3.1.

1 Exercises:
1. Write the electron configuration of the following ions. Are they stable ions?
They are isoelectronic with which neutral element?
Ion Electron Configuration Stable Ion: Y/N Isoelectronic with:
N
2-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
no fluorine
Mg
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
no sodium
O
2-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
yes neon
P
3-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
yes argon
He
+
1s
1
no hydrogen
H
-
1s
2
yes helium
Ca
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
yes argon
K
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
yes argon
3.2.1 Exercises:
1. Calculate the Z
eff
of the following elements: Z
eff
= Z - s
a) Na 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Z
eff
= 11 - 10 = +1
b) H 1s
1
Z
eff
= 1 0 = +1
c) Li 1s
2
2s
1
Z
eff
= 3 - 2 = +1
d) Cs 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
1
Z
eff
= 55 54 = +1
e) N 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
Z
eff
= 7 - 2 = +5
f ) Cl 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
Z
eff
= 17 10 = +7
g) Ca 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
Z
eff
= 20 - 18 = +2
h) I 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
5
Z
eff
= 53 46 = +7
(note: the core electrons are underlined)
3.2.2 Exercises:
1. Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of their increasing atomic radius (without
looking at the chart above):
a) Cl, Na, Al, Mg Cl < Al< Mg < Na
b) I, F, Br, At F < Br < I < At
c) K, Rb, F, B, Be F < B < Be < K < Rb
d) P, Si, N N < S < P
3.2.3 Exercises:
1. Arrange the following isoelectronic ions according to their increasing size: Cl
-
, K
+
, S
2-
, P
3-
, Ca
2+
and explain the arrangement by using the total # of electrons and atomic # in your explanation.
Ca
2+
< K
+
< Cl
-
< S
2-
< P
3-
While these are isoelectronic, they have different atomic numbers (Z).
As the # of protons increases, the attraction for electron increases & the radius decreases.
3.5.1 Exercises:
1. Consider the following elements: N, B, Be, K and F
a) Arrange in the above elements in order of increasing atomic radius F < N < B < Be < K
b) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing ionization energy K < B < Be < N < F
c) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing electronegativity K < Be < B < N < F
d) Explain your order in 1b) and 1c).
As we move from left to right in a period, the effective nuclear charge increases, which results in the
valence electrons being more strongly attracted by the nucleus (and the radius decreases), so that it
requires more energy to remove these electrons. In a similar manner (from left to right), we
understand that since the effective nuclear charge increases, the atom has a greater tendency to attract
electrons .
2. Consider the following elements: Ca, F, S, Cl and P
a) Arrange in the above elements in order of increasing atomic radius F < Cl < S < P < Ca
b) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing ionization energy Ca < S < P < Cl < F
c) Arrange the above elements in order of increasing electronegativity Ca < P < S < Cl < F
d) Explain your order in 2b) and 2c).
The answer is similar than above except that in (2) we need to take into account the fact that some of
the elements are from different periods:
electronegativity tends to increase from left to right in a period and decrease from top to bottom in a
group.
3. Consider the following ions: N
3-
, Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
and O
2-
.
Arrange the above ions in order of increasing ionic radius & explain.
Mg
2+
< Na
+
< F
-
< O
2-
< N
3-
1
st
: in a similar period, cations will have a smaller radius than anions (as already explained).
3.5.1 Exercises:
4. Consider the following ions: Si
4-
, Cl
-
and Ca
2+
.
Arrange the above ions in order of increasing ionic radius & explain.
Ca
2+
< Cl
-
< Si
4-
Cl
-
and Si
4-
are of the same 3
rd
period, and Si
4-
will have the largest radius as it bears a charge of 4-.
The cation Ca
2+
is of the 4
th
period but has no electrons in that level, and has a charge of +2 and so it
will have the smallest radius.
5. Which has the larger radius: Si
2+
or Si
4+
? Explain.
Si
2+
has the larger radius since it only has a charge of 2+, and thus has 2 electrons in its 2
nd
shell (n=2).
