Complex Number Plane: Argand diagram

The number z x iy = + can be represented by a point

( ) , x y on the Argand diagram.




Imz




9





8





7





6





5





4





3





2





1

!4


!3 !2 !1

1 2 3 4
Rez




!1





!2





!3





!4






!5



NB There are no i on the imaginary axis.

Complex Number Plane: Argand diagram

The number z x iy = + can be represented by a point
( ) , x y on the Argand diagram.









NB There are no i on the imaginary axis.
Polar Coordinates: Modulus-Argument Form




























Free Polar Graph Paper from http://incompetech.com/graphpaper/polar/

Im z
Re z
O

P(z)
Q(z
1
)
1
2
1 2
1
1 2
2

0

Definition Argument
If z = x + iy then the argument of z (arg z) is defined as

tan arg z
( )
=
y
x

NB the principal argument of z is defined

!" < arg z # "

Examples
Convert the following to mod-arg form:
1) 5 2) 5 ! 3) 5i 4) 5i ! 5) 2 2i +

6) 2 2i !




7) 2 2i ! + 8) 2 2i ! ! 9)

1
1+ i
10) 10 3 10i + 11)
4 2 4 2i ! +




12)
1 3
2 2
i ! + 13)
5 5 3
2 2
i ! ! . 14
( )
2
1 i !



cis! notation
If z = rcos! + isin! then this can be summarised as z = rcis!.

1. If
( ) cos sin z r i ! ! = + and
( ) cos sin w R i ! ! = + simplify zw and
z
w
.




2. Hence, or otherwise, find the modulus and argument of the following.
1
1
i
i
+
!

1
3
i
i
! +
!

( )
( )
1 1 3 i i + +
( )
( )
( )( )
3 1
1 3 3
i i
i i
+ !
+ !




Equality of two complex numbers (continued)
If | z | = | w | and argz = argw then z = w and vice versa


Properties of Modulus and Argument
If z = r(cos! + isin!) and w = R(cos" + isin") then
1.

zw = rRcis ! +"
( )

and
2.

z
w
=
r
R
cis ! "#
( )


So (i) zw z w = ! and
z z
w w
=

(ii)
( ) ( ) ( ) arg arg arg zw z w = + , e.g. z = cis 150 and w = cis 75
But
( ) arg zw ! ! " < # is NOT always true

(iii) ( ) ( ) arg arg arg
z
z w
w
! "
= #
$ %
& '
e.g. z = cis 30 and w = cis 210
But arg
z
w
! !
" #
$ < %
& '
( )
is NOT always true

(iv) By letting z = w we see that:
2
2
z z = and so
n
n
z z =

arg z
2
( )
= 2arg z
( )
and so

arg z
n
( )
= narg z
( )



De Moivres Theorem
If z = rcis! then z
n
= r
n
cis(n!) for all n.


Further Theoretical Examples
If z = r(cos! + isin!) find
1. i. | (1 i)z
2
| ii. arg [(1 i)z
2
]


2. i. | iz
3
| ii. arg (iz
3
)


3. i.

1+ i 3
z
ii.

arg
1+ i 3
z
!
"
#
$
%
&



4. i.

3 2 + 2i
( )
3 ! i
( )
z
2
ii.

arg
3 2 + 2i
( )
3 ! i
( )
z
2
"
#
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'



5. i.

!
1
z
3
ii.

arg !
1
z
3
"
#
$
%
&
'



6. i.

i i !1
( )
i ! 3
( )
z ii.

arg i i !1
( )
i ! 3
( )
z
"
#
$
%
&
'




Homework: Fitzpatrick (X2) 31(d) qq 1 ! 11, 13, 18, 19
Coroneos 1G q2; 1H qq 1 3



Supplementary Homework/Revision
1C





1D


CHAPTER 1: Complex Numbers 1C The Argand Diagram 21
4. Let z = 3+i and w = 1+2i. Plot the points representing each group of complex numbers
on separate Argand diagrams.
(a) z, iz, z, iz
(b) w, iw, w, iw
(c) z, z, w, w
(d) z, w, z +w
(e) z, w, z w
(f) z, w, w z
5. Graph the following loci:
(a) Re(z) = 3
(b) Im(z) = 2
(c) Im(z) < 1
(d) Re(z) 2
(e) Re(z) = Im(z)
(f) 2 Re(z) = Im(z)
(g) Re(z) 2 Im(z)
(h) Re(z) > Im(z)
D E V E L OP ME N T
6. Let the point P represent the complex number z = 2(cos

