(& 3*) 1&&( 1./'&( $(6/ )%*## 5$&-&) $6 $) 526 $(6/ * '$#(
%*+& /0 4*## ,06 3$@3 V /. M 06 1./*+ *6 63& 1.$%9 126 @./4$(@ (*../4&. *6
63& 1/66/%9 3*C$(@ 64/ #//5 3/#&) $( 63& 1/66/% 43$-3 63&: -*## 8'$#( &:&)87
L( 63$) '$#( 0$.)6 $) %*+& * 0$.& /0 -/*# /. -2#%& ^ 43$-3 $) 126 63& +2)6 /0 -/*#9
*(+ )/%& 0&4 )6$-') /0 4//+ 6/ '$(+#& 63& '$#(8

J*.%&.) 3*+ 12.(6 #$%& 0/. 5*)6 ;< /. V< :&*.) *(+ 3*C& 0/2(+ $6 %/)6
&00$-$&(6 43&( 5#*-& /( #*(+ 3/6 $( )%*## 3&*5) *(+ #&06 6/ )#*'& $( 63&
4&*63&.!
61

Quite a numbei of countiy kilns have been iecoiueu on eaily euitions of the
0iunance Suivey maps anu by obseiveis in the fielu. Raistiick, foi example,

61
Arthur Raistrick, 1967.
notes that in a small aiea aiounu the uppei paits of Whaifeuale anu Wensleyuale
anu Bentuale anu uaisuale S66 kilns coulu be seen along the numeious tiacks;
anothei Su was counteu in the township of Bent anu a fuithei 21 aiounu
uiassington.

Countiy kilns weie usually cylinuiical in shape with a tiuncateu chimney at the
top. The thickness of the walls anu the suiiounuing mounu ietaineu the heat foi
calcination of the limestones anu economiseu on fuel. Suiviving examples in the
fielu anu obseivations fiom excavations show that these small kilns,
appioximately 16ft in uiametei, weie simply maue fiom available iocks oi
stones. The only special stone useu was quaiiieu blocks anu flags foi lintels to
suppoit the kiln mouth anu foi the flooi of the fiiing chambei. The constiuction
anu methous of fiiing weie passeu uown fiom one geneiation of lime buineis to
anothei; no iecoius weie kept so the knowleuge uieu with the last geneiation,
some 1Su yeais ago. Kilns in Sheuuen Clough anu thioughout the Limestone
Bushings weie of this type.

!/#$-#9/9+ I9%#-#0 V-'#+ weie continuously ie-chaigeu at the top as buint
lime anu ashes weie iakeu-out at the bottom; a piocess continuing foi about 7
uays. These kilns weie laigei than the single-buining type anu theii iuineu
iemains can often be seen neai the olu quaiiies in limestone aieas of Yoikshiie
anu Beibyshiie.

)&$"% V-'#+[ Buiing the enu of the 18th centuiy when limestones weie being
caiiieu on the canal netwoiks, laigei anu moie sophisticateu kilns weie
inventeu to meet the new uemanus of laige-scale commeicial piouuction. Two
weie built in the centie of Buinley, one of which can be seen built into the canal
bank in Sainsbuiy's cai paik.

59"' 5/% 6," a-'#+[ It has been estimateu that to buin S6 cu.ft. of limestones it
iequiieu the following quantities of fuels:-

coal 9 cu.ft.
oak woou 6ucu.ft.
fiiwoou 117 cu.ft.
goou peat 117 cu.ft.

The size of the fiiing chambeis in the hushing kilns inuicates the use of coal,
confiimeu by examination of kiln uebiis anu the tiaces of coal aiounu the kilns.
Kilns buining woou anu peat woulu have iequiieu laigei fiiing chambeis. Pooi
giaue coal, often iefeiieu to as "lime coal", was piefeiieu. Bettei coal gave too
much heat which affecteu the quality of the lime. We have alieauy seen in the
14th centuiy accounts foi Ightenhill Nanoi that ").% 6'%:) 8.&. ,-(.C8 foi the
lime kiln.

Raistiick gives some figuies of coal solu by the Fountains Fell coal pits in 181u.

,RVn #/*+) /0 0$.& -/*# *6 DD+ 5&. #/*+
;R< #/*+) /0 )%$63: -/*# *6 De^ 5&. #/*+
RES #/*+) /0 ]$%& -/*# *6 R+ 5&. #/*+

5-%-#0 $," a-'#[ The fiist layei of limestones iesteu upon one oi two ioughly
built aiches constiucteu fiom laigei pieces of limestone.

d '-;"+$/#" ^
d H9"' ^
d '-;"+$/#" ^
d H9"' ^
d '-;"+$/#" ^
d H9"' ^
d '-;"+$/#" ^
d ^
e H-%" f
e f

A small fiie was lit at the back of the fiiing chambei anu as the fiie uiew the
uiaught incieaseu. The opening was then iegulateu to maintain coiiect
tempeiatuie.

Biaught hau to be maintaineu thiough the limestones. This was achieveu by
inseiting pieces of woou amongst the layeis when loauing the kiln. The chimney
outlet was contiolleu to pieventeu blow-back at the uiaw hole.

Lime buineis woulu have hau theii own methous of ueteimining when
calcination was complete testing, foi example, by uiiving a bai into the bouy of
the chaige - if it stiuck haiu oi theie was consiueiable iesistance buining was
not complete. Alteinatively, they may have uiawn a sample fiom the kiln.

P-HH"%"#$ c9&'-$-"+ CH )-;" The quality of the lime piouuceu woulu be
ueteimineu by many vaiiable factois: the siting of the kiln, the methou of
stacking anu fiiing, the type of limestone anu fuel useu anu the skill of the lime
buinei. "The haiuei the stone the bettei the lime" was a saying of the lime
buineis. Baiuei limestone, of couise, iequiieu moie buining.

a-'# 6"%;-#/'/0J

Biawhole the flaggeu, coibel-ioofeu aiea fiom wheie the
buint lime is uiawn out.

Fiiing
chambei
the compaitment wheie the lime anu fuel weie
stackeu foi fiiing.

Kiln Bouy the mass of ianuom stone enclosing the uiaw hole
anu flue.

Kiln mouth the fiont of the kiln with its uiawhole anu loauing
aiea.

Lintels the quaiiieu stone slabs useu in suppoiting the
stonewoik of the uiaw hole.

Loauing
aiea
the aiea in fiont of the uiawhole wheie the buint
limestones weie loaueu into the pannieis.

Thioat the constiiction at the base of the fiiing chambei at
the ieai of the uiawhole.

0nloauing
aiea
aiea at the ieai of the kiln wheie limestones anu
fuel weie off-loaueu into the fiiing chambei.

)-;" F9%#"%+

The "lime buinei" woulu be the most skilleu man involveu in the lime
piouuction, being in chaige of the entiie piocess fiom builuing the kiln to
stacking the lime ieauy foi sale. Whilst it iequiieu knowleuge anu expeiience to
caiiy out these tasks, lime buining was not a tiaue in its own iight. No "lime
buineis" aie listeu amongst the builueis of meuiaeval castles, although "chaicoal
buineis", "moitai makeis", anu even "moitai caiiieis" aie mentioneu. Theie is
no mention of "lime buineis" in the paiish iegisteis of Buinley anu Colne until
the enu of the 18th centuiy when laige commeicial kilns hau come into existence
alongsiue the canal.

It is likely ceitain inuiviuuals amongst the stonemasons anu amongst the faimeis
specialiseu in lime buining, passing uown theii skills fiom one geneiation to
anothei.

6%&#+>/%$ &#8 3/&8+

Lime was tianspoiteu on pack-hoises oi in caits. Both woius: "wagons" anu
"cait hoises" appeai in uocuments of the time. Tiains of about twenty pack-
hoises, iefeiieu to as "lime-gals", weie useu foi tianspoit especially acioss
uifficult teiiain. It is estimateu that each pony caiiieu 2 cwts. uiviueu between
two baskets of the type uepicteu in eaily illustiations of coal-mining. A "tiain"
was capable of moving a total loau of some 2 tons, not a laige amount when the
quantities iequiieu foi liming a fielu aie consiueieu.

Thiee hoise-shoes have been founu: one on a packhoise tiack at uoiple
Reseivoii anu two fiom the aiea of buint peat at East Sheuuen II.
62

Tatteisall Wilkinson' s account: "Lime ualloways of the Pennine Range"
uesciibes this methou of tianspoit:
6S

l5 6/ 4$63$( 3*#0 * -&(62.: *@/ g%$+^DS63 -&(62.:h 63& 5.$(-$5*# 6.*00$- /0
63& +$)6.$-6 4*) -*..$&+ /( 1: 85*-'^3/.)&)89 /0 * )%*## 3*.+: .*-&9 1.&+ $(
Z*##/4*:)3$.&7 _3&)& @*##/4*:) @&(&.*##: 4&(6 $( 8@*(@)8 /0 0./% 64&#C& 6/
&$@36&&( 3/.)&)9 2(+&. 63& -*.& /0 * @*##^+.$C&.7 f4$(@ 6/ 63& 4$#+ *(+
%/2(6*$(/2) -3*.*-6&. /0 63& -/2(6.:9 63&)& 3*.+: #$66#& 5*-'^3/.)&)
0/.%&+ 63& /(#: %&*() /0 -/%%2($-*6$/( 1&64&&( 63& +$00&.&(6 6/4()3$5)9
-/((&-6&+ /06&( /(#: 1: )6&&5 *(+ 5.&-$5$6/2) 5*63)7 =/4)$(@ *#/(@ 63&
./*+)$+& *) 63&: )*2(6&.&+ #&$)2.&#: /( 63&$. 4*:9 *(+ *6 ($@36 5*)62.&$(@
/( 63& (&$@31/2.$(@ %//.)9 63&$. -/)6 0/. 0&&+$(@ 4*) * %&.& 6.$0#&7 _3&
#&*+&. /0 63& 8@*(89 @&(&.*##: * C&(&.*1#& &\2$(& 5*6.$*.-39 4*) 1&+&-'&+
4$63 * #&*63&. -/##*. /( 43$-3 4&.& 0*)6&(&+ * (2%1&. /0 1*##^1&##)9 43$#& *
1&## 4$63 * -#*55&. 32(@ *6 63& 1/66/% /0 63& -/##*.7 T2.$(@ 63& #/(@ +*.'
&C&($(@) $( 63& *262%( %/(63) 63&)& 1&##) )&.C&+ *) * @2$+& 6/ 63& %&%1&.)
/0 63& 8@*(@87 _3& -3$&0 12)$(&)) /0 63&)& @*##/4*:) 4*) 6/ -*..: #$%& *(+
-/*# 6/ 5#*-&) +$00$-2#6 /0 *--&)) 6/ 43&&#&+ -*.6)7 c*-3 #/*+ 4*) -/(6*$(&+
$( * )*-' *(+ 4&$@3&+ *1/26 !V< #1)7 _3& &(-#/)2.&/0 63& -/%%/() /.
%//.)9 63& %*'$(@ /0 63& .*$#4*:) *(+ 63& &O*-6$/( /0 3/.)&^+26:9 3*C&
)4&56 *4*: &C&.: C&)6$@& /0 63& 5.$%$6$C& $()6$626$/( /0 5*-'^3/.)&)9 )/
2)&02# $( 63& .&-#*%*6$/( /0 0*.%) 0./% 63& )6&.$#& %//.#*(+7

A iefeience in the uocuments of the Thieveley Leau Nines, which weie woikeu
between 1629 anu 16SS,
64
confiims that a "loau" oi "hoise loau" equalleu about
two cwts.: 8777,< #/*+) *1/26 , 6/() /0 /.&a87

@&0/#+ &#8 !&%$+

Pictuies of heavy meuiaeval wagons uiawn by oxen oi caithoises have suiviveu
in illustiateu manusciipts such as the Lutteial Psaltei. Similai wagons woulu
have caiiieu the limestones listeu in the 1Sth centuiy Royal Castle accounts anu

62
see p ?? and p ??.
63
Tattersall Wilkinson "Memoirs of Hurstwood."
64
" R. Sharpe-France 1951.
in the Clitheioe Couit Rolls uuiing the eailiei half of the 16th centuiy. In the
17th centuiy two witnesses in the Equity Case -}ohn Bolmes anu Abiam
Wilkinson
6S
- iefei to a wateicouise tiouuen uown by "cait hoises" which
suggests caits weie useu locally foi the same puipose.
Raistiick
66
quotes a uesciiption of small caits, common in the Yoikshiie Bales
uuiing the 19th centuiy, iefeiieu to as "tumble caits":

63&: 4&.& 64/ 43&&#&+ 4$63 * )/#$+ *O#& '&56 $( 5#*-& 1: 5&@) *(+ )\2&*'&+
#/2+#: *) 63&: %/C&+7 _*. 4*) 2)&+ *) * #21.$-*(67

An example of this "clog wheel" is pieseiveu in the Bowes Nuseum. Similai caits
of a size that woulu caiiy about 4 hoise loaus oi 8 cwts aie mentioneu by othei
obseiveis

<'"8+
Sleus, oi coups, with iunneis insteau of wheels weie often useu in mooilanu
aieas. Theie weie uiffeient types foi uiffeient tasks, caiiying stone, hay, peat
anu manuie, incluuing lime. They may have been useu in anu amongst the
Scaiies collecting limestones to take to the kilns.