Si
4+
is missing a total of 4 electrons and therefore has no electrons at all in its 2
nd
shell (the radius is
thus smaller).
Also, in the case of Si
4+
over Si
2+
, since there are less electrons around the nucleus of the atom, there is
less repulsion between the electrons and the electron cloud is smaller, and the attraction by the
nucleus for the electrons is greater, therefore also decreasing the radius of the atom.
6. Which has the larger radius: F
-
or Br
-
? Explain.
Br
-
has the largest radius as it is in the 4
th
period (F
-
is in the 2
nd
period).
7. Which has the larger radius: Na
+
or Mg
2+
? Explain.
Na
+
has the largest radius as it only bears a charge of 1+ versus Mg (of the same period) that bears a
charge of 2+. The effective nuclear charge for Mg
2+
is greater than Na
+
, hence the attraction for the
electrons is greater for Mg
2+
than for Na
+
.
8. Which has the larger radius: Fe
2+
or Fe
3+
? Explain.
Fe
2+
has the largest radius as the effective nuclear charge for Fe
3+
is greater than Fe
2+
, hence the
attraction for the electrons is greater for Fe
3+
than for Fe
2+
.
9. Match each of the following elements with its ionization energy.
Explain your choice and explain any irregularities to the general trend:
Elements: Li; Be; B; C; N; O; F; Ne:
Ionization Energy Values (kJ|mol): 2080; 1681; 1402; 1314; 1086; 900; 800; 560.
Li 560
Be 900
B 800
C 1086
N 1402
O 1314
F 1681
Ne 2080
10. Explain why the 2
nd
ionization energy of Rb is much greater than the 2
nd
ionization energy of Sr.
The 2
nd
ionization energy of Sr involves the removal of a valence electron while the 2
nd
ionization
energy of Rb involves the removal of a core electron and so requires much more energy.
11. The values for the 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
ionization energies of an unknown element are found to be as
follows: Ionization Energy: 1
st
2
nd
3
rd
kJ/mol: 897 1782 14820
In which A group of the periodic table would you expect to find this elements? Explain your answer.
In the 2
nd
group as the difference between the 2
nd
& 3
rd
ionization is drastically different (this
suggests that there are 2 valence electrons).
3.5.1 Exercises:
3.6.1 Exercises:
1. Classify the following species as having ionic, polar covalent & non-polar covalent bonds.
a) SrS D electronegativity = 2.58 0.95 = 1.63 covalent polar
b) K
2
O D electronegativity = 3.44 0.82 = 2.62 ionic
c) HCl D electronegativity = 3.16 2.20 = 0.96 covalent polar
d) H
2
D electronegativity = 2.20 2.20 = 0 covalent non-polar
e) HBr D electronegativity = 2.96 2.20 = 0.76 covalent polar
f ) NaCl D electronegativity = 3.16 0.93 = 2.23 ionic
g) F
2
D electronegativity = 3.98 3.98 = 0 covalent non-polar
h) Cl
2
D electronegativity = 3.16 3.16 = 0 covalent non-polar
i) HF D electronegativity = 3.98 2.20 = 1.78 covalent polar
j) H
2
O D electronegativity = 3.44 2.20 = 1.24 covalent polar
k) NCl
3
D electronegativity = 3.16 3.04 = 0.12 covalent non-polar
l) PH
3
D electronegativity = 2.20 2.19 = 0.01 covalent non-polar
m) KH D electronegativity = 2.20 0.82 = 1.38 covalent polar
n) NH
3
D electronegativity = 3.04 2.20 = 0.84 covalent polar
o) BaO D electronegativity = 3.44 0.89 = 2.55 ionic
p) CO
2
D electronegativity = 3.44 2.55 = 0.89 covalent polar
q) CsF D electronegativity = 3.98 0.79 = 3.19 ionic
r) CH
4
D electronegativity = 2.55 2.20 = 0.35 covalent polar/non polar
3.8.1 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction: Cl
2
(g) + NaBr (aq)
Step 1: Is there a reaction? yes
Step 2: What are the molecular products? Br
2
(NaCl is an ionic product)
Step 3: Balance the equation Cl
2
(g) + 2 NaBr (aq) Br
2
(g) + 2 NaCl (aq)
Step 4: Complete the CIE Cl
2
