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they can be used with or without the application of a separate
bonding resin layer, although the manufacturer recommends
its application for improved performance. The majority of
studies reported cleaning of NCCLs with pumice and water
prior to bonding. Variation in clinical technique was noted,
with 10 studies isolating with rubber dam
6,21,2532
and the
remaining studies isolating with a combination of cotton rolls,
saliva ejector and retraction cord or other retraction instru-
ments. Ten of the included studies prepared the NCCLs with
an enamel bevel,
6,20,23,26,28,3337
and ten of the studies prepared
dentine by bur roughening.
20,2224,28,3436,38,39
Some studies
investigated materials in addition to resin-based adhesives,
including resin-modied glass ionomer cement
(RMGIC)
17,22,37,38,40
and poly-acid modied composite resins
(compomers).
22,25
Data for these materials were not used in
this review, although resin-modied glass ionomers were
considered an appropriate control group.
Most studies used modied USPHS criteria with two studies
using very similar Vanherle criteria.
6,20
The duration of the
studies varied from 18 months to 8 years. Data for the primary
outcome were presented as numbers of restorations lost, as
well as retention rates or cumulative failure rates (%).
Reporting of the secondary outcomes varied, but data could
be dichotomised into clinically acceptable or clinically
unacceptable except for ve studies
23,2528
(Tables 4 and 5).
Cohens kappa coefcient was calculated for measuring
agreement between reviewers (BC, JS) and was considered
excellent (0.88). Overall, only 23% of included studies clearly
described adequate sequence generation. Allocation conceal-
ment was not reported in any of the included studies and 58%
reported blind evaluation. In 62% of the included studies,
information was provided on participants/restorations not
available at follow-up, with the reasons given. Eighty one
percent of studies were free of selective reporting, but only
seven out of 26 studies (27%) were free of other bias. The most
common reasons for this were either a lack of operator/
assessor calibration or failure to account for clustering within
participants. Summaries of the overall risk of bias are
presented graphically in Figs. 2 and 3. For the primary
outcome, only ve studies were considered to have low risk
of bias for all key domains.
6,20,2931
The worst clinical performance reported in terms of
marginal integrity was found for One-Step with 51% of
restorations considered clinically acceptable at 36 months.
38
Table 4 Marginal discolouration: clinically acceptable
restorations (%) for adhesive type across studies.
Reported percentages (%)
3-Step etch-and-rinse
Clearl Liner Bond II 100
35
, 100
39
Optibond FL 94
6
, 100
20
Permaquick 94
6
, 97
6
Scotch-Bond Multi-Purpose 87
33
, 90(a)
26
, 100
22
, 100
34
, 100
37
Imperva Bond 92
40
EBS 100
38
Allbond 3 100
31
GLUMA Solid Bond 100(a)
28
2-Step etch-and-rinse
One Coat Bond 86
33
, 100
39
One-step 100
18
, 100
29
, 100
38
Prime & Bond 2.1 94(a)
23
, 100
21
Prime & Bond NT 100
24
Single Bond 83(a)
27
, 95
33
, 100
17
, 100
35
, 100
29
Optibond Solo 91(a)
23
Excite 100
32
2-Step self-etch
Tyrian 100
18
Allbond SE 100
30
Prisma Universal Bond 3 100
40
Clearl SE Bond 100
19
, 100
24
, 100
44
1-Step self-etch
G-Bond 100
20
, 100
36
S3 Bond 100
19
, 100
36
Adper Prompt 53(a)
27
, 100
34
Prompt L-Pop 100
39
iBond 35(a)
28
, 69(a)
28
(a) = percentage alpha scores reported.
Table 5 Marginal integrity: clinically acceptable re-
storations (%) for adhesive type across studies.