)-;" 3/&8+
0n the Noith Yoikshiie Noois, in the Yoikshiie Bales anu Cential Pennines
stietches of olu lime anu coal ioaus iunning acioss the mooilanus can still be
tiaceu. Nany of these gieen tiacks anu sunken hollow-ways leau fiom
abanuoneu coal pits oi limestone quaiiies to faims, oi the sites of faims, anu on
to uistant villages anu hamlets. R.F.Nooie
67
quotes an eaily 19th centuiy
iefeience to caiting lime in the Noith Yoikshiie Noois:

W/3( ?6'$()/(9 * 0*.%&.9 /0 G*)6#& >/2)&)9 (&*. T*(1: G*)6#&9 4/2#+ )&6 /00
$( 63& &*.#: %/.($(@ 4$63 *( &%56: 4*@/( 6/ 63& Y/)&+*#& >&*+ -/*# 5$6)9
(&*. Y*#53 G./)) 777 ]&*C$(@ 63& &%56: 4*@/( *6 63& -/*# 5$6)9 3& 4/2#+ 6*'&
/( * 4*@/( #&06 63&.& 63& 5.&C$/2) +*: *(+ (/4 #/*+&+ 4$63 -/*#7 _3$)
4*@/( 4/2#+ 1& 6*'&( /( 6/ >266/( 0/. 2(#/*+$(@9 43&.& W/3( 4/2#+ 5$-'
25 * 63$.+ 4*@/( #/*+&+ 4$63 #$%&7 _3$) 3& 6//' 3/%& 6/ G*)6#&) >/2)&) 0/.
2(#/*+$(@ $( 5.&5*.*6$/( 0/. 63& 0/##/4$(@ +*:7 _3& 0*.%&. 5*$+ 0/. 63& -/*#
*6 Y/)&+*#& >&*+7 L( .&-&$C$(@ 63& #$%& *6 >266/( 3& 4*) @$C&( * )%*##
*%/2(6 /0 %/(&: 4$63 $6 $( &O-3*(@& 0/. 63& -/*#7 L( 63$) 4*: W/3( ?6'$()/(
1./2@36 $( /(& )&*)/( V< 4*@/( #/*+) /0 #$%&9 &*-3 4&$@3$(@ Dn 6/()9 /(
V< -/()&-26$C& +*:) 0./% >266/( 6/ G*)6#&6/(

In this mannei Su tons of lime, oi Suu hoise loaus, weie conveyeu ovei a
mooilanu ioau fiom quaiiy to faim, a uistance of some 12 miles.

65
Equity Case" Defendants' 3rd Interr.
66
Arthur Raistrick, 1967.
67
Moore, 1972.
3/&8+\ P%/A" 3/&8+ &#8 1&*V,/%+" 6%&*V+

The ioau system that linkeu towns anu mooilanu villages anu ciossing one
county bounuaiy into anothei aie highlighteu in yellow on the copy of Yates'
map facing p44. Theie weie, in auuition numeious flaggeu 'causeways' anu
tiacks foi the packhoise tiains, some of which have been iuentifieu. Lime anu
coal coulu be caiiieu by packhoise on almost any of these ioaus anu ioutes.
Theie is an olu mooilanu tiack in noith-east Lancashiie that is pait of a ioute
useu by local tiaffic anu wagons, "lime-gals" anu piobably uioveis that came
fiom Ciaven. It linkeu the scaiies anu bankes of Tiawuen anu Beavei with those
at Swaynes Platt anu Thuisuen anu a fuithei stietch in Buinley iuns fiom
Roggeiham uate thiough Sheuuen Clough to join the Long Causeway in Clivigei.
Some of these mooilanu tiacks also seiveu as uioveways, oi 'uiiftways', foi
cattle anu sheep being uiiven fiom the big faiis in the noith to the laige towns of
Lancashiie anu the West Riuing.

In 1992, when uoiple Reseivoii hau been uiaineu, the stones of a packhoise
tiack weie obseiveu anu a cast hoise shoe was founu lying on one of the
stones.
68
This tiack was piobably pait of a ioute leauing ovei to Blackshaw in
Yoikshiie.

Betaileu uiscussion of these ioutes anu the iuentification of the ioute iefeiieu to
as 'Limeis' uate' is beyonu the scope of the piesent woik, but fuithei
infoimation can be obtaineu fiom the South Pennine Packhoise Tiails Tiust
baseu at The Bain, Nankinholes, Toumoiuen.

@"-0,$+ .#8 B"&+9%"+

Buiing the 17th anu 18th centuiy the teims "bushels", "loaus", "stiikes", etc,
occui in accounts anu tieatises on agiicultuie. These measuies weie not
stanuaiuiseu but vaiieu accoiuing to local custom. Regional vaiiations of
weights, measuies anu acieage aie well known. }ohn Bolt, in his "Agiicultuial
Suivey" (179S) wiites:

8a 63& +$00&.&(-& /0 4&$@36) *(+ %&*)2.&) $( 63$) -/2(6: (Lancashiie)
*.& )/ %*(: 63*6 $0 63&: -*((/6 4$63 5./5.$&6: 1& -*##&+ /1)6*-#&)9 63&:
%*(: $( 6.263 1& 6&.%&+ $(-2%1.*(-&) 6/ 63& @&(&.*# $(6&.-/2.)& /0
12)$(&)) 7778
Be lists uiffeiences in weight oi quantity of "loaus" in Lancastei,
Nanchestei

anu Liveipool. A "loau" can be inteipieteu as the weight a hoise can
conveniently caiiy on its back, consequently, a "loau" caiiieu on toituous
mooilanu tiacks, is lightei than a "loau" caiiieu on a countiy lane thiough the
valleys. A "hunuieuweight" can be 1uulbs., 112lbs. oi 12ulbs. A "hoise loau"
appeais to have been the stanuaiu measuie foi selling anu using lime, but uoes

68
discovered by John Sharples.
not necessaiily mean the lime was caiiieu on packhoises. All iefeiences to
selling lime in the Equity Case aie in teims of "hoise loaus".

Raistiick
69
quoting 18th centuiy souices foi Beibyshiie, gives the following
figuies:

; )6.$'&) /0 #$%& o D #/*+
H/#+ *6 V+ /. VVu 5&. #/*+ ^ 5.$-& *6 63& '$#( %/2637
H%*## -*.6) -*..$&+ V #/*+)7
V< 6/ M< #/*+) 6/ 63& *-.&7
P$#() 5./+2-&+ DD< ^ ;<< #/*+) $( 64/ +*:)7

Theie aie seveial iefeiences to "hoise loaus" by witnesses in the Equity Case:
Beniy BaicioftO

)/#+ )/%& 6/ (&$@31/2.) $( G#$C$@&. *(+ )/%& $(6/ b/.')3$.& 0/. M+7/.
,+7* 3/.)& #/*+7

Nichell Blunuell:

63&: 3*+ )/#+ )&C&.*# \2*(6$6$&) 6/ 3$% *(+ 6/ %&( $( b/.')3$.& 0/.
Mp+ *(+ ,+7 * 3/.)& #/*+7

Lawience Robeit:
)/#+ 63&% 6/ 5&.)/() $( b/.')3$.& 0/. )$O5&(-& * 3/.)& #/*+!

Thomas Shackelton:

)/#+ /(& 32(+.&+ 3/.)& #/*+) /0 #$%& 6/ 5&/5#& 43/ -*..$&+ $6 $(6/
b/.')3$.&7 *6 63& '$#( 7770/. )$O5&(-& * 3/.)& #/*+!

As we shall see latei in the late 18th centuiy Towneley Accounts foi lime, the
woiu "loaus" only is useu, although "hoise" can be infeiieu if piice pei loau is
compaieu with that of a hunuieu yeais eailiei.

.*%"&0"

Customaiy acies iefei to the size of acies in use in a paiticulai locality. The
custom appeais to have hau an Anglo-Saxon oiigin when uiffeient lengths of iou,
poles oi peiches, weie useu to measuie uiffeient types of lanu. An acie has
always consisteu of 4 ioous of 4u ious. The statutoiy acie oi the legal measuie is
baseu on a 16.Sft oi S.Syaius iou. The Lancashiie Long Neasuie is sometimes
helu to be 7yus but vaiieu fiom S.Syus. to 8yus. The 7yu. length anu the 8yu.
length weie the most wiuespieau: the 7yu. geneially being founu noith of the
Ribble anu in east Lancashiie, whilst the 8yu. length is founu south of the Ribble

69
Arthur Raistrick,1967.
anu in west Lancashiie.
7u
The 7yu. measuie has been assumeu foi the customaiy
acieage associateu with the hushings. The foimula foi conveiting the 7yu.
measuie into statutoiy acies is multiplying it by a factoi of 1.62.

70
Smith, E.H., 1958.
1.36 7g

6?4 .3!?.4C)C:G /H $," )7B4<6CD4 <!.334<

6," %"X8-+*/A"%J /H $," )-;"+$/#" <*&%%"+

Whilst the uiamatic lanuscapes of the 'Limestone Scaiies & Bankes" have been
iuentifieu in seveial mooilanu aieas aiounu Buinley anu Colne' they iemain,
with the exception of Sheuuen Clough, aichaeologically unexploieu.

In less than a hunuieu yeais the once impoitant lime inuustiy became lost to
local memoiy anu its extensive iemains weie iegaiueu as iemains of olu stone
quaiiies, even by the 0iunance Suivey. The inuustiy is fiist mentioneu by Waltei
Bennett in his "Bistoiy of Buinley"
71
, but his account is baseu on uocumentaiy
eviuence only. Be hau obviously ieau the manusciipts of the Equity Case uuiing
a visit to the Recoiu 0ffice anu maue copious notes but hau no notion that
extensive iemains of the woikings hau suiviveu. It was not until the eaily 196u's
that theii piesence on the slopes of the moois was ievealeu by a cuiious chain of
events.

6-$9+ 6,/%#I"%`+ h#"= >&-% /H +>"*$&*'"+i

Some twenty-five yeais ago Titus Thoinbei, sheep faimei, engineei anu local
histoiian, spent many houis seaiching Sheuuen Clough foi a iam that hau
stiayeu off his faim at Niuule Pastuie. Buiing the seaich he giauually became
awaie that the numeious iiuges anu ueep, boggy gulleys winuing up the clough
weie not, as hitheito he hau believeu, the iemains of olu stone quaiiies. The
masses of uiscaiueu stones hau a giavelly appeaiance quite at ouus with quaiiy
waste; the iiuges weie too naiiow to have caiiieu iails foi quaiiy tiucks, but
moie conclusive, howevei, weie the soil exposuies on the euges of many the
iiuges. 0n close examination he saw natuial soil hoiizons lying ovei unuistuibeu
glacial clay, making it cleai that the iiuges weie not spoil heaps but the iemains
of the hillsiue itself aftei extensive scouiing by iushing watei. Be then went on to
say: "it was like weaiing a new paii of spectacles" as moie anu moie of these
feaiuies weie ievealeu. Exploiing fuithei, he iuentifieu the outlines of channels
anu the banks of foimei ponus that hau supplieu the watei foi scouiing, oi
"hushing" the hillsiues. It became cleai that these woikings in Sheuuen Clough
weie iemains of the eaily lime inuustiy uesciibeu by Waltei Bennett.

Titus Thoinbei fuithei went on to uiscovei iuineu lime kilns scatteieu along the
siues anu bottoms of the hushings, often hiuuen amongst thousanus of stones
anu boulueis. Nany of these small anu simple kilns hau been iobbeu by wall
builueis oi filleu in by shepheius. 0theis weie uetecteu by patches of buint
stone anu kiln-slag oi the piesences of lime-loving plants, such as faiiy-flax,
quaking giass oi eye biight, inuicating the piesence of a foimei kiln.

71
Walter Bennett, 1946/61 and 1957.
Be maue sketch plans showing uiffeient catchment anu hushing systems, the
location of kilns, anu lines of tiacks useu by packhoises but at that time his
uiscoveiies attiacteu little public oi aichaeological attention.
The wiitei, caiiying out fieluwoik on piehistoiic iemains in the Buinley aiea in
1972 met Titus Thoinbei who gave him a toui of the limestone hushings at
Sheuuen. The scale anu complexity of the woikings coveiing an aiea of
something like a hunuieu acies was most impiessive anu theie was no uoubt
that it was an impoitant uiscoveiy in the iealm of eaily Inuustiial Aichaeology,
paiticulaily as this technique of obtaining limestone was hitheito unknown. To
investigate the site in the most pieliminaiy mannei was beyonu any
aichaeological iesouices available at that time, but twelve yeais lateithe
situation changeu.

