Advection and Difusion of Pollutants at Water Column

( 1D and 2D)
Endang Wahyuni
1
, Dr.Ir. Hendra Achi ari, MT
2

1
Magister student of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Civil Engineering, Institute
of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
2
Researchers of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Civil Engineering, Institute of
Technology Bandung, Indonesia
Email: eend.wahyuni@gmail.com
Abstract. The advection diffusion problem was one of cases that common happened around us.
This paper disused about the simply case of advection and diffusion problems in a rectangular
water column with discontinue and continue pollutants source. With try in 6 scenarios to simulate
the pattern of spread of diffusion effect. The high of the diffusion coefficient used , will spread the
pollutants farthest distance from the source and the coefficient advection , for u direction of
velocity, greatly affect the movement of pollutants away from the source

Keywords: pollutants distribution, advection diffusion coefficients.
1 Introduction

The use of mathematical models and basic science was commonplace solutions to
solve engineering problems. Because it was not an easy way to collect a massive
field data for long period of the time. This paper will discussed a simply case of
advection and diffusion of pollutants in a water column influenced by diffusivity
coefficient and the movement itself of the water . The advection diffusion case
can be occurred in a small scale of water areas around us, to large rivers or even
the sea or bay.
This article outlines the idea of developing mathematical models of the advection
and diffusion of a pollutant in a rectangular water column that come from
continue and discontinue of pollutant source. The numerical solution in partial
differential equitation especially finite different method was developed in
advection diffusion equation for 1D and 2D unsteady state condition that applied
in the water column. This paper will simulate a specify motion patterns of
advection diffusion components in a dissolved water in 6 different scenarios
2 Environment Modeling Description
2.1 Physical Process
Processes which move pollutants and other compounds through the air, surface
water, or subsurface environment or through engineered systems (for example,
treatment reactors) are of particular interest to environmental engineers and
scientists. Pollutant transport acts to move pollutants from the location at which
they are generated, resulting in impacts which can be distant from the pollution
source. On the other hand some pollutants, such as sewage sludge, can be
degraded in the environment if they are sufficiently dilute. For these pollutants,
slow transport slow dilution can result in excessively high pollutant
concentrations, with resulting increased adverse impacts [ ].
Advection and Diffusion transport processes in the environment may be divided
into two categories: advection and diffusion. Advection refers to transport with
the mean fluid flow. For example, if the wind is blowing toward the east,
advection will carry any pollutants present in the atmosphere toward the east.
Similarly, if a bag of dye is emptied into the centre of a river, advection will carry
the resulting spot of dye downstream. In contrast, diffusion refers to the transport
of compounds through the action of random motions. Diffusion works to
eliminate sharp discontinuities in concentration and results in smoother, flatter
concentration profiles. Advective and diffusive processes can usually be
considered independently. In the example of a spot of dye in a river, while
advection moves the centre of mass of the dye downstream, diffusion spreads out
the concentrated spot of dye to a larger, less concentrated region. This Advection
and Diffusion was a combined of both mechanism .


2.2 Mathematical Formulation

2.2.1 Governing equations :

a) the Heat Transfer Equitation :

k = the diffusion coefficient multiplier.
The application of equation not only for the heat distribution, but also can be applied to
model the distribution of pollutants in a water area. If P (x, y, t) is a variable pollutant
concentrations varying space and time, then the value of k will act as a diffusion
coefficient of the pollutant.

b) Furthermore, the movement equation of a material in a body of water can be
modelled with the advection equation as follows:

Based on that equations, the concentration of a pollutant in the location at a time, will be
equal with the change of the space multiply with the velocity.

c) The combination of the above two equations will form a new equation is called the
equation of advection - diffusion, which is stated of a movement and the distribution
of an pollutant concentrations at one location