Reported percentages (%)
3-Step etch-and-rinse
Clearl Liner Bond II 91
39
, 100
35
Optibond FL 100
6
, 100
20
Permaquick 100
6
, 100
6
Scotch-Bond Multi-Purpose 73(a)
26
, 96
33
, 100
22
, 100
34
, 100
37
Imperva Bond 92
40
EBS 90
38
Allbond 3 100
31
GLUMA Solid Bond 92(a)
28
2-Step etch-and-rinse
One Coat Bond 87
39
, 88
33
One-Step 51
38
, 100
18
, 100
29
Prime & Bond 2.1 95
21
, 100(a)
23
Prime & Bond NT 100
24
Single Bond 83(a)
27
, 95
33
, 97
35
, 100
17
, 100
29
Optibond Solo 91(a)
23
Excite 97
32
2-Step self-etch
Tyrian 100
18
Allbond SE 100
30
Prisma Universal Bond 3 100
40
Clearl SE Bond 76
44
, 100
19
, 100
24
1-Step self-etch
G-Bond 100
36
, 100
20
S3 Bond 100
19
, 100
36
Adper Prompt 67(a)
27
, 100
34
Prompt-L-Pop 79
39
iBond 70(a)
28
, 81(a)
28
(a) = percentage alpha scores reported.
Fig. 2 Methodological quality graph: judgements about
each methodological quality item presented as
percentages across all included studies.
j our na l of d e nt i s t r y 4 0 ( 2 0 1 2 ) 4 4 3 4 5 2 448
However, Bracket et al. as well as Reis et al. found 100% clinical
acceptability for this adhesive at 18 and 36 months, respec-
tively.
18,29
One Coat Bond had the poorest reported clinical
performance in terms of marginal discolouration, with 86% of
restorations clinically acceptable at 18 months, although there
was no signicant difference between adhesives ( p > 0.05).
33
The percentages of clinically acceptable restorations in terms
of marginal discolouration and marginal integrity are sum-
marised for each adhesive system in Tables 4 and 5.
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of main results
The studies included in this review evaluated 26 resin-based
adhesives and recruited 1032 participants. There was variation
in study methodology and quality, although several of the
designs were based on acceptance programme guidelines of
The American Dental Association, which have since been
discontinued.
41
The primary outcome was often presented as
retention rates or cumulative failure rates (%), calculated
according to the ADA recommended equation:
Failure percentage 100%
previous failures new failures
previous failures currently recalled restorations
Only ve studies were considered to have a low overall risk
of bias
6,20,2931
and the other studies were generally not of
sufcient quality to address the objectives of this review.
Frequently, data from studies were either reported inade-
quately or were inappropriate for use in meta-analyses.
Hence, this review was limited to the qualitative description
of studies. It should be noted that several excluded studies had
robust designs for their specic research question but did not
have an adequate control for the objectives of this systematic
review. For example, studies that investigated a single
adhesive under different conditions, or investigated a single
adhesive in conjunction with different resin composites had
no effective control regarding the adhesive system, and were
therefore excluded.
The planned analyses such as risk ratios, number needed to
treat and statistical heterogeneity (chi-squared test and I
2
statistic) were not possible with the available data. A large
proportion of the raw data required for the proposed analyses
was not reported or could not be extracted from reported
percentages. Trial authors were contacted to request the
original data, although there was a poor response. A number of
studies used the restoration as the unit of analysis, rather than
the patient and many studies had multiple restorations per
patient. Although the majority of studies controlled for the
effects of clustering by limiting the number of restorations per
patient (typically less than 3), few studies accounted for the
clustering in the statistical analysis and the fact that failure
events were not independent. It was not considered appropri-
ate to use data that did not take into account this clustering
within patients, as these units of analysis errors can produce
over-precise results and p-values that are too small.
14
Although it has been argued that including multiple restora-
tions per patient is a valid way of increasing sample size
provided that appropriate analyses are performed
8
there
Fig. 3 Methodological quality summary: judgements
about each methodological quality item for each study.
j o ur na l o f d e nt i s t r y 4 0 ( 2 0 1 2 ) 4 4 3 4 5 2 449
should be caution if using this data in meta-analyses, as
uncorrected unit of analysis errors would cause the data to
receive too much weighting.