6
+ i sin

6
), and let the points
Q, R, S and T, represent z, z, iz and
1
z
respectively. Plot all these points on an Argand
diagram.
7. Show that the point representing z is a reection of the point representing z in the y-axis.
8. Consider the points represented by the complex numbers z, z, z and z .
Show that these points form a rectangle by using:
(a) coordinate geometry to show that the diagonals are equal and bisect each other,
(b) the geometry of conjugates and opposites.
9. In the text it was proven that when z is complex, iz is a rotation by

2
about the origin.
Prove the same result when z is: (a) real, (b) imaginary.
10. The numbers z = a + ib and w = iz are plotted in the complex plane at A and B
respectively.
(a) By considering the gradients, show that OA OB.
(b) Use the distance formula to show that OA = OB.
(c) What type of triangle is OAB?
11. The point P in the complex plane represents the number z. Find and describe the locus
of P given that
1
z

1
z
= i .
12. The complex number z is represented by the point C in the Argand diagram. Find and
describe the locus of C if
Re

z 6
z

= 0 .
13. Show that (z 2) (z 2) = 9 represents a circle in the Argand diagram.
14. Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram which correspond to
z z =

Re(z 1 + 3i)

2
.
E X T E N S I ON
15. Let the point H represent z in the complex plane. Draw the loci of H if:
(a) Im

z
2

= 2c
2
(b) Re

z
2

= c
2
16. Show that the point representing iz is a reection of the point representing z in y = x.
17. Show that
1
z
is a reection and enlargement of z.
SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 1: Complex Numbers Complex 10/10/12 Copyright c 2012
CHAPTER 1: Complex Numbers 1C The Argand Diagram 21
4. Let z = 3+i and w = 1+2i. Plot the points representing each group of complex numbers
on separate Argand diagrams.
(a) z, iz, z, iz
(b) w, iw, w, iw
(c) z, z, w, w
(d) z, w, z +w
(e) z, w, z w
(f) z, w, w z
5. Graph the following loci:
(a) Re(z) = 3
(b) Im(z) = 2
(c) Im(z) < 1
(d) Re(z) 2
(e) Re(z) = Im(z)
(f) 2 Re(z) = Im(z)
(g) Re(z) 2 Im(z)
(h) Re(z) > Im(z)
D E V E L OP ME N T
6. Let the point P represent the complex number z = 2(cos

6
+ i sin

6
), and let the points
Q, R, S and T, represent z, z, iz and
1
z
respectively. Plot all these points on an Argand
diagram.
7. Show that the point representing z is a reection of the point representing z in the y-axis.
8. Consider the points represented by the complex numbers z, z, z and z .
Show that these points form a rectangle by using:
(a) coordinate geometry to show that the diagonals are equal and bisect each other,
(b) the geometry of conjugates and opposites.
9. In the text it was proven that when z is complex, iz is a rotation by

2
about the origin.
Prove the same result when z is: (a) real, (b) imaginary.
10. The numbers z = a + ib and w = iz are plotted in the complex plane at A and B
respectively.
(a) By considering the gradients, show that OA OB.
(b) Use the distance formula to show that OA = OB.
(c) What type of triangle is OAB?
11. The point P in the complex plane represents the number z. Find and describe the locus
of P given that
1
z

1
z
= i .
12. The complex number z is represented by the point C in the Argand diagram. Find and
describe the locus of C if
Re

z 6
z

= 0 .
13. Show that (z 2) (z 2) = 9 represents a circle in the Argand diagram.
14. Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram which correspond to
z z =

Re(z 1 + 3i)

2
.
E X T E N S I ON
15. Let the point H represent z in the complex plane. Draw the loci of H if:
(a) Im

z
2

= 2c
2
(b) Re

z
2

= c
2
16. Show that the point representing iz is a reection of the point representing z in y = x.
17. Show that
1
z
is a reection and enlargement of z.
SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 1: Complex Numbers Complex 10/10/12 Copyright c 2012
CHAPTER 1: Complex Numbers 1D Modulus-Argument Form 27
7. Let z be a non-zero complex number such that 0 < arg z <