.%*,&"/'/0-*&' @/%V KNTS X KNNS

In the eaily 198u's Lancashiie County Council, Buinley Bistiict Council anu
Noith West Watei establisheu the 'Woisthoine Nooi Recieation Aiea' - which
incluueu Sheuuen Clough - foi countiysiue leisuie. It was seen to be appiopiiate
to piesent the Sheuuen limestone hushings as a featuie of local inuustiial
heiitage anu an aichaeological suivey was set up towaius that enu.

In 1984 the fiist phase of aichaeological investigations began continuing on a
yeaily basis until 199u anu fuithei uocumentaiy ieseaich was caiiieu out
between 1991 anu 1994.

A scheme foi iecoiuing the hushings was establisheu, foui uamageu kilns
investigateu anu piesenteu anu the bank of one of the ponus sectioneu. At the
same time a team of the Community Piogiamme ie-built lengths of wall along
the Bioveway anu laiu giavel on the tiack. Bocumentaiy ieseaich uiscoveieu
new eviuence, paiticulaily the Robeit Paikei Equity Case (16S8) which pioviueu
woiking uetails of the hushings anu of peisons anu events ielating to the
limestone inuustiy.

Whilst woik at Sheuuen Clough continueu a wiuei fielu seaich was also maue in
othei mooilanu aieas of Buinley anu Colne uuiing which moie limestone
hushing weie uiscoveieu. In auuition to the scaiies anu bankes, the iemains of
gutteis, uams anu lime-kilns weie iecogniseu anu amongst some woikings theie
appeaieu to be uiffeient phases of hushing.

?9+,-#0 6"%;-#/'/0J

The foiegoing section is baseu on the iesults of initial fieluwoik anu
obseivations in Sheuuen Clough anu in some of the aieas uesciibeu above.

0nly a few histoiical teims have been founu uesciibing the uiffeient featuies of
the hushings anu lime-buining It has been necessaiy, theiefoie, to uevise a
seiies of aichaeological teims (shown in italics) to uesciibe the vaiious featuies
uistinguisheu by fielu ieseaich.

)J;"+$/#" F&#V"+
&#8 <*&%%"+
a 17th centuiy collective teim foi the
hushings
=&+,-#0 the 17th centuiy teim foi 32)3$(@7
,9+,-#0+ the limestone woikings, the
combination of bankes anu gutteis, the
basic unit of the hushing opeiation.

,9+,-#0 $J>"+:
:%?.&%: iunning acioss the hillsiue at a shallow
angle ioughly paiallel with the stieam.
)?&%-20? iunning moie oi less stiaight uown the
hillslope, ioughly at iight angles to the
stieam.
)-2,'-C%: hushings of an extenueu "S" shape,
snaking uown anu acioss the hillslope.
6&')) a hushing ciossing an eailiei one - see
below.
?&D(6%?.C a hushing isolateu by latei hushings
I&#V"+ the un-husheu iemains of an oiiginal hillslope.
09$$"%+ the channels, goits oi watei couises,

09$$"% $J>"+
-(:.? gutteis leauing into a uam fiom a stieam oi wet
aiea of mooilanu.
'D?:.? guttei leauing to hillslope to cieate a hushing.
0%(2-(2 a guttei cut-off by latei hushing activities
?&D(6%?.C a guttei stoppeu up oi cut off as pait of
contiolling a hushing.
8&;+ ponus wheie watei was stoieu foi hushing.
Foimeu by banks of eaith anu clay, backeu by
natuial contouis oi othei iiiegulaiities in the
lanu suiface.
+$&##"%-"+ useu in 17th centuiy to uesciibeu spieaus of
stieam oi iivei giavels. This use has been
extenueu heie to incluue the low, lineai bankes
oi spieaus of uiscaiueu stones left aftei
limestones hau been gatheieu fiom hushing.

+$&##"%-" $J>"+
)-2,'-C%: following the cuives of a sigmoiual hushing
:-(.%& a stiaight banke
)E&.%C scatteieu ovei an aiea

*"#$%&' /%
`,9+,"8X
/9$` &%"&+
open giounu fiom which all the ueeply cut
bankes have been husheu away, leaving laige
spieaus oi 'iuns' of stanneiies.

It is not easy to unueistanu why some aieas aie 'husheu-out' anu othei not.
Those that aie not may maik the stage at which hushing was abanuoneu, oi
coulu signify a ueaith of limestones in that paiticulai aiea. It can be safely
assumeu that the quantity of limestone pebbles woulu not be evenly spieau
thioughout the layeis of bouluei clay, anu when a iich 'seam' was stiuck it woulu
be exploiteu foi all it was woith. Theie aie some goou examples of 'husheu-out'
aieas in both West anu East Sheuuen.

It is concluueu fiom the fieluwoik that hushing was ueteimineu by cutting a
stiaight oi sigmoiual guttei
72
in which the watei woulu be contiolleu to piouuce
an "in spate" flow of watei, iathei than a "flash floou". This flow of watei, which
in effect was an aitificial stieam, woulu "unuei-cut" the siues of its couise,
piecipitating minoi lanuslips anu banke collapses. The mass of uistuibeu soil
was then subjecteu to fuithei washing by contiolling the flow of watei, assisteu
by iain anu weatheiing, paiticulaily uuiing the wintei months. Fiom the
masses of glacial stones exposeu the limestones woulu be gatheieu. This
explanation gains suppoit fiom the statement maue in the Bill of Complaints in
the Equity Case:

"7777*(+ /5&( 63& )*$+ +*%) 0/. 63& -/2.)& /0 63& 4*6&. 6/ 4*)3 *4*: 63&
&*.63 0./% 63& )*$+ )6/(&) *(+ 0/. %*(: /0 63&% 6/ 0*## +/4(7778

Lateial hushings weie cieateu by a guttei cut slightly uiagonal acioss the hillsiue
just above the stieam. It was, in effect, an extension of the stieam highei up the
hillsiue. uiavity woulu cause the bankes to collapse leaving the uetiitus to be
soiteu by a fuithei flow of watei. Fuithei lateial hushings highei up the slope
above may have been cieateu when the oiiginal one hau seiveu its puipose, oi,
on the othei hanu, all the hushings in the seiies may have been contempoiaiy,
woikeu by uiffeient lime buineis. This uistinction coulu also be applieu to the
stiaight anu sigmoiual hushings. Examples of these uiffeient types of hushing
aie incluueu in the uesciiptions of Sheuuen Clough anu othei hushing aieas.

72
it is not clear why in some places one type was used and not the other.

4A-8"#*" H%/; C%8#&#*" <9%A"J B&>+ &#8 $," :"/'/0-*&' <9%A"J

The 0iunance Suivey 6 inch map of 184S shows numeious lime-kilns
thioughout the aiea plotteu along stieam banks anu on mooilanu slopes. The
woius 'Limekilns' oi 'olu Limekilns' occui, but whethei these two teims
uiffeientiate between active anu ueielict kilns at the time of the suivey is not
known. Theie is no eviuence that the limestone hushings, as such, weie
iecogniseu by the Suivey.

The 189S 1:2Suu maps foi all the hushing aiea have yet to be stuuieu but the
ones that incluue Sheuuen Clough show contouis of the hushings, mistakenly
iuentifieu as "olu stone quaiiies"; to be iepeateu in latei euitions. Whitty Bank at
Niuule Pastuie Faim, Clivigei, is the only instance of naming a hushing site with
the uesciiption: "Limestone Quaiiy". It is cuiious why this iuentification shoulu
have occuiieu in isolation.

Befoie the enu of the 19th centuiy glacial histoiy was unknown. The limestone
boulueis founu aiounu Buinley anu Colne weie then thought to be ueiiveu fiom
beus of soliu limestone iock ueep below the suiface. The woiu 'scai' oi 'scaiie',
commonly founu in limestone aieas was auopteu, piobably in the 16th centuiy,
to uesciibe the places wheie the limestone hushing was caiiieu out. In the
Tiawuen aiea anu at Smithy Clough the woiu has suiviveu as a place-name -
"Reu Scaii", "Beavei Scai", but not in Thuisuen, Swaynes Platt, Clivigei,
Woisthoine oi Sheuuen Clough.

It can be infeiieu fiom the eaily map eviuence that the limestone hushings hau
little significance foi the suiveyois, apait fiom a numbei of limekilns, anu not
woith uetaileu iecoiuing.

The ueological Suivey, at the enu of the 19th centuiy, biiefly iecogniseu the
piesence of a local lime inuustiy, but gave no uetails of how the limestones weie
obtaineu:

_3& )*(+)6/(& &)-*.5%&(6) /0 F*.)+&( >&$@36 *(+ cO64$)6#& >$## *.&
%*$(#: 0.&& 0./% +.$067 J*.63&. &*)6 6/4*.+) 63& `&(($(&) 63& 1/2#+&. -#*: $)
+$)6.$126&+ C&.: $..&@2#*.#:7 L6 6&(+) 6/ 1& 63$-'&)6 $( 63& C*##&:) *(+ /( 63&
@&(6#&. )#/5&)9 43&.&*) 63& )*(+)6/(& *(+ @.$6 &)-*.5%&(6) *.& 2)2*##: 0.&&7
L6 $) #/-*##: C&.: 63$-' $( 63& _32.)+&(9 G*6#/49 _.*4+&( *(+ B:-/##*.
j*##&:)9 5*.6$-2#*.#: $( 63& 255&. .&*-3&) /0 63& _.*4+&( C*##&:7 f( 63&
3$@3&. 5*.6 /0 63& 4*6&.)3&+ 1&64&&( 63& _.*4+&( *(+ B:-/##*. C*##&:)9 25
6/ D9D<< 067 fT9 63& 1/2#+&. -#*: $) *1(/.%*##: 63$-'7 >&.&*1/26) IS;V;R<K *
1./*+ %/.*$($- .$+@& %*'&) 63& 4*6&.)3&+ 1&64&&( 63& 64/ C*##&:)9 *(+ 63&
1/2#+&. -#*: 3*) 1&&( +2@ 6/ +&563) /0 M<067 /. )/ 0/. #$%&)6/(& 1/2#+&.)7
X/43&.& /( 63& @./2(+ 4&)6 /0 63& `&(($(& 4*6&.)3&+) 3*) 1/2#+&. -#*:
1&&( %*55&+ *1/C& 63& D9!M<067 -/(6/2..
7S

73
Earp, 1961, p 244

Fuithei iefeience is maue, p 262, -to limestones in the non-limestone countiy of
the Foiest of Tiawuen:

_3&.&9 63$-' +&5/)$6) /0 1/2#+&. -#*: *.& &O6&()$C&#: +2@ /26 *(+ 12.(&+ 0/.
#$%&N *(+ /#+ #$%&'$#() *.& )$62*6&+ $( #*.@& *(+ /06&( +&&5 1/2#+&. )6.&4(
&O-*C*6$/()7

The geologists aie obviously uesciibing aieas of limestone hushings but assumeu
the limestones hau been obtaineu by the common piactice of uigging them out.
The suiveyois obviously uiu not iuentify the scaiies anu stanneiies as iemains
of hushing, but as the iesult of uigging with spaues. Neveitheless, these entiies
iepiesent the eailiest fielu iecoius of the limestone scaiies.

To the east of the Tiawuen Aiea they aie:

(i) Emmott Nooi (SB9S4u), some S miles east of Colne anu on the west
siue of Laneshaw Biook,
74
1,Suu to 2,1uu yus. south-east of Coin Close, wheie
giavelly bouluei clay was uug anu the iemains of 14 limekilns weie visible.
(ii) Rounu Boles anu Bighei Scais aie on the opposite slopes, on the
Yoikshiie siue.
(iii) Clowloughton Scais also on Ickoinshaw Nooi (SB9641) some half a
mile oi so to the noith-east, aie associateu with the highei ieaches of Lumb Beau
Beck, is piobably the site of fuithei limestone hushings.
In the Tiawuen Aiea two sites aie iuentifieu:
Beavei Scai (9SSS69) anu Robin Scai (9SSS72).

74
Laneshawe Brook forms the boundary between Lancashire and Yorkshire.
)7B4<6CD4 ?E<?7D: .34.< /H FE3D)4G

A seiies of nine uiffeient limestone hushing aieas have been iuentifieu in the
iegion of Buinley anu Colne. Some have been photogiapheu anu geneial
obseivations noteu anu any known uocumentaiy eviuence incluueu, but no
uetaileu fieluwoik oi suiveying has been caiiieu out. The hushings that have
suiviveu can be iuentifieu on 2Vinch 0S maps, but some, e.g. Swinuon Clough
anu Swayne's Platt, aie now coveieu by ieseivoiis oi maskeu by latei stone
quaiiying. A few kilns in the hushings have suiviveu the uepletion of latei
faimeis anu shepheius anu piobably iepiesent the last to be useu.