(g) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) Br
2
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq)
Step 5: Complete the NIE Cl
2
(g) + 2 Br
-
(aq) 2 Cl
-
(aq) + Br
2
(l)
2. Complete the following:
a) Br
2
(l) + 2 NaI (aq) 2 NaBr (s) + I
2
(s)
CIE Br
2
(l) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 I
-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) + I
2
(s)
NIE Br
2
(l) + 2 I
-
(aq) 2 Br
-
(aq) + I
2
(s)
b) Cl
2
(g) + 2 KI (aq) 2 NaCl (s) + I
2
(s)
CIE Cl
2
(g) + 2 K
+
(aq) + 2 I
-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + I
2
(s)
NIE Cl
2
(g) + 2 I
-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + I
2
(s)
c) Cl
2
(g) + NaF (aq) No reaction
CIE
NIE
d) I
2
(s) + NaCl (aq) No reaction
CIE
NIE
e) F
2
(g) + 2 NaBr (aq) Br
2
(l) + 2 NaF (aq)
CIE F
2
(g) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) Br
2
(l) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 F
-
(aq)
NIE F
2
(g) + 2 Br
-
(aq) Br
2
(l) + 2 F
-
(aq)
f ) Br
2
(l) + NaF (aq) No reaction
CIE
NIE
g) F
2
(g) + 2 NaCl (aq) Cl
2
(g) + 2 NaF (aq)
CIE F
2
(g) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) Cl
2
(g) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 F
-
(aq)
NIE F
2
(g) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) Cl
2
(g) + 2 F
-
(aq)
3.8.1 Exercises:
3.8.1 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction 2 Na (s) + 2HCl (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + H
2
(g)
Step 1: Is there a reaction? yes
Step 2: What are the molecular products? H
2
(NaCl is the ionic product)
Step 3: What is the solubility of the new product AC? NaCl is soluble
Step 4: What is the state of pure B? H
2
is a gas
Step 3: Balance the equation see above
Step 4: Complete the CIE: 2 Na (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Step 5: Complete the NIE: 2 Na (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2. Complete the following:
a) Ca(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) H
2
(g) + CaSO
4
(s)
CIE Ca(s) + 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) H
2
(g) + CaSO
4
(s)
NIE Ca(s) + 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) H
2
(g) + CaSO
4
(s)
b) Cu (s) + 2 AgNO
3
(aq) Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2 Ag (s)
CIE Cu (s) + 2 Ag
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) + 2 Ag (s)
NIE Cu (s) + 2 Ag
+
(aq) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2 Ag (s)
c) Zn (s) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Cu (s) + Zn(NO
3
)
2
CIE Zn (s) + Cu
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq) Cu (s) + Zn
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE Zn (s) + Cu
2+
(aq) Cu (s) + Zn
2+
(aq)
d) Mg (s) + Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Ni (s) + Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
CIE Mg (s) + Ni
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq) Ni (s) + Mg
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq)
NIE Mg (s) + Ni
2+
(aq) Ni (s) + Mg
2+
(aq)
e) Pb (s) + Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) No reaction.
CIE
NIE
f) Al (s) + 3 AgNO
3
(aq) 3 Ag (s) + Al(NO
3
)
3
(aq)
CIE Al (s) + 3 Ag+ (aq) + 3 NO
3
(aq) 3 Ag (s) + Al
3+
(aq) + 3 NO
3
(aq)
NIE Al (s) + 3 Ag+ (aq) 3 Ag (s) + Al
3+
(aq)
g) Zn(s) + BaCl
2
(aq) No reaction.
CIE
NIE
h) Zn(s) + Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Ni (s) + Zn(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
CIE Zn(s) + Ni
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq) Ni (s) + Zn
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq)
NIE Zn(s) + Ni
2+
(aq) Ni (s) + Zn
2+
(aq)
i) Ag(s) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) No reaction.