2.2.2 Numerical Solution :
Advection Diffusion
) 3 ...( .......... ..........
The above equations can not be applied directly. Should be solve by seeking a
solution of the differential equations. The solution can be done by analytically
and numerically. The finite difference method was applied to the Partial
Differential Equatation (PDE ) to seek a solution for PDE equation (1,2,3). The
applied of finite difference to solve the PDE in explicit method was generated
from the PDE approach using the Taylor series truncated at a certain rate by order
[2].
Using a forward difference at time and a second-order central difference for
the space derivative at position (FTCS), the PDE in equation (1,2,3) was
defined at the space (the index i, j ) and time (index t ). The equation (3)
can be written as follows:

Reduced the complexity of above equation by applied an assumption
whether water flow condition was uniform , it will make a constant
velocity for y direction. The simplification of equation (4) above
becomes:

For 1D cases the equation can be written as follows :

3 Modeling Methodology
3.1 Domain
the simply domain or area with lengh 100 m and width 50m can drawn as figure
1.

Figure 1 Domain of the case

Distribution box structured grid based on x = y = 1 , the above domains can be
divided into the shape as shown in Figure2 . While for 1D the dimensions
component used only x direction. the iterations of calculation was performed by
the finite difference method where an iteration was generated as new layers.

Figure 2 Distribution of box structured grid for domain x = y = 1





B
L
X
Y
Y
X
For 2D problems , find out the value in the t + 1 layer. this layer describe a time
domain. The value for right left, before and after should be known (the value for
after usually = 0 ).

Figure 3 Imaginer layers of iterations for numerical solution

Component i, j, t was took by 6 coordinate system directions (two-dimensional
unsteady state) than for 1D unsteady state more simply as shown in a Figure 4.


I ndex for 2 D








I ndex for 1 D
Figure 4 The coordinate indexs for the system

3.2 Boundary condition
In modeling, the boundary condition is a necessity that must be defined in the
initial modeling.
For the 1D case, the boundary condition on the left only domain with a fixed
value throughout the iterations is 0. While the value is equal to the limits to the
i-1
i
i+1
i+2
i+3
i+4

i+1, j, t
i, j, t
i, j, t+1
i, j+1, t
i-1, j, t
i, j, t-1
i, j-1, t
right of the previous grid. For the 2D case, the boundary conditions placed on the
right edge, top, and bottom, which is 0, while on the right is the same as the
domain value grid before.




Figure 5 The boundary condition for 2D cases

3.3 Boundary of stability
In programming the stability requirements should be performed, it was an action
to avoid for the floating behavior at the calculation results. Based on research
Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) stability condition of a 1D finite difference
calculations kirteria must meet the following:
C = u t / x where C <1

This stability requirement is intended to make the calculation of the value of
experiencing convergence as the use of finite difference approach that allows for
divergence.
3.4 Scenarios
Divine 6 different scenarios to get more understanding for the problems, the
detail criteria of the scenario was shown in a table 1.







0 P(i,j)
0 1 , ) P(i
) , 1 ( j m P(m,j) 0 1 ,j) P(
y
x
L
B
Table 1 scenarios of the cases
Case Type Source Advec. & Diff.
Coefficients
( K )
Constant
velocity
( U )
Matrix
1 1D discontinue
Low/
high
0.05/
0.1
0.5 250 space domain, 100 time
domain
2 1D continue
Low/
high
0.05/
0.1
0.5 250 space domain, 100 time
domain
3 2D continue low 0.05 0.5 100 direction of x, 50 direction
of y, 500 time domain
4 2D continue high 0.5 0.5 100 direction of x, 50 direction
of y, 500 time domain
5 2D discontinue low 0.05 0.5 100 direction of x, 50 direction
of y, 500 time domain
6 2D discontinue high 0.5 0.5 100 direction of x, 50 direction
of y, 500 time domain

3.5 Flow Chart
Math Laboratory programming was develop to solve and perform the result of numerical
modeling , the step of the programming shown in figure 6.