The following aieas of Limestone Scaiies & Bankes have been nameu as follows:-

1. Wycollai Bushings
2. Tiawuen Bushings
S. Coluwell Bushings (Swayne's Platt)
4 Thuisuen & Biieicliffe Bushings
S Swinuen Bushings
6 Buistwoou Bushings
7 Cant Clough Bushings
T Sheuuen Clough Bushings
9 Bapton Paik Bushings

K X @G!C)).3 ?E<?7D:<

The Wycollai Bushings aie situateu in Smithy Clough mainly on the south siue of
the Bionte Way footpath above Wycollai anu can be seen fiom the
Laneshawbiiuge to Bawoith ioau just beyonu Beiueis Public Bouse. Some goou
examples of cioss-hushing can be uistinguisheu anu at least five kilns have been
counteu along the tiackway by the iiveisiue. A fuithei aiea of woikings, which
can be incluueu in Wycollai, is at the heau of the valley of Tuinhole Clough at
Stack Bill Scai (uN) anu on Stack Bill Nooi, (aiounu SB 941S74) wheie an
unusual uouble kiln may be founu.
7S
In 1992 a lanuslip in Stack Bill Clough,
alongsiue a tiibutaiy flowing into Wycollai Biook, gave oppoitunity to assess the
piopoitions of limestone in the uiift, estimateu at 2u-2S%.

The aiea may be vieweu fiom the public footpathbiiuleway (SB 94uS7S) which
leaus fiom Wycollai to Coluwell anu on to the Thuisuen valley.

In Emily Biont's novel "Wutheiing Beights", wiitten in the 18Sus, theie is a
iefeience to what weie possibly limestone hushings within uistance of
Wutheiing Beights:

8W/)&53 $) #/*+$(@ #$%& /( 0*. )$+& /0 `&(($)6/4 G.*@8

75
marked on 1845 6inch OS map.
It has been suggesteu
76
that Emily Biont' s "Pennistow Ciag" can be equateu
with Alconuen Stones (SB974SS7) on Stanbuiy Nooi. If this is so, then on the
faithei siue some 2V miles to the noith-west is Smithy Clough wheie theie aie
the iemains of hushings anu lime kilns. Smoke fiom these kilns may well have
been seen in iight weathei conuitions fiom Wutheiing Beights. Emily Biont's
iefeience suggests she was familiai with the piactice of local faimeis taking
theii caits to lymestone scaiies foi lime oi limestones anu that hushings
continueu to piouuce lime in iemote aieas.

Theie may be limestone hushings at Blue Scai Clough, east of Alconuen Stones, a
possibility that awaits confiimation by fieluwoik.

R X 63.@P4D ?E<?7D:<[

At the heau of Tiawuen Watei close to Saucei Bill Clough is Beavei Scai (SB
9SSS69), the site of the Beavei hushings. Watei collecteu fiom biooks flowing
fiom the noith siue of Boulswoith Bill was leu by a channel which follows the
contoui of the hill fiom a point about 1 mile to the east of the hushing aiea. This
site has at least thiee iuineu kilns
77
within 1Su yaius anu contains one of the
best pieseiveu examples within the Limestone Scaiies. Remains of a guttei with
latei woouen tioughing weie obseiveu neai Beavei. Theie appeais to be a
packhoise tiack along the iivei siue anu a paveu footpath can be tiaceu fiom
Coluwell to Wycollai. It has an 0S bench maik inset into one of the stones.
Fuithei to the noith-east the 184S 6inch 0S map shows one kiln associateu with
Robin Scai (SB9SSS72)

These hushings weie no uoubt the subject of the uispute by 18th centuiy mill-
owneis of Tiawuen complaining of inteifeience with theii watei supplies.

b X !C)P@4)) ?E<?7D:< j<@.GD4`< 1).66_

Two miles to the south-east of the Tiawuen hushings weie the iemains of those
at Coluwell anu Swayn's Platt, now mostly coveieu by the Coluwell Reseivoiis
(SB 9u4S61). This is the aiea wheie Robeit Paikei helu his lanus anu was the
subject of so much legal contioveisy in the Equity Case. 0n the 184S map, befoie
the ieseivoiis weie built, two kilns aie iecoiueu in Swaynes Platt, anothei eight
on both siues of Catlow Biook fuithei uownstieam, foui above anu foui below
Catlow Bottoms. These kilns weie piobably useu foi buining limestones
gatheieu fiom the banks of the biook. Whilst no tiace of the name "Foxehill"
has been founu on the 184S 6inch 0S map, it is still possible to tiace pait of the
Foxehill uuttei on the giounu above Swaynes Platt. This is the guttei that
uiveiteu watei acioss the wateisheu to the noith-eastein pait of Thuisuen
which coulu not have been woikeu foi limestones without it.

76
Blosfield, 1984.
77
marked on 1845 6inch OS map.
Rogei Fiost incluues in his Bistoiy of Biieicliffe a useful sketch map
78
showing
uetails of the hushing featuies in Swayne's Platt anu Thuisuen. No iecent
fieluwoik has been caiiieu out to asceitain how many kilns still suivive oi if
theie aie any hushing featuies associateu with the Catlow valley.

S X 6?E3<P4D k F3743!)7554 ?E<?7D:<

The limestone hushings in the uppei pait of Thuisuen aie veiy spectaculai anu
can be easily visiteu by walking the lanes aiounu Bioaubank Bouse anu
Boulswoith Enu Faim. A goou view can be obtaineu fiom the Cai Paik on the
ioau opposite Bioaubank piehistoiic ciicle. Two hushing systems can be
iuentifieu on both siues of the valley at Bioaubank. The 0ppei Scaiies aie on the
noithein siue anu weie cieateu by the Foxehill uuttei anu the lowei scaiies aie
on the opposite siue anu weie cieateu by seveial stieams flowing uown fiom
Reive Euge, suppoiteu by one oi two man-maue gutteis. Rogei Fiost iecoius
foui limekilns on his sketch map at the foot of these hushings, but none foi the
0ppei Scaiies. Be uesciibes the possible iemains of a hushing system in the
lowei pait of Thuisuen below Lane Bottom at Scaii Woou neai Bollingiove
Faim:

H&C&.*# )6.&*%) 3*C& 1&&( 2)&+7 ? 0&4 )2.C$C$(@ +/-2%&(6) %&(6$/(
#*(+ 4/.'&+ 1: 63& 6&(*(6 /0 >/##$(@.&*C&7 ?( &O*%$(*6$/( /0 63&
C*##&: /0 63& )%*## )6.&*% 43$-3 .$)&) 1&#/4 >/##$(@./C& .&C&*#) 63*6
63& 4*6&.-/2.)&) 3*C& 1&&( +$C&.6&+ $( )&C&.*# 5#*-&) *(+ /( *
(2%1&. /0 /--*)$/()7 ? (2%1&. /0 %/2(+) /0 +$)-*.+&+ )6/(& -*( 1&
)&&(777*#)/ 63& /C&.@./4( .&%*$() /0 * #$%& '$#(7 F/.& 4/.' .&%*$()
6/ 1& +/(& /( 63$) )$6&7

Eight limekilns weie iecoiueu in 184S
79
on the banks of Thuisuen Biook above
Cockuen Biiuge anu on the iivei Bon below as fai as its confluence with Swinuen
Watei at Netheiwoou Biiuge. These kilns may have been useu foi buining
limestones founu in the stanneiies witnesseu in Robeit Paikei of Boluen
Clough's ueposition in the 17S7 Equity Case, paiaphiaseu as follows:

>& (the ueponent) 4*) * J.&&3/#+&. 4$63$( cO64$)6#& *(+ 3*+ 0.&& #$1&.6: 6/
@*63&. *(+ 12.(& ]:%&)6/(&) $( 63& -/%%/( 4*6&. .2(($(@ +/4(
_32.)+&(7 >& 3*+ 0/2. '$#() /( cO64$)6#& -/%%/( *(+ )-*..&) 43&.& 3&
12.(6 3$) /4( #$%&)6/(&)7 >& 6&)6$0$&+ 63*6 63& G/5:3/#+&.) /0 =.$&.-#$00& 3*+
6$%& /26 /0 %$(+ @/66&(9 @*63&.&+ *(+ 12.(6 ]:%&)6/(&) 4$63$( cO64$)6#& )/
0*. *) 63& )6*((&.$& /0 63& )*%& 4*6&. &O6&(+&+9 *(+ /63&. J.&&3/#+&.)
4$63$( cO64$)6#& @*63&.&+ ]:%&)6/(&) 4$63$( =.$&.-#$00& *) 0*. *) 63&
)6*((&.$&9 12.(6 63&% *(+ -*..$&+ 63& #$%& 6/ 63&$. .&)5&-6$C& #*(+ 0/.
6$##$(@7

Rogei Fiost iecoius a fuithei two kilns anu says:

78
Roger Frost, 1982, p 80.
79
Ordnance Survey, 1st. edition 6ins. map, 1845.

777 /0 *## 63& '$#() 63& 1&)6 5.&)&.C&+ $) *6 63& 1/66/% /0 =#*-'3/2)& ]*(& 126
$) 4$#+#: /C&.@./4(7

Q X <@7DP4D ?E<?7D:<

The builuing of thiee laige ieseivoiis has obliteiateu most of the hushings. Long
gutteis have been founu but no uams. Theie aie the iemains of seveial kilns in
the Swinuen valley; foui aie maikeu on 184S 6" 0S below Swinuen Biiuge.

Tatteisall Wilkinson iecoiueu that he saw 8777 *6 #&*)6 , '$#() $( 63& H4$(+&( j*##&:
7778 when walking ovei the moois in 1871. Waltei Bennett iepoits an excavation
caiiieu out in 192S at the enclosuie known as Ringstones (SB886SSu), above
Roggeiham. A laige ciicle of stones on top of a mounu between the two
enclosuies pioveu to be the iemains of a stiongly built limekiln.
8u

"..* 4&##^-/()6.2-6&+ ./*+ )&C&( 0&&6 4$+& .*( 0./% 63& &*.634/.' $( 63&
+$.&-6$/( /0 =/66$( J*.%9 )$62*6&+ /( 63& B/.)63/.(& ^ Y/@@&.3*%
Y/*+.."
81
.

The possibility this kiln was connecteu with Botting Faim seems to be boine out
by an entiy in the Stewaiu's Accounts of Towneley 1784, 0ct. 26th.
82

8W/3( `*.'&. /0 =/66$(@ 0/. R; #/*+)7 /0 #$%& 6/ =.2.#&: >/4 IkK dV[DD[;+78

L X ?E3<6@CCP ?E<?7D:<

The Buistwoou valley can be appioacheu fiom Woisthoine by an occupation
ioau on the noith siue of the chuich. The ioau is easily iecognisable as it is ueau
stiaight foi a mile on to the mooi. An alteinative appioach is fiom the Noith
West Watei cai paik at Buistwoou following the footpath up to anu alongsiue
the ieseivoii. A watei channel can be seen following the contoui of the hillsiue
on the noith siue of the stieam feeuing the ieseivoii. This channel has its oiigins
at an embankment that caiiies the occupation ioau ovei a small stieam at SB
896S24.
8S
Behinu the wall to the noith-west theie is a uam that supplieu watei
uown the channel to the hushings on the noith siue of the stieam. The woikings
on the othei siue aie confuseu by stone quaiiies useu in the 19th centuiy foi
builuing stone anu latei, in the eaily 2uth centuiy foi stone to constiuct the
ieseivoii. 0nly the section at the top enu of the ieseivoii is connecteu with the
limestone extiaction inuustiy.

80
Bennett, 1946/61, p27.
81
about half a mile west of Ringstones.
82
Appendix No. 1, entry No.30.
83
the stream is not marked on the 1:25000 Outdoor Leisure Map.
Also in the Buistwoou hushings, the following featuies can be obseiveu: cioss
hushings, a guttei anu two uams with sluices - one uestioyeu in 198S by NWW
Theie aie also some exposuies of sections of the geological uiift.

In 1992, when the watei level in Buistwoou Reseivoii was low, the iemains of S
kilns weie iepoiteu to have been seen in the bottom.
84

Y X !.D6 !)CE:? ?E<?7D:<

The hushings in Cant Clough aie now obscuieu by Cant Clough Reseivoii, but the
iemains in the 0lu Scaiis exhibit iegulai lateial woikings; a possible pack-hoise
tiack anu a well-pieseiveu lime kiln with flat face anu loauing platfoim. The aiea
in fiont of the kiln mouth has been washeu away by an active stieam.

The 184S 6" 0iunance Suivey map shows two feeuei stieams at the heau of the
Clough: Rams Clough to the noith anu Black Clough to the south. At the
confluence two kilns aie maikeu on the map, anu a thiiu one highei up on the
eastein siue of Rams Clough. Bownstieam the biook fiom Bog Clough flows fiom
the south anu joins Cant Clough Beck. A little uistance fuithei along, the beck is
joineu by Sheuuen Biook.