CIE
NIE
j) H
2
(g) + 2 AgNO
3
(aq) 2 Ag (s) + 2 HNO
3
(aq)
CIE H
2
(g) + 2 Ag
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) 2 Ag (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE H
2
(g) + 2 Ag
+
(aq) 2 Ag (s) + 2 H
+
(aq)
k) H
2
(g) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Cu (s) + 2 HNO
3
(aq)
CIE H
2
(g) + Cu
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
(aq) Cu (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE H
2
(g) + Cu
2+
(aq) Cu (s) + 2 H
+
(aq)
l) H
2
(g) + KCl (aq) No reaction.
CIE
NIE
3.8.1 Exercises:
3.8.2 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE & NIE for the following reaction: NaCl
(aq)
+ AgNO
3 (aq)
AgCl
(s)
+ NaNO
3 (aq)
Step 1: What are the molecular products? AgCl & NaNO
3
Step 2: What is the state of these products? (s) (aq)
Step 3: Is there a reaction? Yes
Step 3: Balance the equation: NaCl (aq) + AgNO
3
(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO
3
(aq)
Step 4: Complete the CIE: Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Ag
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) AgCl(s) + Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq)
Step 5: Complete the NIE: Cl
-
(aq) + Ag
+
(aq) AgCl(s)
2. Complete the following:
a) NaCl (aq) + AgNO
3
(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO
3
(aq)
CIE Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Ag
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) AgCl(s) + Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE Cl
-
(aq) + Ag
+
(aq) AgCl(s)
b) LiCl (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) No reaction
c) 3 Mg(ClO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2 (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
(aq) Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 NH
4
ClO
3
(aq)
CIE 3 Mg
2+
(aq) + 6 ClO
3
-
(aq) + 6 NH
4
+
(aq) + 2 PO
4
3-
(aq) Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 NH
4
+
(aq) + 6 ClO
3
-
(aq)
NIE 3 Mg
2+
(aq) + 2 PO
4
3-
(aq) Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s)
d) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + LiBr (aq) no reaction
e) AgF (aq) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) no reaction
f ) Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) Ni(CO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 NaNO
3
(aq)
CIE Ni
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) Ni(CO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE Ni
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) Ni(CO
3
)
2
(s)
3.8.2 Exercises:
1. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following reaction HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)
CME HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l)
CIE H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
NIE H
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) H
2
O (l)
2. Complete the following
a) KOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
CME 2 KOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 K
+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) 2 K
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) H
2
O (l)
b) H
2
SO
3
(aq) + Ba(OH)
2
(aq)
CME H
2
SO
3
(aq) + Ba(OH)
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
3
2-
(aq) + Ba
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
3
2-
(aq) + Ba
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
c) H
2
CO
3
(aq) + LiOH (aq)
CME H
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2 LiOH (aq) Li
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 Li
+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) 2 Li
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) 2 H
2
O (l)
d) NaOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq)
CME 3 NaOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) Na
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
CIE 3 Na
+
(aq) + 3 OH
-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) + PO
4
3-
(aq) 3 Na
+
(aq) + PO
4
3-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
NIE 3 OH
-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) 3 H
2
O (l)
3.8.3 Exercises:
e) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq)
CME 3 Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 H
3
PO
4
(aq) Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 H
2
O (l)
CIE 3 Ba
2+
(aq) + 6 OH
-
(aq) + 6 H
+
(aq) + 2 PO
4
3-
(aq) Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 H
2
O (l)
NIE 3 Ba
2+
(aq) + 6 OH
-
(aq) + 6 H
+
(aq) + 2 PO
4
3-
(aq) Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 H
2
O (l)
f ) Fe(OH)
2
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
CME Fe(OH)
2
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) FeSO
4
(s) + H
2
O (l)
CIE Fe(OH)
2
(s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) FeSO
4
(s) + H
2
O (l)
NIE Fe(OH)
2
(s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) FeSO
4
(s) + H
2
O (l)
g) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + HCl (aq)
CME Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3 HCl (aq) FeCl
3
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
CIE Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3 H
+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
NIE Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3 H
+
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
h) HClO
3
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s)
CME 2 HClO
3
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca(ClO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 ClO
3
-
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca(ClO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 ClO
3
-
(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca(ClO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