Difine the
variabel &
parameter
Boundary conditions,
Input the diffusion
advection coeffisien
Start Calculation
(input pollutan source )
Iteration
( 1 -100 times)
Plot Result
A) 1D Flow chart
Difine the
variabel &
parameter
Boundary conditions,
Input the diffusion
advection coeffisien,
dt , dx
CFL Criteria
OK
Start Calculation
(input pollutan source )
Space Iteration
( x and y dirrection)
Iteration
( 1 -500 times)
Plot Result
B) 2D Flow chart
Figure 6 Flow chart of calculation in Mathlab program
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Result

Case 1 (1D continue with high and Low of diffusion coefficient)



Figure 7 1D continue with Low of diffusion coefficient





Figure 8 1D continue with high of diffusion coefficient

Case 2 (1D discontinue with high and Low of diffusion coefficient)




Figure 9 1D discontinue with Low of diffusion coefficient




Figure 10 1D discontinue with Low of diffusion coefficient

Case 3 ( 2D continue with low of diffusion coefficient)




Figure 11 2D continue with Low of diffusion coefficient

Case 4 ( 2D continue with high of diffusion coefficient)



Figure 12 2D discontinue with Low of diffusion coefficient







Case 5 ( 2D discontinue with low of diffusion coefficient )


Figure 13 2D discontinue with Low of diffusion coefficient

Case 6 ( 2D dscontinue with high of diffusion coefficient)




Figure 14 2D discontinue with high of diffusion coefficient

4.2 Discussion
From the results of numerical calculations with finite difference approach , was applied
in the 1 -dimensional and 2 -dimensional movement can be said that the behavior of
pollutants in both the 1 - D and 2 - D shown the same character . It shown that the
pollutant was moved out from the left site to the right grid to the infinity. Known that a
continuous source provide additional value in the grid concentration near the source.
For discontinue cases shown in figure 2, 5 and 6 shown the pattern of spread of a given
pollutant source is only one time at the start of the iteration so that under the influence of
advection , was up on the source of pollutants and moving right than the longer value
diminishing due to the influence of diffusion .
Than for Continue case shown in figure 1,3,and 4 shown the pattern of spread of a given
pollutant source is all time of iteration . The speed was spread by value of diffusion
coefficient and moving right until unfinity
Case 1 and Case 2 is an example of the spread of pollutants in the 1 D on the graph where
the x direction is the distance , and direction of y is the value of concentration . In this
case the left boundary we give a value of 0 during the calculation period , while on the
right we do not give a limit . The diffusion coefficients was shown different effects for
low coefficient only shown one peak but for high coefficients that was more than ones.
The high coefficient was more attractive.
Case 3 - 6 is a similar case , known that the value of diffusion coefficient will give a
different effects, with high coefficient the particles moved fastest.
The use of the terms on the stability of the program is not only the CFL but 1D diffusion
coefficient that is too large could also provide results that are not logical . While the 2D
program , the value of the right CFL gives a good visualization of the spread of pollutants
, although the program remains the road if the value of the CFL > 1 but the results given
illogical .


5 Conclusion

The high of the diffusion coefficient used , will spread the pollutants farthest distance
from the source . However, other parameters should be studied further .
Effects of diffusion coefficients in addition to widening towards all directions away from
the source as well , and the decay of the velocity (U) .
Sources of pollutants are discontinuous and continuous was giving significant results .
The concentration of pollutants close to the source was lack of representative results but
it has been a good numeric solution .
Coefficient advection , for u direction of velocity, greatly affect the movement of
pollutants away from the source .
6 References
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elemen hingga, Bidang khusus rekayasa sumber daya air Teknik Sipil
FTSL-ITB, 2002. ( Magister Thesis )
[2] ERWlN KREYSZIG, 9
th
Edition Advanced Engineering, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2006. (Book)
[3] GEOS 3104 , Advection-Diffusion Equation with Matlab, 2009.
[4] R.N. Singh, Advection diffusion equation models in near-surface
geophysical and environmental sciences, J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( April
2013 )Vol.17, No.2, pp. 117-127. (Journal)
[5] Pimpunchat, B. 1,2,3, W.L. Sweatman 3, W. Triampo 4, G.C. Wake 3 and A.
Parshotam 5, Modelling River Pollution and Removal, 2009. (Paper)