2
. Indicate points A, B,
C and D in the complex plane representing the complex numbers z, iz, (2 cis

3
)z and

1
2
cis(

4
)

z .
8. Replace z with z w in Box 21 to prove that for z = 0 and w = 0:
(a)

z
w

=
|z|
|w|
(b) arg

z
w

= arg z arg w
9. Given that z
1
=

3 + i and z
2
= 2

2 + 2

2 i,
(a) write z
1
and z
2
in mod-arg form, (b) hence write z
1
z
2
and
z
2
z
1
in mod-arg form.
10. Repeat the previous question for z
1
=

3 + i and z
2
= 1 i.
11. (a) Express
1 +i

3
1 +i
in real-imaginary form.
(b) Write 1 +i and 1 +i

3 in mod-arg form and hence express

1 + i

3
1 + i
in mod-arg form.
(c) Hence nd cos

12
in surd form.
12. Let z = (

3 + 1) + (

3 1)i.
(a) By writing

12
as

3


4
, show that tan

12
=

31

3+1
.
(b) Hence write z in mod-arg form.
13. Let z
1
= 1 + 5i and z
2
= 3 + 2i, and let z =
z
1
z
2
.
(a) Find |z| without nding z.
(b) Find tan(tan
1
5 tan
1 2
3
), and hence nd arg z without nding z.
(c) Hence write z in the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
14. Show that for any non-zero complex number z = r cis :
(a) z z = |z|
2
, (b) arg(z
2
) = 2 arg(z) , (c) if |z| = 1 then z = z
1
.
15. Let z be any non-zero complex number. By considering arg(|z|
2
), use the result in part (a)
of the previous question to prove that arg z = arg z .
16. The complex number z satises the equation |z 1| = 1. Square both sides and hence
show that |z|
2
= 2 Re(z).
17. If z is a complex number and |2z 1| = |z 2|, prove that |z| = 1.
18. Let z = cos +i sin. Determine z
2
in two dierent ways and hence show that:
(a) cos 2 = cos
2
sin
2
(b) sin 2 = 2 sin cos
19. Let z = cis and w = cis , that is |z| = |w| = 1. Evaluate z + w in mod-arg form and
hence show that arg(z +w) =
1
2
(arg z + arg w) .
20. Let z = 1 + cos + i sin.
(a) Show that |z| = 2 cos

2
and arg z =

2
. (b) Hence show that z
1
=
1
2

1
2
i tan

2
.
! " # ! $ % & '$
21. [Circle Geometry] The three complex numbers z
0
, z
1
and z
2
are related to each other
by the equations z
2
= z
0
+iz
0
and z
2
= z
1
iz
1
, where is real.
(a) Show that |z
2
z
0
| = |z
2
z
1
| . (b) Show that |z
0
| = |z
1
| .
(c) Use circle geometry to describe the situation in the Argand diagram.
SGS Mathematics Year 12 Chapter 1: Complex Numbers Complex 10/10/12 Copyright c 2012
Examples Answers
Convert the following to mod-arg form:
1) 5 = 5cis0 2) 5 5cis! " =
3) 5 5cis
2
i
!
= 4) 5 5cis
2
i
!
" #
$ = $
% &
' (

5) 2 2 2 2cis
4
i
!
+ =

6) 2 2 2 2cis
4
i
!
" #
$ = $
% &
' (

7)
3
2 2 2 2cis
4
i
!
" + = 8)
3
2 2 2 2cis
4
i
!
" #
$ $ = $
% &
' (

9)
1 1 1 1 1
cis
1 1 1 2 2 4
i i
i i i
! " "
# $
= % = = "
& '
+ + "
( )
10) 10 3 10 10 2cis
6
i
!
+ =
11)
3
4 2 4 2 8cis
4
i
!
" + =
12)
1 3 2
cis
2 2 3
i
!
" + =
13)
5 5 3 2
5cis
2 2 3
i
!
" #
$ $ = $
% &
' (
14 ( )
2
1 2 2cis
2
i i
!
" #
$ = $ = $
% &
' (

cis! notation
1. If
( ) cos sin z r i ! ! = + and
( ) cos sin w R i ! ! = + simplify and
z
w
.
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
cos sin cos sin
cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin
cos sin
cis
zw r ir R iR
r R r R ir R r iR
rR irR
rR irR
rR
! ! " "
! " ! " ! " ! "
! " ! " ! " ! "
! " ! "
! "
= + +
= # + +
= # + +
= + + +
= +


( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin cos sin
cos sin cos sin
cos sin cos sin
1
cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin
z r ir
w R iR
r ir R iR
R iR R iR
r ir R iR
R
r R r R ir R r iR
R
rR
irR
R
! !
" "
! ! " "
" " " "
! ! " "
! " ! " ! " ! "
! " ! " ! " ! "
+
=
+
+ #
= $
+ #
+ #
=
= + + #
= + + # % &
' (
( ) ( )
( )
cos sin
cis
r
i
R
r
R
! " ! "
! "
= # + # % &
' (
= #



2. Hence, or otherwise, find the modulus and argument of the following.
2cis
1
4
cis
1 2
2cis
4
i
i
!
!
!
+
= =
" # $
"
% &
' (

1 1
1; arg
1 1 2
i i
i i
! + +
" #
$ = =
% &
' '
( )




3
2cis
1 2 11
4
cis
2 12 3
2cis
6
i
i
!
!
!
" +
= =
# $ "
"
% &
' (

1 2 1 11
; arg
2 12 3 3
i i
i i
! " + " + # $
% = =
& '
" "
( )




( )
( )
7
1 1 3 2cis 2cis 2 2cis
4 3 12
i i
! ! !
" #" #
+ + = =
$ %$ %
& '& '

( )
( )
( )
( )
7
1 1 3 2 2; arg 1 1 3 =
12
i i i i
!
" #
$ + + = + +
% &




( )
( )
( )( )
2cis 2cis
3 1
2
6 4
cis
2 4
1 3 3
2cis 2cis
3 6
i i
i i
! !
!
! !
" #
$ %
& '
+ %
" #
( )
= = %
& '
" #
( ) + %
$ %
& '
( )

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
3 1 3 1
2
; arg
2 4
1 3 3 1 3 3
i i i i
i i i i
!
" #
+ $ + $
% &
' = = $
% & + $ + $
( )



Further Theoretical Examples
If z = r(cos! + isin!) find
1.
( )
2 2
1 2cis cis2
4
i z r
!
"
# $
% = % &
' (
) *

i. | (1 i)z
2
| =
2
2r
ii. arg [(1 i)z
2
] = 2
4
!
" #


2.
3 3
cis cis3
2
iz r
!
" = #
i. | iz
3
| = r
3
ii. arg (iz
3
) = 3
2
!
" +


3.
2cis
1 3 2
3
cis
cis 3
i
z r r
!
!
"
"
+
# $
= = %
& '
( )

i.
1 3 2 i
z r
+
= ii.
1 3
arg
3
i
z
!
"
# $
+
= %
& '
( )



4.
( )
( )
2
2
2
6 2cis
3 2 2 3 2 5
4
cis 2
12
3
2cis cis2
6
i
r
i z
r
!
!
"
!
"
+
# $
= = %
& '
# $
( ) %
% *
& '
( )

i.
( )
( )
2
2
3 2 2 3 2
3
i
r
i z
+
=
!
ii.
( )
( )
2
3 2 2 5
arg 2
12
3
i
i z
!
"
# $
+
% &
= '
% & '
( )



5.
( )
3 3 3 3
1 1 cis 1
cis 3
cis3 z z r r
!
! "
"
#
# = = = #
i.
3 3
1 1
z r
! = ii.
3
1
arg 3
z
! "
# $
% = %
& '
( )



( )
( )
3 5
6. 1 3 cis 2cis 2cis cis
2 4 6
25
2 2cis 2 2cis
12 12
i i i z r
r r
! ! !
"
! !
" "
# # = $ $ $
% & % &
= + = +
' ( ' (
) * ) *

i.
( )
( )
1 3 2 2 i i i z r ! ! = ii.
( )
( )
arg 1 3
12
i i i z
!
"
# $
% % = +
& '