i) H
2
CO
3
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s)
CME H
2
CO
3
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s) MgCO
3
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s) MgCO
3
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + Mg(OH)
2
(s) MgCO
3
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
3.8.3 Exercises:
3.8.4 Exercises:
1. Complete the following:
a) HBr (aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq)
CME 2 HBr (aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 2 NaBr (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(aq) [H
2
CO
3
(aq) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)]
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(aq)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(aq)
b) HCl (aq) + NaHCO
3
(aq)
CME HCl (aq) + NaHCO
3
(aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
CIE H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + HCO
3
-
(aq) Na
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
NIE H
+
(aq) + HCO
3
-
(aq) H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g) [H
2
CO
3
(aq) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)]
c) HNO
3
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s)
CME 2 HNO
3
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s) Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s) Ca
2+
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
1. Complete the following
a) HNO
3
(aq) + NaC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
CME HNO
3
(aq) + NaC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq) HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq) + NaNO
3
(aq)
CIE H
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + C
2
H
3
O
2
-
(aq) HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq) + Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq)
NIE H
+
(aq) + C
2
H
3
O
2
-
(aq) HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
b) HCl (aq) + Ca(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
(aq)
CME 2 HCl (aq) + Ca(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + 2 HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 C
2
H
3
O
2
-
(aq) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + 2 HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 C
2
H
3
O
2
-
(aq) 2 HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
3.8.5 Exercises:
1. Complete the following:
a) KOH (aq) + NH
4
Cl (aq)
CME KOH (aq) + NH
4
Cl (aq) NH
3
(g) + KCl (aq) + H
2
O (l)
CIE K
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) NH
3
(g) + K
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
NIE OH
-
(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) NH
3
(g) + H
2
O (l)
b) Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + NH
4
Br (aq)
CME Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 NH
4
Br (aq) CaBr
2
(aq) + 2 NH
3
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2 NH
4
+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 Br
-
(aq) + 2 NH
3
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2 NH
4
+
(aq) 2 NH
3
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
3.8.6 Exercises:
3.9.1 Exercises:
1. Complete the following:
a) Al(OH)
3
(s) + HCl (aq)
CME Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3 HCl (aq) AlCl
3
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
CIE Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3 H
+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) Al
3+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
NIE Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3 H
+
(aq) Al
3+
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
b) Al(OH)
3
(s) + NaOH (aq) NaAl(OH)
4
(aq) (sodium aluminate)
CME Al(OH)
3
(s) + NaOH (aq) NaAl(OH)
4
(aq)
CIE Al(OH)
3
(s) + Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) Na
+
(aq) + Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)
NIE Al(OH)
3
(s) + OH
-
(aq) Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)
End of unit exercises:
1. Complete and balance the following equation and classify as: combination (C), decomposition (D),
burning of organic compound (B), single replacement (SR) or double replacement (DR).
a) H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 KOH (aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (aq) DR
b) 2 H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 Mg(OH)
2
(s) Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O (l) DR
c) CaCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + 2 NaCl (aq) DR
d) HCl (aq) + KHCO
3
(aq) KCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g) DR
e) S
8
(s) + 8 O
2
(g) 8 SO
2
(g) C
f ) Si (s) + O
2
(g) SiO
2
(s) C
g) 2 Al (s) + 3/2 O
2
(g) Al
2
O
3
(s) C
h) Li
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l) 2 LiOH (aq) SR
i) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
CO
3
(aq) C
j) Na (s) + H
2
O (l) NaOH (aq) + H
2
(g) C
k) 2 Na (s) + H
2
(g) 2 NaH (s) C
l) Ba (s) + Cl
2
(g) BaCl
2
(s) C
m) H
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g) 2 HCl (g) C
n) K
2
CO
3
+ 2 HCl (aq) 2 KCl + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) DR
o) 2 AgNO
3
(aq) + BaCl
2
(aq) 2 AgCl (s) + Ba(NO
3
)
2
(aq) DR
p) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 NH
4
Cl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g) DR
q) Li (s) + O
2
(g) Li
2
O (s) C
r) C
2
H
6
(g) + 7/2 O
2
(g) 2 CO
2
(g) + 3 H
2
O (l) B
s) HgO (s) + heat Hg (s) + O
2
(g) D
t) CaI
2
(aq) + Br
2
(l) CaBr
2
(aq) + I
2
(s) SR
End of unit exercises:
1. Complete and balance the following equation and classify as: combination (C), decomposition (D),
burning of organic compound (B), single replacement (SR) or double replacement (DR).
u) BaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 HCl (aq) DR
v) NH
4
NO
3
(aq) + NaOH (aq) NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + NH
3
(g) DR
w) Ca(CH
3
CO
2
)
2
(s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + 2 CH
3
CO
2
H (aq) DR
x) Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g) DR
y) 3 KOH (aq) + H
3
PO
4
(aq) 3 H
2
O (l) + K
3
PO
4
(aq) DR
z) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) DR
aa) Mg (s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) H
2
(g) + MgSO
4
(s) SR
bb) MgO (s) + H
2
O (l) + heat Mg(OH)
2
(aq) C
cc) NaCl (s) + heat Na (s) + Cl
2
(g) D
dd) 2 H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 Mg(s) Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
(aq) + 3 H
2
(g) SR
ee) N
2
O
5
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l) 2 HNO
3
(aq) C
ff ) P
4
O
6
(s) + 6 H
2
O (l) 4 H
3
PO
4
(aq) C
gg) Cl
2
(aq) + CaBr
2
(aq) Br
2
(aq) + CaCl
2
(aq) SR
hh) Na
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l) 2 NaOH (aq) C
ii) Al (s) + 3 HCl (aq) AlCl
3
(aq) + 3/2 H
2
(g) SR
jj) CaCO
3
+ heat Ca (s) + CO
2
(g) D
2. Write the CME, CIE & NIE for the following reactions (all soluble reactants are in aq. solutions).
a) Sulphuric acid with barium hydroxide
CME H
2
SO
4
(aq) + Ba(OH)
2
BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + Ba
2+
(aq) + 2 OH

(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + Ba
2+
(aq) + 2 OH

(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)
b)Barium chloride & sodium sulfate
CME BaCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
CIE Ba
2+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq)
NIE Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
c) Sodium carbonate & nitric acid
CME Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2 HNO
3
(aq) 2 NaNO
3
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 Na
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 NO
3
-
(aq) 2 Na
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
NIE CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
d) Silver nitrate & ammonium chloride
CME AgNO
3
(aq) + NH
4
Cl (aq) AgCl (s) + NH
4
Cl (aq)
CIE Ag
+
(aq) + NO
3
-
(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) AgCl (s) + NH
4
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
NIE Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) AgCl (s)
e) Ammonium hydroxide & sulphuric acid
CME 2 NH
4
OH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
CIE 2 NH
4
+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) 2 NH
4
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
NIE 2 OH
-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq)) 2 H
2
O (l)
End of unit exercises:
f ) Aluminum hydroxide & perchloric acid
CME Al(OH)
3
(aq) + 3 HClO
4
(aq) Al(ClO
4
)
3
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
CIE Al
3+
(aq) + 3 OH
-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) + 3 ClO
4
-
(aq) Al
3+
(aq) + 3 ClO
4
-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
NIE 3 OH
-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) 3 H
2
O (l)
g) Potassium carbonate & strontium chloride
CME K
2
CO
3
(aq) + SrCl
2
(aq) 2 KCl (aq) + SrCO
3
(s)
CIE 2 K
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + Sr
2+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) 2 K
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + SrCO
3
(s)
NIE CO
3
2-
(aq) + Sr
2+
(aq) SrCO
3
(s)
h) Aluminum & hydrochloric acid
CME Al (s) + 3 HCl (aq) AlCl
3
(aq) + 3/2 H
2
(g)
CIE Al (s) + 3 H
+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) Al
3+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) + 3/2 H
2
(g)
NIE Al (s) + 3 H
+
(aq) Al
3+
(aq) + 3/2 H
2
(g)
i) Potassium acetate & sulphuric acid
CME 2 KOAc (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 HOAc (aq)
CIE 2 K
+
(aq) + 2 AcO
-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) 2 K
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 AcO
-
(aq)
NIE 2 AcO
-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) 2 HOAc (aq)