4.2. Overall completeness and applicability of the evidence
Risk of bias was mostly assessed at the outcome level, since
the criteria have different relevance to primary and secondary
outcomes, i.e. the blinding of outcome evaluation is less
important for restoration retention, as this outcome is very
objective. In contrast, inadequate blinding of outcome
assessment has greater risk of introducing bias in the more
subjective outcomes (marginal integrity, marginal discoloura-
tion). It should be noted that a potential source of bias in a
systematic review investigating restoration longevity is that
the USPHS criteria may not be consistently applied between
studies.
42
The most objective outcome to assess the clinical effec-
tiveness of adhesive systems is retention of the class V
composite restoration, since bond failure will cause loss of the
restoration (in the absence of mechanical retention features).
In this study, the inclusion of marginal discolouration and
marginal integrity as outcomes measures is also essential,
since the breakdown of restoration margins is a common
reason for the replacement and repair of adhesive restora-
tions.
13
Blinding of the clinician is unfeasible in most trials that test
adhesives, as the specic clinical protocol needs to be known
for each adhesive and is difcult to conceal. Blinding of the
participant was explicitly described in only seven stud-
ies.
20,22,27,2931,33
However, lack of patient blinding is unlikely
to introduce bias as there were no patient-centred outcomes
and their behaviour is unlikely to change as a result of
knowledge of the intervention groups. Sample size calcula-
tions were described by only four of the included stud-
ies.
23,27,30,31
Although trial authors and manufacturers were
contacted to identify ongoing and unpublished trials, the
response was poor and none of the included studies were
identied by this method.
4.3. Agreement and disagreement with other research
The conclusions of other systematic reviews that investi-
gate the clinical performance of adhesives could not be
supported by this review. Peumans et al.
11
found less
favourable clinical performance in the self-etch bonding
strategies compared with an etch-and-rinse protocol.
Superior performance of etch-and-rinse systems was also
reported by Heintze et al.
9
in a systematic review of clinical
trials from 1994 to 2008. Krithikadatta
12
published a
systematic review addressing the same research question
including studies from 2004 to 2010 and concluded that the
clinical performance of different categories of bonding
system were comparable.
Not all the reviews above present full details regarding their
methodology and review/assessment process; however, the
different conclusions reached in these studies may be
explained by the rigorous selection criteria and robust quality
assessment applied in the present review, with only high
quality evidence being considered.
4.4. Implication for research
This review has highlighted the need for better design,
implementation and reporting of RCTs. To facilitate meta-
analysis studies should follow the CONSORT guidelines
43
and
reports should include failure as the numbers of restorations
lost. New adhesives should continue to be compared against
an established three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive, since they
are supported by the most long-term clinical and laboratory-
based evidence.
8
4.5. Implications for practice
The included studies with low overall risks of bias
6,20,2931
reported favourable medium-term (23 years) clinical perfor-
mance for all four bonding strategies in terms of restoration
retention. Optibond FL also showed excellent long-term
performance with retention rates of 96% and 92%, respective-
ly, at 3 and 7 years.
6,20
In these studies, ve currently available
adhesives (Allbond 3, Allbond SE, G-Bond, Optibond FL,
Permaquick) exceeded the performance needed for accep-
tance by the now discontinued ADA standards.
41
The included
studies found wide variation between the clinical perfor-
mances of adhesives with the same bonding strategy.
5. Conclusion
There was insufcient evidence to make rm recommenda-
tions for the use of one adhesive system or bonding strategy
over another. The proportion of information obtained from
studies with an unclear or high risk of bias was high. The null
hypothesis of no difference could not be supported or rejected
with the data currently available, using the robust analysis
planned. Studies with low overall risk of bias found good
clinical performance for adhesives with three-step etch-and-
rinse, two-step etch-and-rinse, two-step self-etch and one-
step self-etch bonding strategies.
6,20,2931
There is a need for
future research on the clinical effectiveness of adhesives. In
particular, better standardisation and reporting of randomised
controlled trials will allow more meaningful comparisons to
be made between adhesives.
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