Theie is a iefeience to limestones fiom these hushings in an aiticle on "lime-
gals" publisheu by the Buinley Expiess, Nay, 1894. The wiitei is ielating events
of the 186us:

_3& @*#)9 43$-3 4&.& 1.$+#&#&))9 0/##/4&+ 63& #&*+&. .$@36 *4*: 0./% 63&
#$%& \2*..$&) *6 G*(6 G#/2@39 2(6$# 63&: *..$C&+ *6 63& #$%& '$#() (&*. 63&
G2#C&.6 $( b/.')3$.& H6.&&67

N X ?.16CD 1.3a ?E<?7D:<

Whilst Bapton is outsiue the olu paiishes of Buinley anu Colne the hushings neai
the iuins of Bapton Towei aie the only ones known outsiue the aiea. They
appeai to be only small woikings with gutteis fiom Thoineybank Clough anu
Nutshaw Nooi anu a possible eaily uam, latei ie-useu as a watei supply to
Nutshaw anu Poitei uate Quaiiy. An attempt maue to suivey some of the
featuies but the tenant faimei was unwilling foi woik to continue.
8S

Thiee kilns aie maikeu on the 184S 0iunance Suivey 6 inch Nap anu theie is an
entiy in the ueological Nemoiis:
86

_3& %/.*$(& -/C&.$(@ 63& #/4&. )#/5&) /0 >*56/( `*.' -/(6*$() %*(:
1/2#+&.) /0 #$%&)6/(&[ *(+ *1/26 3*#0^4*: *#/(@ _/4&. =.//' &O6&()$C&

84
Eric Greenwood.
85
information from John Sharples.
86
Wright, 1927, under the heading "Lime".
+$@@$(@) %*.' 63& )$6& /0 0/.%&. 4/.'$(@) $( 63$) %/.*$(& 0/. 63& #$%&)6/(&
1/2#+&.) 43$-3 4&.& 12.(6 0/. #$%&7

When these hushings aie consiueieu in theii histoiical context, theie is a
possibility that they aie of eaily uate. Bapton was a township nestling unuei
Paik Scout,
87
to the south of Pauiham. It extenueu eastwaius to the Buinley -
Rossenuale ioau anu was in possession of the Towneleys of Towneley. Between
1496 anu 1S14 Sii }ohn Towneley uepopulateu the township to cieate a laige
ueei paik estimateu at of ovei 1,6uu acies, making it one of the laigest in
Lancashiie. A shoit time latei he built Bapton Towei wheie he liveu until his
ueath in 1SS9. In the miuule of the 17th centuiy the Towei was uemolisheu anu
the ueei paik abanuoneu; but the ue-populateu village was was nevei ie-settleu.
It seems likely that the Bapton hushings uate to the time befoie the township
was ue-populateu. If this is so, a possible 1Sth centuiy uate puts these hushings
at least a centuiy eailiei than that estimateu fiom the 16u9 Licence. An
alteinative hypothesis has been suggesteu that these hushings weie uevelopeu
to pioviue lime foi the builuing of the Towei in the eaily 16th centuiy.
Bowevei, it is moie likely that lime foi this puipose woulu have been biought
fiom Clitheioe as in the case of Ightenhill Nanoi anu uawthoipe Ball. It can only
be hopeu that this impoitant site can be aichaeologically examineu at some
futuie uate.

C6?43 ?E<?7D: .34.<

It has alieauy been mentioneu that theie may be a small hushing aiea at Cant
Clough in the south pait of Clivigei anu likewise at the neaiby Easuen Clough,
below the Buinley to Bacup ioau, but they have yet to be exploieu. No uoubt
with extenueu fieluwoik similai ones may be uiscoveieu in the Buinley iegion.

The existence of hushing aieas outsiue Buinley anu Colne has to be consiueieu.
It was not the only place wheie limestones fiom Ciaven weie piesent in the
bouluei clay anu wheie hushing oppoitunities existeu. 0vei the yeais the
activities of the Buinley anu Colne "limeis" woulu not have escapeu notice in
neighbouiing Lancashiie.

Bowevei, ovei the past ten yeais enquiiies have been maue in the Pennine
iegion anu an eye kept open foi the chaiacteiistic featuies, but nothing
outstanuing has been uiscoveieu. 0ccasionally sigmoiual gullies have been
obseiveu, but whethei natuial featuies oi hushings foi limestones, coulu not be
ueteimineu.

Nap seaich foi the occuiience of the name "Scais" may piouuce some new sites,
but as the name is also useu foi escaipments each occuiience woulu iequiie
checking in the fielu foi confiimation.

87
known locally as "Hapton Scouts".
No mention of limestone hushing has been tiaceu among the many local histoiies
uesciibing the iegion. "Limy Watei", foi example, which flows uown to
Rawtenstall in the Rossenuale valley, appeais to take its name fiom the Limeis'
Way anu the caiiying of limestones, although glacial limestones have been
obseiveu in the local clay.
88
Stephen Aspuen, uieens Tenement in Clivigei hau
piopeity calleu Catt Scai,
89
neai Poitsmouth on the Toumoiuen ioau, centieu on
SB 89S2S8. Titus Thoinbei also iepoits some tiial hushings at Easuen
associateu with Newchuich Roau, Whitewell Biook anu Bog Clough - all in
Clivigei.

<?4PP4D !)CE:?
<?4PP4D k <?4PP4D ?4G< jP441 !)CE:?_

The name '<,"88"# !'/90,` has been applieu to the lanu on both siues of
Sheuuen Biook, fiom the Long Causeway to its confluence with Cant Clough
Beck, some two miles to the noith. Thioughout this aiea Sheuuen Biook seives
as a bounuaiy between the townships of Woisthoine-with-Buistwoou, to the
east anu that of Clivigei, to the west. It has been uiviueu into two paits:

`<,"88"#`, the lanu on both siues of the biook at the southein enu
of the Clough extenuing fiom the Long Causeway to Sheuuen footbiiuge
about a mile uownstieam.
9u
This is the aiea that incluues the Sheuuen
Bushings Tiail.

`<,"88"# ?"J"+`, the lanu below Sheuuen Biiuge as fai as its
confluence with Cant Clough Beck. It incluues all the hushings below
Whitty Bank on Niuule Pastuie Faim, owneu by Titus Thoinbei, anu
those in Beep Clough on the eastein siue of Sheuuen Biook.

<?4PP4D

The hushings in the whole of Sheuuen aie without uoubt the laigest anu most
complex of all the Scaiies anu Bankes in Buinley anu Colne but theie is no
eviuence of theii oiigins oi who woikeu them othei than a few uetails of those in
Sheuuen Beys. A 17th centuiy estate suivey anu plan show the hushings in
Sheuuen Beyes weie owneu by the Towneleys anu leaseu to a succession of
tenants mentioneu below.
91

Nothing is known of who was involveu in the extensive woikings on the wastes
anu commons of Clivigei anu Woisthoine, fuithei upstieam. It is ieasonably

88
John Sharples.
89
Thornber, 1987, p73.
90
The track crossing it leads, westwards, to Far Pasture and Middle Pasture farms and, eastwards, to the site of
the demolished Shedden Farm and onto Cant Clough Reservoir.
91
p ???
ceitain that they must have been woikeu by the fieemen anu tenants with iights
of common anu it is likely that the Towneleys of Towneley Ball playeu an
impoitant iole in the uevelopment on the Clivigei siue.

5-"'8=/%V

Fieluwoik was baseu on copies of eaily euitions of the 0.S. 1:2Suu plans useu by
Titus Thoinbei to iecoiu the appioximate positions of the featuies he iuentifieu.
Foi puiposes of fielu iuentification the aiea was uiviueu into two main aieas,
sepaiateu by Sheuuen Biook, anu each aiea was fuithei uiviueu into thiee paits,
thus:-

l@"+$ <,"88"#l - West I, West II anu West III: - the Clivigei hushings
l4&+$ <,"88"#l - East I, East II anu East III: - the Woisthoine hushings.
The above uivisions of Sheuuen aie now uiscusseu in moie uetail. See, also, the
'uuiue to the Sheuuen Limestone Bushings' foi auuitional infoimation.

-_ @"+$ <,"88"# X !'-A-0"%[
6," :9$$"%+\ 8&;+ &#8 ,9+,-#0+O The collecting aiea of the watei foi the West
Sheuuen Bushings was on the mooilanu the othei siue of the Long Causeway anu
by means of a main guttei supplieu a seiies of uams along the siue of the clough,
finally teiminating in a uam on the high giounu above Kiln 1, a uistance of about
of a mile.

@"+$ 7 is the aiea at the top enu (southein enu) of the Clough anu incluues an
un-exploieu aiea fenceu-off foi plant conseivation anu in which theie aie
seveial moie kilns amongst the tiee coveieu hushings. It contains the beginning
of the Tiail anu incluues the inlet guttei anu the Bams Nos. 1, 2, anu S. The
southein bounuaiy is a fielu wall beyonu which is open mooilanu. The footpath
fiom the cai paik on the Long Causeway ciosses the inlet guttei as it iuns
towaius the bank of one of the thiee uppei uams wheie watei was stoieu foi the
hushings in West I anu also to feeu the guttei supplying uams fuithei uown the
clough. The uppei uams aie now wet aieas in which peat has foimeu up to
uepths of S feet. A maikei post on the bank iuentifies an outlet wheie watei was
ieleaseu fiom the uam to hush the aiea immeuiately below. Aichaeological
examination of this outlet ievealeu that the bank was simply constiucteu of pileu
eaith anu tuives. Theie was no stonewoik oi any eviuence of a sluice contiolling
the outlet.

To the west of the uams, iunning along the siue of the clough, is the couise of a
ueep hushing, once pait of the Bioveway which wenueu its way towaius the
Long Causeway. It now caiiies a small stieam.

@"+$ 77 is an aiea of tiuncateu hushings (TB 1) between the Bioveway anu
Sheuuen Biook. Its main featuie is the "Bioveway Riuge", the name given to the
piominent seiies of tiuncateu hushings. The hollows anu the "humps" aie
sections of tiuncateu gutteis that weie pait of an eailiei hushing system. They
weie feu by watei fiom the uppei uams but became isolateu by latei woikings in
the cential aiea of WIII. The lowei iemains of WII's eailiei hushings plunge
uown towaius the biook anu contain Kilns 9 anu 1u anu five othei un-numbeieu
ones. The path fiom Kiln 9 uown to Kiln 1u maiks its bounuaiy with West I. A
tiack fiom the Filtei Tank by the foiu iuns past a sheep uip by the siue of the
stieam anu continues on thiough the walls of a sheep pen. These featuies anu
the uiystone walling in the clough weie built in the eaily 19th centuiy foi sheep
faiming aftei the hushings weie encloseu.

@"+$ 777 is the aiea west of the Bioveway anu extenus to the fielu walls of Fai
Pastuie Faim. It incluues a laige, cential 'husheu-out' aiea anu at its noithein
enu aie a gioup of tiuncateu hushings (TB 2). Beie, is wheie the main
aichaeological woik was caiiieu out on the kilns anu the Bushing Tiail. The iight
leg of the Bioveway maiks its bounuaiy with West I.

The main guttei feeuing West III is a continuation of that at WI. It staits at the
point wheie the uiainage stieam fiom the Bioveway swings to the iight by the
wall stile befoie flowing thiough the tiee coveieu hushings to join Sheuuen
Biook. The guttei iuns along the siue of the Tiail path anu feu the two miuule
uams which supplieu watei foi the latei phase of hushings in the cential aiea.
Beie, also, aie the eight kilns, Nos. 1 to 8.

6," lP%/A"=&J 3-80"l: Above the cential aiea, to the east, is "Bioveway
Riuge" with its unuulating anu iiiegulai outline. Tiail Naikei No. 4, by the siue of
the footpath above the miuule uams, stanus appioximately at the same height as
Featuie Naikei S on the summit of "Bioveway Riuge". The iiuge maiks the
iemains of the olu mooilanu befoie hushing began when it woulu have been
possible to walk on gently sloping giounu fiom one maikei post to the othei
befoie uiopping uown the slope to Sheuuen Biook. Whilst othei tiuncateu oi
"hanging hushings" of eailiei systems can be seen in the woikings (TB 2) those
on "Bioveway Riuge" aie the most spectaculai.

Fuithei along, befoie it continues uown thiough the ihououenuion bushes, the
foot path ciosses the guttei as it continueu along the siue of the clough to feeu a
thiiu set of uams. To the iight of this ciossing an obseivation platfoim has been
eiecteu foi a view of the West hushings to pioviue an oppoitunity to view
woikings in which no explosives oi mechanical powei was useu but weie
cieateu by the giavitational foice of watei alone. It is a goou point to envisage
how watei fiom the high giounu was uiiecteu by gutteis to the uams, then
ieleaseu uown stiaight oi sigmoiual outlet gutteis ueeply gouging the hill slopes.
Tons of eaith collapseu fiom the siues into the bottom which woulu be washeu
of the finei mateiial by the continuing flow of watei. Aftei continuous "washing"
vast spieaus of stones iemaineu fiom which all the limestones weie gatheieu.
The extent of these stanneiies, some of which aie no giasseu-ovei, give an iuea
of the thousanus of tons of eaith that must have been washeu away by this
piocess.

@"+$ <,"88"# -# $," KN$, *"#$9%J

West Sheuuen became pait of an enclosuie scheme eaily in the 19th centuiy anu
the olu hushings weie uiviueu by stone walls to pioviue fielus foi local sheep
faimeis. At some time befoie 184S the uppei pait of Sheuuen Clough on the
Clivigei siue, pait of the Towneley Estate, was planteu with tiees to foim
Sheuuen Plantation, the name by which it was subsequently known. Latei, at the
beginning of the 2uth centuiy, it foimeu pait of 0imeiou's shooting estate anu
eventually became incluueu in the catchment aiea foi the ieseivoiis of Buinley
Watei Boaiu. Aftei Woilu Wai II a laige poition of Sheuuen Plantation was felleu
to pioviue timbei foi pit piops, sauly biinging to an enu one of Buinley's well-
known beauty spots.

In iecent yeais impiovements in watei tieatment have maue it possible foi
Sheuuen Clough, as pait of the Woisthoine Nooi Recieation Aiea to be openeu
up to the geneial public, an event which in tuin leu to the piesent aichaeological
ieseaich anu the "Bushings Tiail".

4&+$ <,"88"#

The aiea has been uiviueu into thiee paits: East I, East II, East III uistinguisheu
by what fiist appeaieu to be uispaiate hushing systems. Bowevei, it now seems
that Nos. I anu II may be pait of one laige system containing two cential aieas.
Watei was uiveiteu fiom Black Clough, in the Cant Clough valley, by a guttei of
ovei a mile in length to feeu uams foi hushing aieas Nos. I anu II.

4&+$ <,"88"# 7 &#8 77[ Buiing the hot summei of 199S a peat fiie on the high
giounu in East I ievealeu moie cleaily the natuie of the gutteis anu uams
pieviously iecoiueu by Titus Thoinbei. This complex, iefeiieu to as East
Sheuuen I anu II, is piobably the best example of systematic hushing in the
iegion. The section on the left of the photogiaph shows an expanse of woikeu-
out hushings in which aie the iemains of two kilns, tiacks anu spieaus of
stanneiies. The miuule section, the scene of the peat fiie, shows a wiue
piomontoiy of oiiginal hillslope, uiopping steeply uown to Sheuuen Biook. 0n
the suiface of the hilltop can be seen a spieau of glacial giavels that aie the
iesiuual iemains of the eiosion of bouluei clay exposeu to the elements.
92

A numbei of new hushings can be seen plunging uown the hillslope. They appeai
to be feu by gutteis on the flat top which, in tuin, connect with the stoiage uams
some uistance behinu. It is conceivable that these new anu un-uevelopeu
hushings iepiesents the holuings of vaiious inuiviuuals with iights to hush on
Woisthoine common lanu.

92
a common feature on the Lancashire moorlands.

It was obseiveu that some of gutteis uo not extenu in uepth to the basal soil but
aie uug into the peat only. Whilst at fiist this seems an impossible aiiangement,
the limestone husheis must somehow have maue such gutteis caiiy watei. Bow
else coulu they have iun gutteis fiom the high moois anu ciosseu places wheie
the basal soil is a faii uepth below the suiface.

Fielu-walking ovei the buint aiea has leu to the uiscoveiy of two hoise shoes
9S

that weie piobably lost by hoises useu to collect the suiface limestones.

The fiie has highlighteu the way peat so ieauily coveis eailiei featuies anu
seives as a ieminuei to look moie closely foi similai aieas elsewheie,
emphasising, again, the neeu foi an aeiial suivey of the limestone hushings.

The whole complex of the extensive East Sheuuen hushings cleaily shows
systematic oiganisation that must have extenueu ovei at least two centuiies.
Bowevei, nothing is known of who was iesponsible oi who caiiieu out the woik.
It coulu be that it was the fieemen oi chaiteieis of Woisthoine acting in conceit,
similai to the management of the open fielus in meuiaeval townships.

The hushings of East I anu II can be vieweu fiom the opposite siue of the clough
on the olu footpath that iuns close to the bounuaiy wall of Fai Pastuie Faim.

4&+$ 777 This hushing system lies on the opposite siue of the biook to West II
anu is feu by seveial gutteis collecting watei fiom spiings on Ciookei Bill that
seive a seiies of lateial hushings uown by the biook.

<,"88"# ?"J+ j<,"88-#0 ?"J+ /% P""> !'/90,_

Bocumentaiy eviuence foi these hushings has suiviveu but as yet no
aichaeological fieluwoik has been caiiieu out, apait fiom Titus Thoinbei's
iecoiuings.

The watei supply was pioviueu by an inlet guttei which collecteu watei fiom a
spiing below the Long Causeway. It was stoieu in a uam constiucteu on Niuule
Pastuie Faim, supplying watei foi the Niuule Pastuie Bushings, now foiming the
hollow known as Whitty Bank. Then, it must have continueu to seive the laigei
hushing systems as fai uown as Cant Clough Beck.

The Whitty Bank hushing system staits on the high giounu left of the tiack to
Niuule Pastuie Faim anu, in a big sweep, cuives uown to the gate acioss the
tiack in the bottom, anu was piobably woikeu by the Whitams in the 18th

93
Ann and Sandra Mitton, Far Pasture Farm.
centuiy, hence the name "Whitty Bank", the piesent local name foi the uppei
pait of Beep Clough
94

Above, anu to the left of Niuule Pastuie Faim aie the iemains of a iecent uiift
mine. It was fiom this aiea that the lime-buineis uug coal foi theii kilns.

Seveial iefeiences in both 17th anu 18th centuiy uocuments to Sheuuing Beys
anu Beep Clough give a biief iecoiu of the limestone hushing ovei a peiiou of
neaily 2uu yeais.

KLQY Two witnesses in the Equity Case, Robeit Wilkinson anu Chiistophei
Towneley, testifieu that Beep Clough was pait of a paicel of fieeholu lanu calleu
Sheuuing Beys in Clivigei. It belongeu to Chailes Towneley anu was leaseu in the
eailiei pait of the 17th centuiy by William Ingham, gentleman of Buistwoou. At
the time of the Equity Case it was helu by his son, }ohn, one of the uefenuants.
The Inghams, accoiuing to witnesses, "3*+ @/6 #$%&)6/(&) 63&.& 0/. 63& 5*)6 0/.6:
:&*.)77787

Fuithei uetails appeai in the 16S9 suivey of Towneley holuings
9S
which incluues
the following entiy:

W/3( L(@3*%9 >2.)64//+[ ;M*^;.^;<5 (S8:u:SS)
]$%&)6/(&) ^ *(+ k $( #&*)& 0/. #$0&7
c#$m7 L(@3*% ^ C*#2& dD<[ <) <+

The aiea of some S8 statutoiy acies coiiesponus ieasonably well with the
acieage foi Sheuuing Beys iecoiueu by the 0iunance Suivey at the enu of the
19th centuiy.
Eighteenth centuiy leases, alieauy iefeiieu to, give uetails of names anu
acieages foi the hushings in Sheuuing Beys anu Beep Clough. The Scheuule of
Clivigei Faims, 17S4,
96
shows Thomas Smith, tenant of Beep Clough anu }ohn
Butteiwoith, of Pastuie Faim
97
leaseu:

Lowei Beys anu Ravens Scai Sa Si Sup (6:I:2u)
98
anu
Lime Scaiies 'n th' Beep Clough, 1i 26p (u:2:27).

Sheuuing Beys anu Beep Clough weie now uiviueu between two tenants.

A 17S9 lease
99
names Beinaiu Whitam, (tenant of Neieclough Faim)
1uu
anu
shows that the ient foi the ...#$1&.6: /0 @&66$(@& #:%&)6/(&s.. at Beep Clough was

94
information from Titus Thornber.
95
late Charles Towneley Survey, 1659, Norfolk Record Society 18, John Rylands University Library, Manchester.
Charles Towneley was killed during the Civil War.
96
Thornber, 1987 p 73, No. 27.
97
now Middle Pasture Farm.
98
Ravens Scar is probably in Rough Wood marked on the 1845 OS map, above Crowholes and may be the site of
exploratory hushings. Higher and Lower Heys were probably in the same vicinity.
99
Farrer Papers Central Reference Library. Manchester.
100
now Old Fighting Cocks Public House, Mereclough.
1S:7:4u. In 1779, an entiy in the Stewaiu's Accounts of Towneley, uateu
0ctobei 22, shows that a Robeit Whitam was paiu 8:6u. foi the ueliveiy of DR
#/*+) /0 G#/2@3 #$%& q ,+7 5&. #/*+7 This entiy is the most specific iefeience we
have to the sale of lime fiom these Sheuuen hushings.

6," P%/A"=&J

0ne of the impoitant featuies of Sheuuen Clough is the Bioveway oi uiift ioau. It
measuies in places the stanuaiu wiuth of some Su feet, allowing ioom foi
giazing as well as movement anu iepiesents an ancient iight of way foi uiiving
cattle anu sheep thiough the clough. Nap eviuence shows it as pait of a netwoik
of ioaus useu by Scottish anu local uioveis to uiive cattle to the towns of south-
east Lancashiie.

Whilst stietches of the Sheuuen uioveway aie still intact it is obscuieu in places
by latei uevelopments such as the eaily 19th centuiy estate ioau leauing to the
Plantation. The final stietch, leauing onto the Long Causeway, is now a stieam
beu. Buiing the late 198us consiueiable lengths of its enclosuie walls weie ie-
built anu some ie-suifacing was caiiieu out to establish a biiuleway.

Befoie hushing began in the 16th oi 17th centuiy Sheuuen Clough woulu be
suiiounueu by unuistuibeu mooilanu. The Bioveway woulu have wenueu its
way up thiough the clough to join the ancient ioute of the Long Causeway. What
happeneu to it latei when hushing began can only be suimiseu, piesumably, the
uioveis hau to finu the best way they coulu as hushing piogiesseu. The piesent
ioute was most likely establisheu at the time of the 19th centuiy enclosuies anu
woulu also seive as an access ioau to the new fielus on both siues. Buiing the
lattei half of that centuiy, in common with all othei uiove ioaus, its puipose
became obsolete as iailways took ovei the moving of livestock.

6?4 a7)D< -# <?4PP4D !)CE:?

The kilns uesciibeu below weie paitially excavateu to test foi eviuence of
constiuction anu use. Afteiwaius, they weie ie-built anu consoliuateu to
pioviue featuies on the Sheuuen Bushings Tiail.
1u1
No iepoits on excavations of
countiy kilns appeaieu to be available.

Thiee kilns, Nos. 1, 7 anu 1u, hau all suffeieu fiom collapse anu inteifeience. No.
1 was a typical countiy kiln but Nos. 7 anu 1u, weie unusual in having auuitional
stiuctuies attacheu to them. Whilst theii pieseivation was a piioiity, it was
hopeu that the necessaiy excavation woik woulu ieveal the puipose of the
annexes anu, hopefully, pioviue some foim of uating eviuence.

The kilns at Sheuuen aie typical single-fiiing kilns, fitting into a sub-iectangulai
aiea aveiaging 16ft.by 12ft. Theii shape was slightly oval with the long siue
opposite the kiln mouth flatteneu foiming a stiaight euge. Theii height,
estimateu fiom suiviving examples, was between S anu 6ft. The kiln mouths
weie appioximately Sft wiue, at flooi level, anu Sft.high. The floois tapeieu
towaius the uiawhole foi a uistance, again, of about Sft. The lintels immeuiately
ovei the uiaw hole weie aiounu 9 inches high anu appioximately 2ft. long.

!/&'
The size of all the suiviving kilns inuicates they weie uesigneu to buin coal anu
the iemains of coal uumps weie uiscoveieu at Kilns 1, S, 7 anu 1u. Whilst uiift
coal is locally available in many hushing aieas, theie is no mention in the 16u9
Licence oi in any of the leases to extiact it foi fiiing the kilns. The cost of the low-
giaue coal suitable foi the kilns was piobably acquiieu at a negligible cost anu
the supply was piobably oiganiseu by the pack hoise caiiieis, filling theii
otheiwise empty pannieis on theii way to the kilns anu hushings.

a-'#+ -# .%"& @[777. - West of "Bioveway Riuge".
The eight kilns uesciibeu below aie all situateu in the cential 'husheu-out' aiea
of West III anu aie ioughly contempoiaiy, anu may have been the last active
kilns in the hushings. Pack-hoise tiacks anu wagon-ways winu amongst the kilns
anu links them with the Bioveway leauing eithei to Buistwoou anu then on to
Buinley, oi to the Long Causeway anu Yoikshiie.

a-'# 7[ X +"" 4Z*&A&$-/#+[

a-'#+ R\ b &#8 S aie extenueu in a line iunning along a low bank which uiops
uown towaius the biook. The mouths all face uown-slope.

a-'# R
It coulu be seen unuei the coveiing of tuif that the kiln hau been wieckeu. It was
ueciueu to iemove the tuif anu accumulateu uebiis to uiscovei if eviuence
suiviveu to ueteimine the histoiy of the kiln anu its paitial uemolition.

101
see Guide to the Shedden Limestone Hushings.
A collapseu lintel stone Su" long, that hau suppoiteu the kiln above the uiaw
hole, was ievealeu in the uebiis. Buint stone founu along the siues, hau been cast
out fiom the fiiing chambei aftei iepaiiing foi fuithei use. 0n the top, the
exposeu inteiioi of the collapseu fiiing chambei was ievealeu showing the
ieuueneu stone aiounu the euges. Laige, flattish stones hau been useu to foim
lintels foi suppoiting the kiln bouy ovei the uiaw hole. These, anu the flat stones
foiming the base of the uiaw hole, weie of quaiiieu stone piobably biought fiom
the small uelph by the siue of the Bioveway. The iounueu iocks anu stones
foiming the iemainuei of the kiln weie glacial sanustones fiom the stanneiies.

At the fiont of the kiln, spieauing fiom the top uown to the bottom of the bank,
was the usual scattei of small buint stones, clinkei, coal anu lime that hau been
sciapeu fiom the uiaw hole. Bebiis fiom loauing lime into baskets, oi onto a
wagon, which took place in the hollow below the kiln, was also piesent. At the
ieai, on the kiln-loauing aiea, was a scattei of unbuint coal.

No finus such as bioken clay pipes, oi peisonal objects uioppeu oi uiscaiueu by
the lime-buineis, oi fittings fiom the pack-hoises weie uiscoveieu.

a-'#+ D/+[ b $/ L: These kilns iemain untoucheu, apait fiom giass stiimming to
show theii piesence. Foi maintenance, the giass was tieateu with lime to
encouiage sheep giazing.

a-'# b hau been paitially uestioyeu; whilst a-'# S, oveilooking Sheuuen Biook,
appeais to have been almost totally uemolisheu. Theie hau been a fuithei kiln on
the stieam bank, Q., but all that iemains is a laige lump of buint mateiial anu
lime uebiis, some of which hau collapseu into the stieam. a-'# Q is on the
opposite siue of the Bioveway anu, like Kiln 4, almost totally uemolisheu. a-'# L
has been extensively iobbeu, but woulu be suitable foi exhibiting the giounu
plan of a kiln. The loauing aiea in fiont of this kiln has easy access to the
Bioveway foi eithei pack-hoises oi wagons.

a-'# YO see Excavations

a-'# T lies at the base of the steep bank beneath the viewpoint at Naikei S. of
the Sheuuen Tiail, anu appeais to have extensively iobbeu.

a-'#+ 7# .%"& @[7[ - east of Bioveway Riuge.
5-%+$ :%/9> N X KR
a-'# N is built into a bank high up on the euge of one of the eaily hushing
systems at the eastein enu of Bioveway Riuge. Its position maiks it as piobably
one of the oluest kilns in the clough. visually, it is similai to Kiln No. I befoie
excavation anu has been left unuistuibeu.

a-'#+ KM\ KK &#8 KR occupy a small aiea at the foot of the eaily hushings uown
by the Sheuuen Biook.

a-'# KM - see Excavations

a-'#+ KK &#8 KR[ As fai as can be seen fiom theii suiface appeaiance both these
giass-coveieu kilns, in which the fiie-holes anu flues have collapseu, aie similai
to Kiln No. I. Theii close pioximity to Kiln 1u suggests they weie of
contempoiaiy use.

C$,"% a-'#+ -# <,"88"# !'/90,

A fuithei five kilns, Nos. 1S - 17, have been obseiveu uownstieam fiom Kiln 1u.
They aie beyonu the olu sheepfolu, peicheu on the enus of bankes that foim pait
of the hushings plunging uown fiom "Bioveway Riuge". Theie is also a kiln on
the opposite siue of the biook in the Woisthoine, East III, hushings.

0pstieam fiom Kiln 1u, on the Clivigei siue, aie moie kilns at the lowei enu of
the gioup of hushings paitly coveieu by tiees of the olu plantation.

Whilst Sheuuen was only summaiily seaicheu by the Reseaich 0nit, Titus
Thoinbei has iecoiueu an auuitional Su kilns thioughout Sheuuen anu Sheuuen
Beys, incluuing 1S in Beep Clough.

4m!.g.67CD<

a7)D 7
The kiln was built into the siue of a lineai stanneiie of uiscaiueu stones, the ieai
pait of the kiln meiging impeiceptibly into it.

When the tuif anu accumulateu uebiis weie iemoveu fiom the top anu siues of
the kiln, the iemains of the stone-woik beneath weie ievealeu. The stone useu
hau been collecteu fiom the stanneiie, making it uifficult to uistinguish collapseu
couise woik anu ianuom constiuction fiom the unuistuibeu stones of the
stanneiie.

The lintels above the one ovei the uiaw hole anu the fiiing chambei weie
missing, piobably iemoveu anu ie-useu elsewheie when the kiln became
ieuunuant. The fiiing chambei was filleu with a mixtuie of stones collecteu fiom
the suiface piobably by sheep faimeis to safeguaiu theii sheep.

At the ieai, the top pait of the kiln hau been levelleu to foim a platfoim foi
loauing limestone anu coal into the fiiing chambei. At the fiont is an open aiea
wheie the lime was iakeu out fiom the bottom of the fiiing chambei anu loaueu
into the baskets of the pack-hoise oi into a cait. Excavation of this loauing aiea
anu the siue of the kiln ievealeu the following stiatigiaphy:

Section Sft ueep:
I u ins spilt lime anu kiln uebiis incluuing buint stone, cast
out when ie-builuing oi iepaiiing kiln
II 2.uin
s
sanu anu mixtuie of fine anu coaise giavel -spieau
ovei the loauing aiea anu aiounu the kiln to the
limits of excavation. Piobably washeu in fiom
hushing opeiations. A line of boulueis hau been
placeu in an aic befoie the uiaw hole to piotect it
fiom the wash uown.
III 2.6in
s
kiln iubbish iakings fiom uiaw-hole anu spilt lime
ciumbs, often foiming a conciete-like mass.

Iv S ft. stones of the stanneiie on which the kiln was built.

A few yaius in fiont of the kiln was a wet aiea wheie watei can sometimes be
heaiu iunning unueigiounu, especially aftei a peiiou of heavy iain. It comes
fiom the steep hushing on the westein siue, plunging fiom the iemains of a
lowei uam at the top, which maiks the enu of the watei system. It was no uoubt
fiom this souice that watei hau flooueu acioss the mouth of the kiln anu the
loauing aiea ievealeu by Boiizon II.

6," 3"*/#+$%9*$"8 a-'#

Replacements foi the missing lintels weie obtaineu anu the mouth of the kiln
was ie-built. The fiiing chambei was cleaneu out anu iepaiieu anu an iion giiu
inseiteu at the top foi piotection. A well-pieseiveu kiln suiviving in Cant Clough
seiveu as a mouel foi the ieconstiuction, mouifieu to meet the neeus of public
safety.

a-'# Y
The iuins of this kiln weie iecoveieu fiom beneath the invauing ihououenuion
bushes anu accumulateu uebiis. Whilst Kiln 1 was built into the siue of a
stanneiie anu Kilns 2, S anu 4 on the top of a low bank, Kiln 7 was constiucteu
into a piepaieu platfoim built out of a stanneiie. The kiln, although slightly
laigei, is of the same type as those uesciibeu above. In auuition, it has a stiuctuie
in the foim of a semi-ciiculai wall about Sft. in height enciicling the kiln mouth.
A gap to the iight foims a naiiow entiance to the kiln mouth.

Aftei iemoval of vegetation anu oveilying uebiis it was founu that the fiont lintel
anu coibelling hau been iemoveu although the ieai lintel was still in place.
Stonewoik fiom the uppei pait of the kiln hau collapseu into the uiaw hole. The
fiiing chambei appeaieu to have been lineu anu was of laigei uiametei than that
of Kiln I. The top of the fiiing chambei emeigeu into a laige, flat loauing aiea.
Laige stones piotiuuing fiom the siues of this loauing aiea suggesteu theie
might be a fuithei kiln on the iight-hanu siue, but this was latei uispioveu.

At the fiont of the kiln, on the iight-hanu siue, weie the iemains of the coal pile
useu foi fiiing.
6," @&'': The wall is butt-jointeu onto the kiln, pointing to it being a latei
auuition, subsequently confiimeu by a layei of spilleu lime anu kiln uebiis
iunning unuei the footings of the wall. The piesence of buint mateiial fiom the
uiaw hole heapeu against the wall both insiue anu outsiue inuicates the kiln
continueu in use aftei the wall was built.

Foi what puipose the wall hau been auueu is not known. Titus Thoinbei, uuiing
his initial exploiation of the hushings, uiscoveieu the iemains of a 19th centuiy 4
pint, cast iion kettle in fiont of the kiln mouth. Sheep-faiming, tiee planting anu
tiee felling have all been caiiieu out since the uays of lime-buining so this
featuie may have been ie-useu by woikeis in any of these occupations.

The iestoiation woik was confineu to iebuiluing anu consoliuating the iuineu
fiont anu inteiioi of the kiln. The wall was not uistuibeu apait fiom some
cementing of the stones. The ieai loauing aiea was left unuistuibeu aftei
iemoval of vegetation.

a7)D KM. The kiln anu its accompanying annex aie built into the siue of a
low bank, accessible fiom the tiack iunning alongsiue Sheuuen Biook.

A iectangulai aiea, 27ft by S6ft, aiounu the kiln anu its annex was cleaieu of
vegetation anu supeificial uebiis. Abunuant use of clay in constiuction of the
kiln, anu latei chemical weatheiing of soil anu kiln uebiis maue excavation
uifficult.

Stiatigiaphy.

I the coveiing vegetation, ueep anu well establisheu.
II collapseu stone anu uebiis
III well-uecayeu humus with tiaces of chaicoal at base of
II. Suggests uelibeiate uistuibance anu uismantling of
the uppei paits of the stone woik.

0n cleaiing away the oveibuiuen a single typical countiy kiln was ievealeu with
the auuition of two low walls, two to thiee feet in height, foiming a naiiow
passage leauing to the kiln mouth. At the fiont of the passage, on the left-hanu
siue was the entiance to a small ioom oi hut. The fiont of this hut anu the
passage uooiway weie built on a naiiow platfoim constiucteu fiom glacial
stones packeu with soil anu clay. Pait of the outei walls hau collapseu, both
outsiue anu insiue, anu incluueu a mixtuie of uiesseu sanustone biought onto
the site fiom elsewheie. All the collapseu masoniy was oveigiown oi
suiiounueu by ueschampsia giasses anu iushes

6," a-'#
The excavation of the ieai anu inteiioi of the kiln showeu how the kiln hau been
built into the siue of the bank foimeu of the natuial shales anu clays. A specially
piepaieu pit hau been uug anu then lineu with shale. The iim of the pit was
ieinfoiceu with small boulueis anu stones, to pioviue a ieai loauing platfoim,
anu then the kiln was constiucteu. At the fiont of the kiln the laige stones which
caiiieu the lintels anu coiballing weie suppoiteu by unuistuibeu shale anu clay

The fiiing chambei was founu to be filleu with collapseu mateiials, all veiy much
uecayeu, anu on cleaiing out it was obvious that the kiln hau been well-useu.

6," ?9$ &#8 1&++&0"

6," ?9$ The inteiioi of the hut, iectangulai in shape. Cleaieu of vegetation anu
fallen stone it was seen that it hau been built, like the kiln, into the siue of the
bank which suppoiteu the ieai wall anu the fiieplace chimney. This chimney
inclineu to the iight anu emeigeu at the siue of the kiln. The walls on the outei
siue anu at the fiont, along with the siue wall which sepaiateu the hut fiom the
kiln passage, hau suiviveu to a height of between 2 anu Sft. The main suiviving
featuies aie:-

i) stone seat built into the outei siue wall. Theie may have been a winuow
above.
ii) a fiie-place.
iii) the uooiway, which opens into the naiiow passage.

The hut hau an eaith flooi composeu of packeu clay anu small stones that by the
activity of ioots anu eaithwoims hau ieveiteu to a stoney, clayey soil. Chaicoal,
buint woou anu stone weie uiscoveieu aiounu the fiieplace anu a length of
woou with pegs anu nail was founu on the iight-hanu siue. The iemains of coal
slack weie founu against the wall backing onto the kiln passage. Theie was no
eviuence in the flooi aiea of uecayeu timbeis oi thatch oi tuif to inuicate
collapseu ioof, noi weie theie any lost oi uiscaiueu aitefacts.

6," 1&++&0" walls, butteu onto the kiln mouth anu weie built ovei iemains of
lime anu kiln uebiis. The left-hanu wall is common with the siue wall of the hut.
By the uiaw hole at giounu level is a iecess, the puipose of which is not cleai.
Theie is also a low aich in the same aiea, but on the iight-hanu siue, but whethei
it is a uelibeiate featuie oi an acciuent of constiuction is unceitain. Recesses of
this kinu have not been obseiveu at any othei kiln.

A stone seat is similai to the one in the hut. 0n iight-hanu wall, opposite this
seat, is a fiieplace anu flue, smallei than the one in the aujacent ioom. A semi-
hanumaue biick of eaily 19th centuiy uate beaiing two ciiculai moulu maiks
1u2

was uiscoveieu built into the flue. When the heaith was cleaneu out a layei of
chaicoal mixeu with clay, incluuing a fiagment of silvei papei, was uiscoveieu
lying ovei the heaith stone.
1uS
Beyonu the fiieplace, the wall was butteu by a

102
Titus Thornber reports an hitherto unknown brick kiln discovered at Holme after a tree was blown down which
might be the source of this brick.
103
It was reported that in the early 1930s Kiln 10 looked like a cave and was the haunt of small boys, particularly
Boy Scouts from Burnley who were allowed to camp by the stream; also a possible source for some of the finds
listed below.
fuithei extension, biinging it out to level with the fiont wall of the hut to foim a
common entiance to both hut anu kiln. No eviuence has suiviveu to inuicate
eithei the height oi the type of ioofing coveiing the hut anu passage.

No uating eviuence was foithcoming foi eithei of these two featuies. The butt
joints of the wall anu the thin layei of kiln uebiis anu lime ciumbs beneath them,
inuicate the kiln hau been in use befoie they weie built. The butt joint fuithei
along the passage wall, extenuing it to the piesent entiance, may maik a fuithei
phase of alteiation. The flooi of the passage hau been veiy much uistuibeu by
latei inteifeience so, unlike Kiln 7, it was not possible to tell whethei the kiln
hau been useu foi lime-buining aftei the hut anu passage weie built, oi not.

At what stage in the kiln's histoiy these unique auuitions weie built, who
oiueieu them anu foi what puipose, iemains a mysteiy. It is peihaps not uifficult
to imagine the hut being useu by a lime-buinei uuiing fiiing opeiations,
especially if Kilns 11 anu 12 weie in contempoiaiy opeiation. If so, why is it the
only one of its kinu thioughout the entiie limestone hushings. A fuithei
uifficulty is the seemingly eaily 19th centuiy uate foi the naiiow passage with
its small fiieplace anu stone seat; the puipose of which is moie uifficult to
imagine in a lime-buining context. It is possible that the olu kiln may have been
auapteu by an eaily 19th centuiy sheep-faimei as some foim of sheltei.

5-#8+ Amongst the collapseu stonewoik weie the following items, showing the
kiln hau been visiteu at uiffeient peiious:
glass bottle top, nail, blue enamelleu metal; a Fennings Fevei Cuie
bottle
1u4
in many scatteieu fiagments; bioken "Buinley Bieweiy " beei
bottle anu gieen wine bottle glass unuei a fallen stone.

4Z*&A&$-/# /H F&#V /H P&; K jE>>"% P&;+_[

A tiench, 6ft. wiue by 22ft. long was excavateu at the junction between one of the
outlet gutteis anu the bank of Bam 1 to examine the stiuctuie of the bank anu
check foi the piesence of a sluice contiolling the guttei. The excavation ievealeu
the bank was composeu of alteinating layeis of soil, clay anu tuives heapeu up
on the olu lanu suiface.
1uS
In the sub-soil hoiizon below the unexpecteu iemains
of a Nesolithic site weie uiscoveieu, consisting of ciuuely woikeu cheit amongst
stones beaiing eviuence of buining.
1u6

Theie was nothing to suggest that theie hau been any foim of sluice, so it coulu
only be concluueu that the bank hau somehow been bieacheu anu then stoppeu
up again when the uam was uiaineu. Piobing at othei junctions between gutteis
anu uams anu at junctions along gutteis also faileu to ieveal any stonewoik.

104
This was a common patent medicine in many families before Wordl War II; empty bottles bearing the name
were often used by children to carry a drink when off picnicking.
105
The old land surface composed of decayed humus and soil may contain dating evidence and ought to be
sampled in future investigations.
106
a report on this find is included in the Mesolithic section of CLARU Internal Reports.

!/#*'9+-/#+

The Buinley anu Colne lime inuustiy was baseu upon the piesence of limestones
in the glacial uiift anu biought into piouuction anu obtaining them by hushing. It
is likely that similai geological conuitions occui elsewheie in the Cential
Pennines, but if so, why was limestone hushing unique to this pait of noith-east
Lancashiie. No inuication of compaiable lime inuustiies has been founu in the
fielu noi has any uocumentaiy eviuence oi iefeiences to fuithei licences been
tiaceu.

If it is not entiiely the uniqueness of the geology, can it be attiibuteu to qualities
in the chaiactei of the community who not only uevelopeu the inuustiy but
opeiateu it foi ovei Suu yeais.

When looking at the hushings in the fielu they aie unuoubteuly not the woikings
of 'eveiy faimei foi himself', but the outcome of coipoiate activity baseu on
eaily custom anu tiauition. Bocumentaiy eviuence shows how these tiauitions
weie changeu anu mouifieu to meet the new ciicumstances anu gives glimpses of
how the village communities manageu theii hushings anu lime how the
piouuction. The Equity Couit Case seives to illustiate what happeneu when the
system was challengeu anu inteiiupteu.

The bewilueiing lanuscapes of the 'scaiies anu bankes' now maskeu by two
centuiies of vegetation make it uifficult to pictuie the iaw lanuscapes of the
active woikings oi to compiehenu how they weie cieateu by using only the
giavitational powei of watei anu the muscles of men anu hoises. Yet the iemains
suivive: iepiesenting a lasting monument to Lancashiie's inuustiial past
achieveu by the inventive anu entiepieneuiial eneigy that was iesponsible foi
Lancashiie's pait in the latei Inuustiial Revolution.

Nost of the hushing sites can be seen fiom the public footpaths ciossing the
moois, whilst at Sheuuen Clough theie is oppoitunity to exploie anu examine
one system of hushings in uetail. This lost chaptei of local histoiy has many
aspects to engage the inteiests of local histoiians, schools, geologists, inuustiial
aichaeologists anu, not least, those who simply enjoy walking the mooilanu
countiysiue wheie many moie uiscoveiies aie yet to be maue.

643B7DC)C:G

0nly a few histoiical teims have been founu ielating to the uiffeient featuies of
the hushings anu lime-buining. A seiies of aichaeological teims have been
ueviseu, shown in italics, to help iuentify vaiious featuies encounteieu in the
fielu.

?9+,-#0+

<=,.)?'(. $%(;.) %(C 76%&&.)F a 17th centuiy collective teim foi the hushings
8%)0-(2F the 17th centuiy teim foi 32)3$(@7
0D)0-(2)[ the limestone woikings, the combination of banks anu gutteis, the basic unit of the hushing
opeiation.
types:
#*6&.*#[ iunning acioss the hillsiue at a shallow angle ioughly paiallel with the stieam.
)6.*$@36[ iunning moie oi less stiaight uown the hillslope, ioughly at iight angles to the stieam.
)$@%/$+*#[ hushings of an extenueu "S" shape, snaking uown anu acioss the hillslope.
-./))[ a hushing ciossing an eailiei one - see below.
6.2(-*6&+[ a hushing isolateu by latei hushings
5%(;.): the unhusheu iemains of an oiiginal hillslope.
2D??.&): the channels, gutteis oi watei couises,
types
$(#&6[ gutteis leauing into a uam fiom a stieam oi wet aiea of mooilanu.
/26#&6[ guttei leauing to hillslope to cieate a hushing.
3*(@$(@[ a guttei cut-off by latei hushing activities
6.2(-*6&+[ a guttei stoppeu up oi cut off as pait of contiolling a hushing.
C%,): ponus wheie watei was stoieu foi hushing. Foimeu by banks of eaith anu clay, backeu by natuial
contouis oi othei iiiegulaiities in the lanu suiface.
)?%((.&-.)F useu in 17th centuiy to uesciibeu spieaus of stieam oi iivei giavels. This use has been
extenueu heie to incluue the low, lineai banks oi spieaus of uiscaiueu stones left aftei limestones hau been
gatheieu fiom hushing. types
)$@%/$+*#[ following the cuives of a sigmoiual hushing
#$(&*.[ a stiaight banke
)5.&*+[ scatteieu ovei an aiea
6.(?&%: '& 30D)0.CG'D?3 %&.%)F open giounu fiom which all the ueeply cut banks have been husheu away,
leaving laige spieaus oi 'iuns' of stanneiies.

a-'#+

H&%80':.: the flaggeu, coibel-ioofeu aiea fiom wheie the buint lime is uiawn out.
I-&-(2 60%,5.&F the compaitment wheie the lime anu fuel weie stackeu foi fiiing.
1-:( $'C=F the mass of ianuom stone enclosing the uiaw hole anu flue.
1-:( ,'D?0F the fiont of the kiln with its uiawhole anu loauing aiea.
<-(?.:)F the quaiiieu stone slabs useu in suppoiting the stonewoik of the uiaw hole.
<'%C-(2 %&.%F the aiea in fiont of the uiawhole wheie the buint limestones weie loaueu into the pannieis.
/0&'%?F the constiiction at the base of the fiiing chambei at the ieai of the uiawhole.
J(:'%C-(2 %&.%F aiea at the ieai of the kiln wheie limestones anu fuel weie off-loaueu into the fiiing
chambei.

F7F)7C:3.1?G

Bennett, W. _3& >$)6/.: /0 =2.(#&: 1946-
61
Buinley Coipoiation
Bennett, W _3& >$)6/.: /0 X&#)/( 19S7 Buinley Coipoiation
Blosfielu, N B263&.$(@ >&$@36) 1984 Pennine Nag.S4
Biay, W. H'&6-3 /0 * _/2. $(6/
T&.1:)3$.& *(+ b/.')3$.&
1782
Biyson, W. B. _3& c\2$6: )$+& /0 63&
cO-3&\2&.
197S C0P
Colvin, B.N. (eu) >$)6/.: /0 63& P$(@Q) B/.') 196S B.N.S.0.
Ciastei, 0. E. ? %&+$*&C*# #$%&^'$#( *6
f@%/.& G*)6#&9 Z#*%/.@*(
19S1 Aich. Camb. 1u1, p 72-76
Cunliffe Shaw, }. Y/:*# J/.&)6) /0 ]*(-*)6&. 19S6 Pieston
Bancastei, E. A. ]$%&) *(+ G&%&(6) 1916 Lonuon
Bonnachie, I. _3& ]$%& L(+2)6.: $( H/263^
4&)6 H-/6#*(+
1971 Ti.Bumf. & uall. N
B.&Ant.Soc.48
Eaip, }.R., et al. Z&/#/@: /0 63& G/2(6:
*./2(+ G#$63&./& i X&#)/(
1961 ueol. Nemoiis, B.N.S.0.
Fiost, Rogei _3& >$)6/.: /0 =.$&.-#$00& 4$63
cO64$)6#&
1982
Bailanu, }ohn H6&4*.+) ?--/2(6) /0 63&
H3266#&4/.63)9 DME!^D,!D
18S4
71
Chetham Society
Baitley N., &
Ingilby, }.
]$0& i _.*+$6$/( $( 63&
b/.')3$.& T*#&)
198S Balesman Books
Bolt, }ohn Z&(&.*# j$&4 /0 63&
?@.$-2#62.& /0 ]*(-*)3$.&
179S
(1969
)
Baviu & Chailes
Button, Robeit _3& Y&)6/.*6$/( 198S 0xfoiu
Knibbs, N.v.S. ]$%& i F*@(&)$* 1924 Lonuon
Nooie, R.F. ]$%& Y/*+) $( 63& B3$61:
T$)6.$-6
1972 Whitby Lit. & Phil. Soc.
Noitimei, }. 9 _3& B3/#& ?.6 /0 >2)1*(+.:9
&6-7
17u7
Raistiick, Aithui f#+ b/.')3$.& T*#&) 1967 Baviu & Chailes
Seaile, A.B. ]$%&)6/(& *(+ $6) `./+2-6) 19SS Lonuon
Shaipe Fiance, R. _3$&C&#&: ]&*+ F$(&)9 D,!S ^
D,;M
19S1 L.&C. Recoiu Society, 1u2
Smith, E. B. ]*(-*)3$.& ]/(@ F&*)2.& 19S8 L.C.B.S 11u, p. 1
Swain, }.T. L(+2)6.: 1&0/.& 63& L(+2)6.$*#
Y&C/#26$/(9 X7c7 ]*(-*)3$.&
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Thoinbei, Titus ? `&(($(& `*.$)3[ _3&
>$)6/.: /0 G#$C$@&.
1987 Biieicliffe
Whitakei, T. B. >$)6/.: /0 63& f.$@$(*# `*.$)3
/0 B3*##&:
18uu 1st. euition
Wilkinson,
Tatteisall
F&%/$.) /0 >2.)64//+ 1889
Wiight, W. B.
&6 *#
_3& Z&/#/@: /0 63&
Y/))&(+*#& ?(6$-#$(&
1927 Nemoiis of the ueological
Suivey
Young, Aithui ? )$O %/(63) _/2.
63./2@3/26 63& X/.63 /0
c(@#*(+9 Lj
177u

How We Used To Live in Burnley: Lime Hushing

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