j) Calcium sulfite & sodium hydroxide
CME CaSO
3
(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Ca(OH)
2
(s) + Na
2
SO
3
(aq)
CIE Ca
2+
(aq) + SO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) Ca(OH)
2
(s) + 2 Na
+
(aq) + SO
3
2-
(aq)
NIE Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) Ca(OH)
2
(s)
End of unit exercises:
k) Magnesium metal & sulphuric acid
CME Mg (s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
CIE Mg (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) + H
2
(g)
NIE Mg (s) + 2 H
+
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
l) Potassium carbonate & hydrochloric acid
CME K
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 KCl (aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
CIE 2 K
+
(aq) + CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) 2 K
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
NIE CO
3
2-
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
m) Aluminum metal with calcium hydroxide [skip this question]
CME
CIE
NIE
n) Phosphoric acid & potassium hydroxide
CME H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 KOH (aq) K
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
CIE 3 H
+
(aq) + PO
4
3-
(aq) + 3 K
+
(aq) + 3 OH
-
(aq) 3 K
+
(aq) + PO
4
3-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O (l)
NIE 3 H
+
(aq) + 3 OH
-
(aq) 3 H
2
O (l)
o) Potassium hydroxide with ammonium bromide
CME KOH (aq) + NH
4
Br (aq) KBr (aq) + H
2
O (l) + NH
3
(g)
CIE K
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) + Br
-
(aq) K
+
(aq) + Br
-
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + NH
3
(g)
NIE OH
-
(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) H
2
O (l) + NH
3
(g)
End of unit exercises:
3. Sodium metal reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form compound A, compound A reacts with water
to give compound B, compound B reacts with carbon dioxide to give compound C and water,
compound C reacts with barium chloride to give solid D and NaCl and solid D reacts with
hydrochloric acid to give water, compound E and barium chloride. Identify A, B, C, D, E and write the
equation for each reaction.
Na (s) + O
2
(g) Na
2
O (s) [A]
Na
2
O (s) + H
2
O (l) 2 NaOH (aq) [B]
NaOH(aq) + CO
2
(g) NaHCO
3
(aq) [C]
2 NaHCO
3
(aq) + BaCl2 (aq)2 NaCl (s) + Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(s) [D]
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(s) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 H
2
O (l) + BaCl
2
(aq) + 2 CO
2
(g) [E]
End of unit exercises:
4. How would calcium oxide react with:
a) Water CaO(s) + H
2
O (l) Ca(OH)
2
(aq)
b) Sulfuric acid CaO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CaSO
4
(s) + H
2
O (l)
c) How would the product in 4a) react with:
i) Hydrochloric acid Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (aq)
ii) Carbon dioxide Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) CaCO
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
iii) Ammonium chloride Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 NH
4
Cl (aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + 2 NH
3
(g) + 2 H
2
O (l)
5. Write the equation for the reaction of each of the following elements with oxygen.
a) Barium Ba (s) + O
2
(g) BaO (s)
b) Sulphur S (s) + O
2
(g) SO
2
(g)
S (s) + 3/2 O
2
(g) SO
3
(g)
6. Write the equation for the reaction of the products of 5) with water.
a) Barium BaO(s) + H
2
O (l) Ba(OH)
2
(aq)
b) Sulphur SO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
3
(aq)
SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
4
(aq)
7. How would the products of 6) react with sodium hydroxide?
a) Barium Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + NaOH (aq) no reaction
b) Sulphur H
2
SO
2
(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Na
2
SO
3
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq)Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
End of unit exercises:
8. How would the products of 6) react with hydrochloric acid?
a) Barium BaO(s) + 2 HCl (aq) ?
BaO(s) + H
2
O (l) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) [1
st
step]
Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 HCl (aq)BaCl
2
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l) [2
nd
step]
b) Sulphur SO
2
(g) + HCl (aq) ?
SO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
3
(aq) [1
st
step]
H
2
SO
3
(aq) + HCl (aq) no reaction
SO
3
(g) + HCl (aq) ?
SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (aq) H
2
SO
4
(aq) [1
st
step]
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + HCl (aq) no reaction
9. How would the products of 6) react with sodium carbonate?
a) Barium BaO(s) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) ?
BaO(s) + H
2
O (l) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) [1
st
step]
Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO (aq) no reaction
b) Sulphur SO
2
(g) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) ?
SO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
3
(aq) [1
st
step]
H
2
SO
3
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) Na
2
SO
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
SO
3
(g) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) ?
SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (aq) H
2
SO
4
(aq) [1
st
step]
H
2
SO
4
(g) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O (l) + CO
2
(g)
10. Give the balanced equations for the reaction of sodium with each of the following:
a) Hydrogen: Na (s) + H
2
(g) NaH (s)
b) Oxygen: 2 Na (s) + O
2
(g) Na
2
O (s)
c) Bromine: 2 Na (s) + Br
2
(l) 2 NaBr (s)
d) Water: Na (s) + H
2
O (l) NaOH (aq) + H
2
(g)
End of unit exercises:
11. What would you expect to happen if you added concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to a
solution of aluminum chloride?
Formation of a precipitate: NaOH (aq) + AlCl
3
(aq) NaCl (aq) + Al(OH)
3
(s)
12. Write the CME, CIE and NIE for the following:
a) Aqueous NaOH is added to AlCl
3
until a white precipitate appears
b) Excess NaOH is added to the precipitate from a) until the precipitate disappears
a) CME: 3 NaOH (aq) + AlCl
3
(aq) 3 NaCl (aq) + Al(OH)
3
(s)
CIE: 3 Na
+
(aq) + 3 OH
-
(aq) + Al
3+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) 3 Na
+
(aq) + 3 Cl
-
(aq) + Al(OH)
3
(s)
NIE: 3 OH
-
(aq) + Al
3+
(aq) Al(OH)
3
(s)
b) CME: NaOH (aq) + Al(OH)
3
(aq) NaAl(OH)
4
(aq)
CIE: Na
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) + Al(OH)
3
(s) Na
+
(aq) + Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)
NIE: OH
-
(aq) + Al(OH)
3
(s) Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)
13. For the following elements: Sulphur, chlorine, phosphorus, potassium, carbon, aluminum
a)Write the formula of its oxide. List only the highest oxidation state oxides (the one with the most
oxygens), b)Classify each oxide as acidic, basic or amphoteric.
a) b)
SO
3
acidic
Cl
2
O
7
acidic
P
4
O
10
acidic
K
2
O basic
CO
2
acidic
Al
2
O
3
amphoteric (acidic or basic)
End of unit exercises:
14. Predict whether a reaction will happen or not. If a reaction occurs, complete & balance the
equation.
a) 2 NaOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
b) H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) H
2
O (l)
c) C
5
H
12
(l) + 8 O
2
(g) 5 CO
2
(g) + 6 H
2
O (l)
d) H
2
O (l) (electrolysis) H
2
(aq) + O
2
(g)
e) Al (s) + KCl (aq) no reaction
f ) K (s) + Cl
2
(g) KCl (s)
g) AgF (aq) + Cu(ClO
3
)
2
(aq) no reaction
h) AlBr
3
(aq) + (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
(aq) AlPO
4
(s) + 3 NH
4
Br (aq)
i) F
2
(g) + 2 KBr (aq) Br
2
(l) + 2 KF (aq)
End of unit exercises: