Session 1

Petroleum Exploration-
Global and National perspective

P.K.Bhowmick, E.D. COED,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Mumbai
17-Sep-13 1
A GLOBAL & NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON
PETROLEUM
CONTENTS
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
SOME BASICS ABOUT PETROLEUM
WORLD AND
INDIA INCLUDING SOME SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES
ABOUT INDIAS OIL SEARCH
ENERGY IMPERITIVES INCLUDING OIL PRICE VOLATILITY
INTERNATIONAL OIL AND GAS SCENARIO
INCLUDING DEEPWATER
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CONTENTS
ONGCS INTERNATIONAL FORAY
BRIEF ON INDIAS OIL AND GAS SCENARIO
PETROLIFEOUS BASINS ALONG INDIAS
WESTERN CONTINENTAL MARGIN
PETROLIFEOUS BASINS ALONG INDIAS
EASTERN CONTINENTAL MARGIN
UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON ENERGY
IN INDIA
SOME BASICS ABOUT PETROLEUM
Crude oil, Generation, migration and Entrapment of Petroleum
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What is crude oil?
A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and
solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's
surface.
This is separated into fractions which include- Natural gas,
Gasoline, Diesal, Naphtha, Kerosene, Fuel and lubricating oils,
Paraffin wax, and Asphalt
It is also is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative
products.
Also called petroleum, and is derived from the Greek words petro
which means rocks, and oleumwhich means oil.
Historically petroleum was known under different names such as
rock pitch, rock oil, naphtha, earth oil, Sicilian oil etc.
17-Sep-13 5 A GLOBAL & NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON PETROLEUM
Generation, migration and
entrapment of petroleum
The source rock for oil and gas is usually a shale - a fine
grained rock derived from mud . It is usually rich in
organic content derived from plant or animal remains.
Under conditions of an un-oxidizing environment under
intense heat, the process of generation of oil and gas
takes place. This usually takes millions of years to form .
The oil and gas generated migratedriven by buoyancy
through carrier beds or faults to a reservoir.
Generation, migration and
entrapment of petroleum
A reservoir is a porus rock , and can either be a sandstone,
limestone, conglomerate, a fractured rock including granite or
basalt.
A trap or a place oil/ gas get entrapped may be an anticlinal
feature, a faulted trap or a stratigrapic feature.
For the hydrocarbons to accumulate and not migrate further,
there needs to be seal or cap rock, which is usually shale.
Hydrocarbon accumulation styles
Tectonic setting of worlds giant oil
and gas fields
Search and production of oil and gas
Since most of the oil and gas occurrence occur below the ground, no prior
information was there regarding the exact location of such a pool. Drilling
of a well in the earlier days was fraught with inherent risks. Occurrence of
surface seeps, geochemical anomalies were the first direct indicators that
oil and gas could possibly there underground.
The first knowledge that one requires to know whether an area was
prospective, is
whether a sedimentary basin existed,
the thickness of the said basin
whether the said basin was capable of generating hydrocarbons,
the presence of traps where hydrocarbons could possibly acquire,
the presence or absence of source rocks,
Search and production of oil and gas
Geological mapping in the very early stages of the surface
outcrops and its projecting the rock units to the subsurface
for deciphering the structure at the sub-surface was one of
earliest methods in the search for oil and gas traps.
Geophysical methods like gravity, magnetic helped in
identifying the depths to the basement and likely
sedimentary thickness. Seismic methods- which comprises of
bouncing of a sound wave from a subsurface, and knowing its
position from the time travelled. Recent advances in
geophysics which include 3D-3C has made it possible to know
the reservoir distribution and also fluid distribution
Some requisites for hydrocarbon exploration
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Geological map
Cross section
Sediment thickness
Type of fill
Sequence stratigraphic
model
Subsidence history
Surface & subsurface seeps
Organic richness of sediments
Thermal history
Identification of maturation
window
Identification of reservoir facies
Seal integrity
Possible traps
Migration paths
Some pre-drilling inputs in the search
for oil and gas
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Geological
Geophysical
Geochemical
Geo-botanical
Prospecting
Geological mapping &
traversing
Gravity, Magnetic & Seismic
Microbial survey
Some basic knowledge required for
Petroleum Exploration
Identification of reservoir facies- including the type of litho-facies,
assessment of their porosity (to calculate the volume of in situ
hydrocarbons) and permeability (to calculate how easily hydrocarbons will
flow out of them). post depositional diagenetic changes, depositional
environment and geometry.
1. Some of the key disciplines used in reservoir analysis are Stratigraphy,
sedimentology, reservoir engineering and Formation evaluation using wire
line tools.
2. Seismic attributes of subsurface rocks generated through seismic data
processing are used to infer physical / sedimentary properties of the
rocks.
Seal integrity
Possible traps
Migration paths
Processed wire-line logs for
identification of oil and gas
A typical seismic section showing the
different sequences
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Historical perspective on the
occurrence of oil
Petroleum and combustible natural gas have been known since antiquity.
Petroleum and natural gas have readily been found escaping from rocks in
many places all over the world.
Commercial petroleum production started more than 100 years ago.
Hippocrates, the ancient Greek Scholar and Physician (4th 5th Century
BC) ascribed medicinal preparations to petroleum.
The first factual reference is said to have appeared in the diary of a
Chinese traveler regarding the petroleum in Burma towards the end of
the 13th Century.
occurrence of oil
The city of Babylon, in the (6th-7th Century BC) was enclosed by a wall
which was built with asphalt brought from the Red Sea region and a
mortar.
Historians, who described the expeditions of Alexander in (4th Century
BC), mention about petroleum springs on the coast of the CaspianSea and
on the banks of the Oxus River. At an unfamiliar bright lamp called
CHIRAK in his tent, Alexander was told that it burnt with grease, a liquid
substance, which the natives called it as Naphthaor Earths Fat.
occurrence of oil
These emissions of combustible gases were the object of the religious
adoration on the part of fire worshippers.
Greek Fire, which was a inflammable mixture of petroleum, sulphur and
saltpeter, was used in warfare. It could burn even on water.
Camels carried Petroleum about a thousand years ago
Before the advent of modern pipeline system, Chinese are known to
have transported petroleum through hollow bamboos to long distances.
The scale of Production by 17th Century (1683 AD) had reached to an
estimation of 12,800 tonnes annually.
The birth of the modern oil industry
The birth of the modern oil Industry took place in the United States
of America.
It was in the 1850s that the grandiose idea of rock oil to be cheap
source of lightening took place in the minds of Silliman, Bissel and
Townsend.
Edwin Drake or the Colonel Drake acquired land in Titusville,
Pennsylvania. He drilled the first oil well in 1859. The oil was
pumped out. It was two years later the first well that flowed was
drilled in 1861.
Production of crude oil which was 450000 barrels in 1860 went up
to 3 million barrels in in 1862.
It was on 1865 that John D Rockeller formed the Standard Oil
Company , and the refining and search for oil was regulated.
The Russian oil debut started in the Baku region in the years 1871-
72, by Robert Nobel.
Significant milestones in Indias oil
search
1866- Mr. Goodenough of Mckillop Steward Co. drilled a
well near Jaypore in Upper Assam, and struck oil.
1889- Digboi discovery in Upper Assam near the same area
In the 1950s- search for oil was a marginal success, with
the discovery of the Naharkotiya and Moran field in 1953
and 1956 respectively in Upper Assam by OIL India.
search
Rapid strides in the search for oil and gas in the country with the setting
up of a public sector oil company, ONGC in 1956, A number of oil and gas
fields were discovered by ONGC since its inception.
Some significant milestones since the companies set up were:
The first oil and gas strike other than Assam in Lunej-1 discovery in Cambay
Basin in 1958, and the first significant discovery was made with the
Ankalesvar discovery in 1960
search
As of date even petroliferous basins (Cambay, Rajasthan, Bombay
Offshore, Upper Assam- Assam Arakan Fold Belt, Krishna-Godavari,
Cauvery and Mahanadi) have so far been discovered. The exploratory
efforts have roughly added 6 MMt (50 billion barrels) in-place volumes of
oil and oil equivalent hydrocarbons in place out of the 27 MMt (200 billion
barrels) prognoses for different sedimentary basins.
The major exploratory inputs have put in 3 basins, namely Cambay, Upper
Assam and Mumbai Offshore, which today could be considered mature
basins, with roughly 45% of the prognosis already converted.
ENERGY IMPERATIVES
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Why India requires more energy?
Rising population: More people mean more energy
consumption. The world population has crossed the 6
billion threshold, and is growing at the rate 0.9% every
year.
India with 1.21 billion people is currently is second largest
country in terms of population. In 1947, when India gained
independence, the population was around 350 million, since
then the population has more than tripled.
Demographers expect India's population to surpass the
population of China, currently the most populous country in the
world, by 2030. At that time, India is expected to have a
population of more than 1.53 billion while China's population is
forecast to be at its peak of 1.46 billion (and will begin to drop
in subsequent years).- source Matt Rosenburg in about.com guide April 01, 2011
Why India requires more energy?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP ) increase i.e.
economic development in general triggers an
increase in energy demand. Global GDP growth is
likely to accelerate, driven by low and medium
income economies.
GDP growth world over is projected to rise over the
next 20years, to 3.7% p.a. from 3.2% p.a. between
1990 and 2010.
Indias GDP is currently growing at the rate of 9% per
year, and this may be higher in the coming years.
Increasing GDP means acceleratied growth of per
capita income
Usage and demand patterns of different energy resources
28
Usage and demand patterns of
different energy resources worldwide
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COMPONENTWISE GROWTH IN
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Income vs. Energy consumption
Total Energy consumption by type.
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2012
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Country wise Energy Consumption by type.
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2012
33
Indias demand and supply for crude
oil. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Indias demand and supply for
natural gas. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Reserves distribution of worlds proved oil at end 2011
(Source : BP statistical review of world energy 2011-12).
36
Rest of
world
Oil Reserves in different countries-
Source BP statistical review of World Energy 2013
Oil production in different regions of the world in
million tonnes-
BP statistical review of world energy 2013
Reserves, Production and Consumption of
oil in different parts of the world
Implications of the reserve distribution
The Middle East led by Saudi Arabia holds
44%, Venezuela hold around 20% (mostly
heavy oil), and the Russian Federation and
Canada are the other countries holding
significant amount of the worlds proved oil
reserves
94% of the worlds known oil comes from
1,311 known major and giant oil & gas fields.
Implications of the reserve distribution
120 such giant fields provide 47% of the worlds
production, with the largest fourteen
contributing as much as 20% (Matt Simmons). 36
of these fields, which were found more than forty
years ago, contribute as much as 21% whereas
the 12 found over the past decade provide only
2%. Most of the oil production coming from
these giants has peaked.
Discoveries in the recent years have tended to
become smaller and smaller, though in terms of
numbers has continued to increase during the
1970-2000 period.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013
BP 2013
Oil consumption per capita 2012 in tonnes -- Source BP statistical review of World Energy
2013
BP 2013
Source: Includes data fromCedigaz.
Gas consumption per capita 2013
Tonnes oil equivalent
World Production vs. Consumption
Source: BP statistical Review of World Energy 2012
BP 2013
Crude oil prices 1861-2012
US dollars per barrel, world events
OIL PRICE VOLATILITY
Increase in oil prices inadvertently affects the
GDP and economy of the countries.
During 2008 world witnessed the growth in
the prices of crude oil reaching a new high
threatening the world economy at large.
Increase and decrease in the oil price effects
the world economy. This makes it necessary
to study its impact on the world economy.
OIL PRICE VOLATILITY
Oil prices are the source of major
developments in the world economy that can
trigger inflation and recession as in 1974 and
1979 which resulted in slowdown of world
economy.
Recent surge in the oil prices occurred at the
time when there was absolutely no shortage
of oil at all.
Reasons for the volatility of crude oil
prices
Volatility of the US dollar.
Rapid development of China and India, forcing the
industry to extract and refine more oil from the
reserves.
Global demands rising to 2.7 million barrels per day
during 2004, highest since 1976 forcing the oil
producing nations to produce more crude oil in
order to meet the demands.
prices
Drastic decline in the oil production of OPEC
countries leading to demand/supply
imbalance, and is the main causative for
increase in crude oil price touching $140 per
barrel.(Hiromi Kato, 2005).
Speculative investments by financial investors.
prices
Iran - Iraq war.
Great depression,
Venezuela crisis,
Gulf Hurricane,.
US occupation of Iraq,
United States energy policy for post Embargo
period leading to rapid increase in crude
prices from 1973 to 1981.
prices
Saudi Arabia being attacked by terrorist temporarily
affecting oil supplies,
The crude oil prices plummeted due to 9/11 attack
which weakened the US economy and resulted in the
reduction of quota by 1.5 million barrels per day. The
figure explains the factors resulting in volatility of
crude oil prices increasing from below $30 per barrel
to $60 per barrel during 2005-06.(www.wtrg.com)
Arab Spring revolution
Discovery trend of Reserves
Decreasing trend in volumes
found from the early 60s (peak)
to the early 90s.
Slight increasing trend over the
last decade.
Production exceeds discoveries
for last ca. 20 years
Are these numbers consistent?
Reversal in discovery decline
largely due to the deepwater
exploration theme will this
continue.
Is Kashgan unique or there are
other supergiants
Are the peak years of 99 and 00
anomalous?
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INTERNATIONAL OIL AND GAS
SCENARIO
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF OIL
PRODUCERS
OIL AND GAS GIANTS
Green represents oil fields, and red represents gas fields. (After Horn, 2004)
GLOBAL MAP OF GEOLOGIC AGE OF
THE RESERVOIRS IN GIANT FIELDS.
MIDDLE EAST OIL AND GAS FIELDS
WEST SIBERIA OIL AND GAS FIELDS
AFRICAN W.COAST, S.AMERICAN EAST
COAST AND CASPIAN SEA.
African West Coast and S.
American East Coast fields
Caspian Sea Basins
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Some lease blocks in Australia
60
Yet to Find Oil in the Arctic Region
Data Courtesy of Don Gautier, USGS
61
DEEP WATER BASINS
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Deepwater Basins Successes and
Failures
Most of the deep water
successes are
concentrated around 3
regions in the world.
These are :
1. Gulf of Mexico
2. Offshore Brazil and
3. The African West Coast
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CHRONOLOGY OF DEEP WATER
EVENTS
YET TO FIND HC POTENTIAL IN DEEP
WATER
DEEP WATER BASINS IN BRAZIL
Exploration in
offshore Brazil is
centered around
three Basins:
Santos,
Campos and
Espirito Santos Basin.
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DEEP WATER BASINS IN BRAZIL
A salt layer overlie parts of each basin, and can vary from 656
ft. (200m) to 6562 ft. (2000m). Reserves in offshore Brazil are
characterized by their location relative to the salt deposits.
Reserves that exist above the salt are referred to as post-salt;
those existing below the salt are defined as pre-salt.
Post-salt: Brazils post-salt reservoirs are generally found in sandstone,
formations, but may also exist in carbonates. Most of the discoveries in
Brazil have been made in the post-salt geological layer of the Campos
Basin, where heavy oil predominates.
Pre-salt: Brazils pre-salt reserves are found in carbonate formations and
can be buried below as much as 6,500 ft (2,000 m) of salt. Although the
pre-salt potential is great, along with the tremendous opportunitiesare a
host of new, complex challenges that must be addressed
GULF OF MEXICO
Having produced over four billion barrels of oil in the past
eight years, the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico remains one
of the world's most prolific producing areas. Masked by
huge sheets of subsurface salt, the Gulfs deepwater
Miocene and Lower Tertiary trends place extreme
requirements on all aspects of well operations.
Production in the deepwater province in GOM is centered
in turbidite sands recently deposited from the Mississippi
delta and carbonates within large anticlinal structures(
>500M vertical closures) forming supergiant hydrocarbon
reserves. However, most of the deep and ultra-deep water
GOM is covered by the Sigsbee salt sheet that forms a
large, near-surface moonscapeculminating at the edge
of the continental slope in an 800 meter high escarpment
A MAP SHOWING GAS PRODUCERS IN OFFSHORE FIELDS IN THE
GULF OF MEXICO ADJOINING THE LOWER 48 STATES OF USA.
Source EIA, 2000
GULF OF MEXICO
Gulf's most significant projects are
Atlantis (BP): Field was discovered in the late 1990s, after
confirmation by drilling several 18,000 foot wells. The field is
situated in water depths of a little more than 6,000 feet deep.
Production commenced in 2007, and is expected to reach
200,000 barrels per day and 180 million cubic feet per day.
Thunder Horse (BP): involved considerably more engineering
complexity, and had to deal with the damage fallout from the
passing of Hurricane Dennis in 2005. The project took 20 years
to transition from its initial lease to first production. Now, the
field is expected to operate for about 25 years,.
Tahiti (Chevron ): First discovered in 2003, the field entered
production in 2009. Contains some of the richest oil
accumulations in the Gulf of Mexico, with one well
encountering more than 1,000 feet in net pay of hydrocarbon
sands.
WEST COAST AFRICA DEEP WATER
DEEP WATERS OFF WEST COAST OF
AFRICA
More prolific than deep waters of the coast of Brazil
The basic play ingredients
1. An abundance of rich, commonly oil-prone source rocks,
2. The frequent presence of thick clean sands,
3. Young structuring and
4. On going hydrocarbons generation.
Of these four factors, the most important is the regional development of source
rocks throughout much of the target succession (Schiefelbein et al., 1999).
The result is that oil is invariably generated wherever there issufficient
sedimentary loading, for example beneath a river delta, for maturity. This diversity
and regional spread of sources are only repeated in Brazil and in parts of the
Middle East and the Gulf of Mexico.
Unlike West Africa, the geographical spread of mature sources in Brazil is less
widespread.
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIERONMENT OF
DEEP WATER PLAYS
The Geology Is Becoming Better Understood .. but
Surprises Have Occurred
OTHER KEY ISSUES
Improved Geological Models for structural and reservoir
facies prediction
Channelized levee complexes of slope pass into thin-bedded unconstrained
fans (resource density)
Presence and distribution of pre and syn-rift reservoirs and source highly
dependent on the structural model for break-up.
Source maturation limit, thinning sediment wedge vs. reduced thermal
transience
Reservoir deliverability for viscous oil where deep burial is required to mature
source.
Radiogenic heat input diminishes as continental crust thins: zero from oceanic
crust.
Transportation distance for terriginous derived source material as biogenic
feedstock
OTHER KEY ISSUES
Inadequate seismic resolution in conventional 3D seismic
surveys
With only few drilled wells up to deeper depths and poor
seismic data, many structural and lithological uncertainties
remain
Seismic data below volcanic horizons are of low frequency
and contaminated with remnant multiple noise, making
characterization of key reservoirs uncertainties
Amplitude analysis of reservoirs becomes inappropriate
most of the times in lithology prediction and lack of proper
fluid response in both consolidated/unconsolidated mainly
clay dominated lithofacies
OTHER KEY ISSUES
Understanding the Petroleum System in ultra-deep water regions
Reservoir characterization- Dynamic reservoir modeling, Reservoir size
uncertainties, Compartmentalization due to faults & facies
Geographic location of deep basin reservoirs(turbidite channels & fans) in increased
water depths(2500m) involving complex drilling programs using high cost Rigs.
Ultra Deepwater up to 14000ft .
Shallow hazards
Shortage of Rig Availability and Critical reasons
Multi-string casing programmes
Deep wells up to 25000 ft TVD
HPHT and Well Control
Reservoir pressure can be extremely high
High drilling +Completing Cost
OTHER KEY ISSUES
Small Accumulation Production
Infrastructure in place
Deepwater production Risers
Flow Assurance
Subsea processing
Deep extended Reach, Long Horizontal &
Intelligent Wells
Water Management
SOME EXPLORATION PLAY MODELS IN
DEEP WATERS
ONGCS INTERNATIONAL FORAY
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ONGC VIDESHS PROJECTS
ONGC VIDESHS PROJECTS
Producing Assets Exploration Assets
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A BRIEF ON THE WELL EXPLORED , MODERATELY
EXPLORED AND THE FRONTIER BASINS OF INDIA
81
The Indian Sedimentary Basins
82
Indian Sedimentary Basins
1. A total of 26 sedimentary
basins exist.
2. 6 Basins are proven to have
commercial productivity.
3. Kutch which have proven
commercial reserves are
shortly to come on
production.
4. Andaman-Nicobar Basin is
under active exploration.
5. Vindhyan , Kerala-Konkan,
Himalayan Foreland, Ganga
and Bengal have given some
hydrocarbon indications.
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Basin categorization
Category Basins
I
(PROVEN
COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTIVITY)
1.Cambay, 2.Assam Shelf- Assam Arakan Fold belt, 3. Bombay
offshore, 4. Krishna Godavari, 5. Cauvery, and 6. Rajasthan
II
(IDENTIFIED
PROSPECTIVITY)
1. Kutch, 2. Mahanadi and 3. Andaman-Nicobar
III
(PROSPECTIVE
BASINS)
1. Himalayan Foreland, 2. Ganga, 3. Vindhyan, 4. Kerala-Konkan-
Lakshadweep and 5. Bengal
IV
(POTENTIALLY
PROSPECTIV
E)
Karewa, Spiti-Zanskar, Satpura-South Rewa-Damodar, Narmada,
Decan Syneclise, Bhima-Kaladgi, Cuddapah, Pranhita-Godavari,
Bastar and Chattisgarh
Indian sedimentary Basins
Area wise distribution of
different categories of Basins
Exploration status of Indian
basins
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Source DGH, Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production activities, 2010-11
Pre-NELP & NELP exploration blocks under
operation by NOCS & Private/JV COMPANIES
PETROLIFEROUS BASINS ALONG THE
WESTERN CONTINENTAL MARGIN.
Rajasthan Basins- Bikaner-Nagaur, Jaisalmer, and Barmer.Kutch Basin,
Cambay Basin, Mumbai Basin and Kerala-Konkan Basin
87
Rajasthan Basins
Forms the eastern flank of Indus
geosyncline and comprises the
sedimentary tract to the west
and northwest of Aravallis upto
Indo-Pakistan border. This peri-
cratonic basin also forms a part of
the great Thar Desert.
Three Basins comprise the
Rajasthan Basins, viz. Bikaner
Nagaur, Jaisalmer and Barmer
Sanchor.
Total Basinal area: 1,26,000 Sq.
km with average depth of
sediments to the tune of 5000 m
plus.
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Stratigraphy of Rajasthan Basins
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The Western Rajasthan
Shelf forms an integral
part of Indus Basin,
originated during Pre-
Cambrian period. The
sediments range in age
from Late Proterozoic
to Recent with
intermittent
transgressions and
regressions
Bikaner-Nagaur Basin
Paleozoic intra-cratonic? Basin. Areal extension -
around 70,000 sq. km . The Pokhran High separates
the Bikaner-Nagaur Sub-basin from Jaisalmer Sub-
basin.
Heavy oil found from Infra-Cambrian sediments in
well Baghewala-1 (Oil India- 1991). Inplace resource
of 94 MMt.
Oil India enters into an agreement with Venezuelan
Company PDVSA for the exploitation of proved in-
place Heavy Oil Resource of 25 million tonnes and
Bitumen Reserves of 53 million tonnes.
Trial production heavy oil initiated since September
2009.
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Riaz et al. 2003
Jaisalmer Basin
Jaisalmer Basin has an aerial extent of 45,000 sq. km.
It is primarily a Palaeozoic peri-cratonic basin
The basin is subdivided into Shahgarh Depression ,
Kishangarh Shelf, and Miajlar Depression.
Reservoirs are the Baisakhi-Bedesir, Pariwar, Goru,
Sanu and Khuiala formation sandstones and Fractured
limestone of the Jaisalmer Formation, Lower Bandah
Limestone / Khuiala Limestone
The source rocks are the Lower Goru, Pariwar, Sembar
/ Bedesir - Baisakhi Shales , Karampur/Badhaura
Formation Shales, Bilara Shales and Dolomites
Jaisalmer Basin
Discovered gas fields include Manhera Tibba, Ghotaru
Extn-1, Bhakriwala, Chinnewala Tibba (ONGC
discoveries) and Tanot-Dandewala (Oil India Ltd).
anhera Tibba produces gas @50,000 SCMD, and Tanot-
Dandewala produces gas @7,20,000 SCMD.
Optimum production of lean gas reserves is
anticipated by blending with high calorific gas from
Jaisalmer Basin or additional production of high quality
gas from Shahgarh Sub-Basin.
This gas is being supplied to the Ramgarh Power Plant
The Barmer-Cambay-Bombay mega
rift
Barmer Basin
Northern part of the Barmer-Cambay-
Bombay rift system.
The Devikot-Nachna Uplift with
Fatehgarh Fault marks the northern
limit and theTharad Ridge marking its
southern limit.
The Sarnu Hill Fault divides Barmer-
Sanchor Sub-basin into Barmer
Depression in the north and Sanchor
Depression in the south
A total of 480 million tonnes oil in-
place reserves (3.5 Billion Barrels) has
been proved in 25 discovered fields of
Barmer-Sanchore Block.
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Barmer Basin
Major Fields discovered include Mangla
Bhagyam, Shakti, Aishwarya.
Commercial production of oil has commenced
from 29th August, 2009;Out of these,
commercial production has commenced from
29.08.2009 from the Mangla field.
Cambay Basin
Intra-cratonic rift basin.
One of the significant crude oil and
natural gas producing areas.
Exploratory drilling started in the
year 1958, and the first discovery
well Lunej-1 gave oil and gas. The
first significant oil and gas
discovery was the field
Ankaleshwar which was discovered
in 1960.
So far more than 4500 wells have
been drilled in the basin and more
than 66 oil and gas fields have been
discovered.
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Cambay Litho-stratigraphy
Major fields of Cambay Basin
1. Balol-Santhal, Bechraji, N.Kadi, Sobhasan-
S.Sobhasan-West Sobhasan, Limbodra,
S.Kadi- in Mehsana Block,
2. Kalol, Sanand, Jhalora, Ahmedabad, Viraj in
Ahmedabad Block,
3. Cambay in Cambay-Tarapur Block and
4. Nawagam, Dholka, Padra, Hazira,
Ankaleshwar, Gandhar in Ankaleshwar-
Broach Block
Petroleum system- Cambay Basin
Reservoirs: Sandstone/Siltstone of Eocene
/Oligocene age, Miocene sandstones, Olpad
Formation of Palaeocene age and Fractured
Deccan trap volcanics
Source rocks: Palaeocene, Early and Middle
Eocene shale.
Trap: Structural and strati-structural
Cambay Basin
North south geological section
across Cambay Basin
Part of seismic section showing the Half-
Graben structural style in Cambay Basin
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New leads include Hydrocarbons found in shallow reservoirs, permeable
reservoir facies within Olpad Formation of Palaeocene, low amplitude
structures
The Western Offshore Basins
Three basins from north to south
Kutch Basin having a total basinal area of 71,000 sq
kms, and occurring both onshore and offshore, bound
by the Nagar Parker Fault in the North and Saurashtra
Arch in the south.
Mumbai Offshore Basin having a basinal area of
116,000 Sq.Km bound by the Saurashtra Craton in the
North, and the Vengurla Arch in the south.
Kerala-Konkan Basin occuring south of the Vengurla
arch and extending south till the southern tip of the
Indian Peninsula, and having a total basinal area upto
94,000 sq. km
Kutch Basin
Kutch Basin
Situated at the southern edge of the Indus Shelf. It is bounded Nagar-
Parker Fault in the North, Radhanpur-Barmer Arch to the west, and
postulated by many to extend upto the Kathiawar Uplift towards the
South.
The recent drilling of a well in the Saurashtra Arch, where MesozoicGas
bearing sediments were encountered has pushed the southern limit of
the basin towards the Saurashtra Arch.
Hydrocarbon occurrence has been seen in the form of bitumen as surface
seeps.
A total of 5 wells have been drilled in the onshore Banni-2, Nirona-1,
Lakhpat-1, Sanadra-1 and Suthri-1 was drilled. Banni-1 and Nirona-1 was
drilled down to the basement. Well Lakhpat-1 encountered hydrocarbon
shows in the Early Cretaceous sediments in the form of Strong GYF and
cut in the section 1198=1219m.
Geologic cross section across Kutch Basin along
axis of Median High (after S.K.Biswas, 1987)
Kutch Basin
Offshore wells have been relatively successful- e.g. KD-1 producing oil
from the Middle Eocene Limestone, GK-22C-1 producing gas @2,39,000
cu.m/day from the Late Cretaceous Sands , and GK-29-1 well producing
gas from the Early Eocene-Palaeocene marl, GK-28-1 produced oil and gas
from the Late Cretaceous as well as the Paleocene/ Eocene and Miocene
intervals. Delineation of the GK-28 and adjoining GK 42 structure led to
the discovery of commercial gas pool. Hydrocarbon indications have also
been found in other wells, namely K1-!A, GK-33A and GK-17.
It is envisaged that most of the oil and gas have probably migrated from
the Mesozoic section. Occurrence of thick basaltic flows has prevented
the imaging of the Mesozoic below the basalts and building up a geologic
model for successful exploration.
This area holds immense potential as proper imaging could reveal the sub-
surface architecture, thickness of the sediments, facies distribution
Litho-stratigraphy of the Kutch Basin
Mumbai Offshore Basin
Intra-cratonic rift to passive margin bsin.
Exploration started in the early 70s.
Bombay High, the main field discovered 1974-
1975 have as the main pay layered Miocene
carbonates reservoirs developed in a platform
setting over a palaeo-high and surrounded by
lows to the north and south.
The other main fields- Bassein, Panna, Mukta and
Neelam has Middle Eocene limestone as the
main pays.
Mumbai Offshore Basin
Tectonic map of Western Offshore
showing the Mumbai Basin
Oil and gas field map
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Litho-stratigraphy of Mumbai Basin
Cross section showing structural
elements and main petroleum system
of Bombay High (after Rao,1980)
Petroleum System Mumbai Basin
Trap: Structural/ strati-structural,
Reservoirs: Limestone and dolomitic
limestone of Miocene, Oligocene and Eocene
Age. Clastic reservoirs of Early Eocene,
Oligocene and Miocene age. Fractured
volcanics and granites and
Source: Paleocene-Early Eocene shales
Kerala-Konkan-Lakswadeep Basin
The Kerala-Konkan-Lakshwadeep basin covers an area
of about 90,000 sq. kms
The basin originated as a result of Madagascar from
the Indian/ Seychelles plate. It is separated from the
Bombay Basin in the north by the NE-SW trending
Vengurla arch
This basin is relatively unexplored, even though
exploration had begun in the 1970s, though quite a
few wells have been drilled, but with no success
The interesting feature in this basin is the occurrence
of Late Cretaceous reservoirs which had some
indication of hydrocarbons, e.g.CH-1-1
Kerala-Konkan-Lakswadeep Basin
Though there southern part of the basin has
brought out a prominent low west of the Alleppy
Platform, drilling a deep well here recently have
proved the immaturity of Tertiary sediments. 1
Well in 2400 M Water Depth drilled in Cochin
depression. Reservoirs present within Eocene
and younger sequences but devoid of
hydrocarbons No source present.
Mesozoic sediments beneath the Deccan traps is
yet to be explored
PETROLIFEOUS BASINS ALONG THE
EASTERN CONTINENTAL MARGIN OF
INDIA
Cauvery, Palar-Penner, Krishna-Godavari, Mahanadi, Bengal, Assam and
Assam Arakan fold belt
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Cauvery Basin
1
st
phase started in 1964-77 based on
the encouraging results obtained
from the first deep well Karaikal 1
Drilling holiday observed during
1977-1984
Initial strikes in Kovilkallapal,
Narimanam, Nannilam,
Adiyakkamangalam, Kamalapuram
were made after 1984.
The major strikes of Perungalam,
Periyapattinam, Kali, Kuthalam,
Kizhavalur, Ramanavalsai,
Mayiladuthurai, Neyvelli etc during
1996-1999 gave a much needed
boost to the exploratory efforts to
the basin.
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CAUVERY BASIN
GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Reservoirs: Clastic reservoirs
of Cretaceous to Pliocene age,
Deep sea basinal fans,
turbidites, incised valley fills
and Fractured Basement
Source Rocks: Mainly Early
Cretaceous Shale
Traps: Structural/Combination
including rollover anticlines
associated with growth faults
and Stratigraphic Traps
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CAUVERY BASIN
GENERALISED STRATIGRAPHY ESTABLISHED PLAYS
Andimadam Play(Albian & Older) : Poorly
Explored, Established In Canyon Cut
Bhuvanagiri Play (Turonian): Moderately
Explored, Established In Canyon Cut And
Kovilkallapal
Nannilam Play (Cenomanian) : Moderately
Explored, Established In Karaikal High Flank And
Tulsapattinam Areas and In Matturpundi
Kamalapuram Play (Paleocene-Eocene): Well
Explored, Established In Canyon Cut
Neravy Play(Oligocene) : Moderately Explored,
Established Only In Karaikal High (Narimanam
Field)
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CAUVERY BASIN
Rift fills/Syn-rift sequences of Pre Albian and
Albian age in basinal areas.
Late-rift wedges adjoining Paleohighs.
Younger Channel bodies for unconventional
Hydrocarbons such as Shallow gas/Biogenic
gas
KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN
The exploration for
hydrocarbons dates back
to 1958 with geological
field mapping followed by
geophysical surveys both
onland and offshore in
the 1960s.
The first discovery well
onland Narsapur-1 was
drilled in 1979 and the
first offshore discovery
was made in the 1980s
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STRATIGRAPHY KRISHNA GODAVARI
BASIN
Oil and Gas Fields KG Basin
PETROLEUM SYSTEM - KG BASIN
Traps: Structural/Combination : Anticlinal,
fault traps, Rollover anticlines associated with
growth faults, toe thrust plays and
Stratigraphic Traps
Reservoirs: Clastic reservoirs of Cretaceous to
Pliocene age, Deep sea basinal fans, Turbidites
and incised valley fills and Fractured
Basement
Source: Primarily Early Cretaceous shales with
Permian,Late Jurassic and Late Paleocene
sediments and Biogenic source
Established plays in KG Basin
Mandapeta Play - Late Permian to Lower
Triassic
Gollapali and other synrift plays - Jurassic To
Early Cretaceous
Tirupati Play, -Late Cretaceous ,
Nandigama, Ragahvapuram and Kanukollu
Play - Early Cretaceous
NW-SE Seismic section in Kaikalur-
Lingala area- KG Basin
MAHANDI BASIN
On land Basin located in the state of Orissa. The shallow
offshore part of the basin lies off the coast of Andhra Pradesh
and Orissa.
Areal extent - 55,000 Sq. Km. out of which about 14,000 Sq.
Km. lies in the shallow offshore area. Deep water area of the
basin covers a much larger area. The shelf break occurs
approximately along 150m iso-bath.
The prognosticated resource:
Onland around 45 MMt
Shallow offshore basin is about 100 MMt.
Deep possibly holds huge significant additional hydrocarbon potential.
MAHANDI BASIN
Basin limited in the north west and west by Pre-Cambrian
outcrops of the Indian crystalline Shield. Towards northeast, it
merges into North East Coast region (NEC) with Bengal Basin
lying further northeast. The 85
0
E Ridge occurring to the south
of Lake Chilka forms the approximate south-western limit of
the basin.
Subsequent to Late Oligocene / Miocene period, Mahanadi-
NEC area is so greatly influenced by Bengal deltaic
sedimentation system that its north-eastern boundary with
Bengal Basin becomes obscure.
MAHANADI BASIN- TECTONIC SETUP
EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES IN
MAHANADI BASIN
As of 2011, four wells in onshore part (MNO-1 to 4) and seven wells
in Mahanadi shallow offshore (MND-1 to 7) have been drilled,
some of which indicated significant hydrocarbon shows.
In NEC area, two wells viz. BB-A-1R and BB-B-1 were drilled by
Carlsberg, four wells viz. NEC 1,2,3,and 4 were drilled by OIL and in
more recent times 6 more wells have been drilled.
Some of the wells gave very encouraging results. Geochemical
Sniffer Surveys conducted by M/s Interocean of USA revealed a
number of geochemical sniffer anomalies in the shallow offshore
area. An independent comprehensive basin modeling study for the
area also gave encouraging results. These positive observations
indicated the hydrocarbon potential of the basin.
Further drilling by ONGC in the NELP blocks, led to the discovery
several gas pools in the Pleistocene/ Pliocene and Miocene
reservoirs. The gas pools however are of biogenic origin
LITHO-STRATIGRAPHY MAHANADI
BASIN
PETROLEUM SYSTEM MAHANADI
BASIN
Source Rock:
High TOC (upto 9.5%) in the Early Cretaceous of On-Land
Cuttack Graben . Adequate TOC in Paradip Depression (more
than 2% in the Miocene ). Maturation in the Cuttack Graben IS
around 2300 m depth, indicating similar possibilities in the
deeper parts of other depressions in the basin.
There is adequate presence organic matter (TOC 1.5-2.5%) in
the wells drilled in the shallow offshore wells. TOC values of
more than 3% also have been recorded in some samples. The
organic matter within Paleogene sequence of well MND-2 has
reached adequate maturity (Vro of 0.55 at about 2800 m and
0.65 at about 3300 m. In the well MND-7, organic matter within
Paleocene and older sediments appear to be mature. This
observation suggests that better source sediments can be
present in the deeper parts of the basin.
PETROLEUM SYSTEM MAHANADI
BASIN
Reservoir Rocks: Sandstones, inter-trappean sequences with associated
fractured and weathered volcanic flows, good reservoir rocks within Early
Miocene and older sediments. Porous and permeable sandstones and
carbonates within Late Cretaceous, Paleogene and Early Miocene are the
potential reservoirs, Sands within Channel/ Levee complexes of Pliocene
and Pleistocene and Late Oligocene Wedge-outs against the Eocene Hinge
in deep offshore part of the basin. Sandstones, inter-trappean sequences
with associated fractured and weathered volcanic flows, good reservoir
rocks within Early Miocene and older sediments. Porous and permeable
sandstones and carbonates within Late Cretaceous, Palaeogene andEarly
Miocene are the potential reservoirs, Sands within Channel/ Levee
complexes of Pliocene and Pleistocene and Late Oligocene Wedge-outs
against the Eocene Hinge in deep offshore part of the basin.
Cap Rock: Claystone and shale at different stratigraphic levels and in
particular a relatively thick sequence of Miocene comprised of claystones
provides a good regional cap rock for hydrocarbon accumulation
ENVISAGED AND MAPPED PLAYS IN THE SHALLOW AND
DEEP WATERS OF MAHANADI BASIN
MAHANADI BASIN ENTRAPMENT
STYLE
Structural And Fault Related Traps In Syn-Rift Cretaceous
Sediments: Presence of coarse-grained sandstones in the synrift
Cretaceous sequence coupled with availability of source facies
within this sequence can be a very potential situation for hosting
hydrocarbons. The potential traps may be sealed vertically by
Paleocene / Eocene shales. Complex development of this sequence
has brought out diverse potential situations- local faulted
anticlines, fault related structures and positive erosional features
over the Cretaceous surface
Paleocene-Eocene Carbonate Buildups And Sand Bodies:
Carbonate buildups can be envisaged along/over the Eocene hinge.
It is observed that the carbonate bodies show distinctly less
internal reflections in comparison to the surrounding sequences.
Faults within the underlying Cretaceous and Paleocene sequences
can act as effective migration pathways.
The East Coast Deep water Basins
Bengal Mahanadi deep water
basin is separated from KG
deep water basin by 85 E high
trend.
Deep water Cauvery Basin is
relatively less thicker.
Map shows similar relief as
that of basement
The maximum depth at the
low are 9400ms, 9000ms and
8500 ms in offshore Mahanadi-
Bengal, KG and Cauvery
respectively.
85 East ridge complex is more
segmented having discrete
highs.
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ASSAM AND ASSAM-ARAKAN BASIN
The Assam and Assam-Arakan Basin
is situated in the northeastern part of
India categorized as category-I basin.
The basin covers an area of 116000
Sq.Km.
Major tectonic elements of the basin
are:
Assam Shelf
Naga Schuppen belt
Assam-Arakan Fold belt.
Oil exploration in India commenced
with the discovery of the Digboi
oilfield in Upper Assam more than
100 years ago, when, based on
surface oil shows, a well was drilled
on an exposed anticline, associated
with the Naga thrust.
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LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF ASSAM AND
ASSAM ARAKAN BASIN
OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF UPPER ASSAM
OIL AND GAS FINDS IN ASSAM AND
ASSAM-ARAKAN BASIN
The oilfields, discovered so far, are situated mainly in the areas south and
southeast of the Brahmaputra river and a few in the thrust belts, associated with
Naga-Patkai hills. However, the area to the north of the Brahmaputra river up to
the Eastern Himalayan foothills has remained poorly explored. Inthe Naga
Schuppen zone, apart from the Digboi oil field, two more major oil fields, namely,
the Kharsang field, having oil accumulations in Upper Miocene toPliocene
reservoirs and the Champang field, having oil accumulations in fractured granitic
basement rock of Precambrian age, have been discovered.
Significant milestones in oil exploration in Upper Assam were the discoveries of
the Nahorkatiya, Moran and Rudrasagar oil fields in 1953, 1956 and 1960,
respectively.
Subsequently, more than 100 oil and gas fields, including Jorje, Kumchai, Hapjan,
Shalmari, Lakwa, Lakhmani, Geleki, Amguri, Charali, Borholla, Khoraghat, Baghjan,
Dirok etc. have been discovered.
OIL AND GAS FINDS IN ASSAM AND
ASSAM-ARAKAN BASIN
In the frontal fold belt area in Tripura out of 20 structures 12have
been probed and 8 of them are gas-bearing. 15 of these structures
are exposed anticlines (7 in western Tripura, and 8 in eastern
Tripura). In western Tripura the structures identified are Baramura
(1975), Gojalia (1982), Rokhia * (1983), Tichna (2000) Rajnagar,
Sonamura (2004), Tulamura, Tharamura, and in east Tripura the
identified structures are Batchia, Langtrai, Hararganj, Machhlithum,
Khubal, Sakhan, Langai , Jampai
In the frontal fold belt area in Tripura out of 20 structures 12have
been probed and 8 of them are gas-bearing. 15 of these structures
are exposed anticlines (7 in western Tripura, and 8 in eastern
Tripura). In western Tripura the structures identified are Baramura
(1975), Gojalia (1982), Rokhia * (1983), Tichna (2000) Rajnagar,
Sonamura (2004), Tulamura, Tharamura, and in east Tripura the
identified structures are Batchia, Langtrai, Hararganj, Machhlithum,
Khubal, Sakhan, Langai , Jampai
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TRIPURA
CACHAR FOLD BELT
PETROLEUM SYSTEM ASSAM AND
ASSAM ARAKAN
Reservoirs: In Upper Assam sandstones of the Barail Group (Late Eocene to
Early Oligocene age), and the Tipam Group (Late Miocene) hostedthe bulk of
the oil and gas, discovered in Upper Assam till late 1980s.
During the last decade, oil and gas accumulations have been found in the
sandstones of Langpar and Lakadong formations ( Paleocene to Lower
Eocene age) in many of the structures like Dikom, Kathaloni, Tengakhat,
Tamulikhat, Shalmari, Baghjan, Panidihing. Oil has also been found in the
sandstone reservoirs of Kopili Formation (Eocene age) in Geleki and Borholla
field and also within sands within Sylhet Fm(Early Eocene)
Oil has also been found in fractured granite of Precambrian age in Borholla /
Changpang field. Oil has also been found in sandstones of Bokabil Formation
(Middle Miocene) in Khoraghat and Nambar fields situated in southeastern
part of the Dhansiri Valley. In the Dhansiri Valley also , good shows of oil have
been observed in Eocene and Oligocene sands.
ASSAM ARAKAN
Reservoirs: Recently gas has been discovered in the sandstone reservoir of
Dirok structure within Girujan Formation. The Girujan Clay beingfloodplain
deposits, the reservoir sands are generally lenticular and some what erratic in
distribution.
In the North Cachar area of Assam and also the Tripura Fold Belt reservoirs
have been found mainly within the Bokabil and Bhuban reservoirs of Middle
Miocene age. Potential reservoir rocks are expected to be fractured granitic
basement rock (Precambrian)and sandstones in the Tura (Paleocene), Kopili
(Upper Eocene), Renji (Oligocene) formations?
ASSAM ARAKAN
Source rock: The important source rock sequences occur within the
argillaceous Kopili Formation and in the Coal-Shale Unit of the Barail Group.
The average TOC of shales within the Sylhet Formation is about 0.60%, in the
Kopili Formation, about 2.5% and in the Barail Coal-Shale Unit, about 3.8%.
Organic matter richness of shales increases towards the Naga Fold Belt.
The Barail Coal-Shale Unit in the Schuppen belt also form important source
rock sequence. In the Naga fold belt, in addition to above, Disang shales also
possess excellent source potential.
In both Kopilis and Barails, the organic matter is terrestrial type-III with
varying contributions ock characteristics with TOC around 4% andVRo
varying from 0.69% to 1.94%. Geochemical analysis of exposed sediments
from the Schuppen belt show a TOC range of 0.64-1.20% for Barail shales.
The dominant organic matter type is structured terrestrial.
ASSAM ARAKAN
Source rock: Presence of amorphous (upto 60%) and extractable organic matter (upto
55%) indicates a fairly good liquid hydrocarbon generating potential. Organic matter is
mainly humic and sapropelic. TAI of 2.6 to 2.75 and VRo of 0.57 to 0.67% show that
the sediments are thermally mature and within oil window. In thesub-thrust, the
source sequences occur at greater depths and, therefore, should be in a higher state
of thermal maturity. It is expected that the source sequences within the Kopili and
Barail formations in the sub-thrust would be at the peak oil generating state.
Migration: It is postulated that oil, generated in the Kopili and Barail source beds,
accumulated in post-Barail sediments by vertical migration through many faults.
Cap Rock and Entrapment : There are three well developed regional cap rocks within
the Tertiary sedimentary succession, the lower one, occurring inthe Upper Eocene is
the argillaceous Kopili Formation, the middle one is the Barail Coal-Shale Unit and the
upper one, overlying the Tipam Sandstone is the Girujan Clay.
STRUCTURAL STYLE OF OIL AND GAS
FIELDS
Most of the oil accumulations, discovered till date in the Upper
Paleocene-Lower Eocene, Oligocene (Barail) and Miocene (Tipam
Sandstone) reservoirs, occur in structural combination (fold +fault) traps
developed by compressive forces during Mio- Pliocene and later times.
Most of these hydrocarbon traps, particularly those developed inpost-
Barail sediments, orient parallel to the Naga thrust. Faults associated with
these traps in the southeasterly sloping shelf zone in the Brahmaputra
and Dhansiri valleys have NE-SW to NNE-SSW orientation, and the
prominent faults continue upward into post-Tipam sediments, and the
rest die out in the lower part of the Tipam Formation. Some of these
faults, particularly those near the Naga thrust, are reverse faults, e.g., one
at the northeastern flank of the Geleki structure, another at the northern
flank of the Rudrasagar structure.
STRUCTURAL STYLE OF OIL AND GAS
FIELDS
Oil within the Kopili Formation occurs in strati-structural combination
traps, as in the Geleki field.
Oil within the Girujan Clay Formation as in the Kumchai and Kharsang
fields also occurs in combination traps, but here the control of lithology
on accumulation is more than that of structure.
In the Borholla field of the Dhansiri valley and Champang field of the
neighbouring schuppen belt, oil reserves occur in structurally controlled
subtle trap in fractured basement rocks.
Oil accumulations within the Bokabil Formation (Middle Miocene) in the
Khoraghat and Nambar fields of the Dhansiri valley, occur in structural
combination traps
UNCONVENTIONAL
RESOURCES
Gas Hydrates, CBM, Fractured Basement, Shale Gas, Tight Gas, UCG, Syn-
crude and Biogenic Gas
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SCHEMATIC OF A CONVENTIONAL H/C
SYSTEM
Non-conventional HC Resources
CONVENTIONAL VS.
UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS
Conventional Reservoirs have
Relatively high matrix permeability
Obvious seals and traps
High recovery factors
Unconventional Reservoirs are
Regional in extent
Diffuse boundaries
Low matrix permeability
Low recovery factors
Includes tight sandstones, coal-bed gas, oil and gas in fractured
shale and chalk.
Productivity of a tight gas reservoir is only 25% of gas in place in the
best case (average 10-15%). Gas connectivity only in 4% of porosity.
UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
SOME CHALLENGES
To produce these resources artificial
pathways (fractures) have to be created
Key technologies are horizontal drilling and
modern fracturing techniques
Need to understand the subsurface better
Need for much higher number of wells and
state of art technology
Reservoir permeability range
(after C.W.Spencer)
In Situ Permeability to gas (md)
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Conventional
reservoirs
Near
Tight
Unconventional reservoirs
Basin Centered gas Tight gas Shale gas
Unconventional gas resources
Play an increasing role in
worldwide hydrocarbon
production,
May play significant role in
production portfolio in
long-term.
Higher gas prices and
advanced completion
technologies are rapidly
turning shale gas
reservoirs into a hi-tech
sector of the petroleum
industry.
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Fractured Basement
Fractured basement reservoirs have
been found world wide. Notable
example being the Bach Ho or the
White Tiger field in Vietnam.
In India, production since many years
have been going on in Borholla-
Changpang field in Dhansiri valley of
Upper Assam. Significant reserves of
gas have been found in the fractured
granitic reservoirs of several fields in
Cauvery Basin. In fractured volcanics
in Padra field in Cambay Basin.
Commercial accumalation of oil and
gas have also found in fractured
basement of Bombay High, Heera-
S.Heera a field.
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SHALE GAS
Shale gas is natural gas contained within shale sequences.
The gas is also produced from reservoirs predominantly
composed f shales and is stored in shale in three major
ways(1) As adsorbed gas on kerogen (insoluble organic
matter), very much similar to natural gas from coals. The
adsorbed gas portion range between 20% (Barnett Shale)
and 85% (Lewis Shale, (2) as trapped gas in the pore spaces
of the fine-grained sediments inter-bedded with shale, and
confined within fractures in the shale itself
The United States had taken a significant initiative in firstly
developing CBM, then shale gas and tight gas reservoirs and
followed by shale oil.
In fact today there is a glut in gas production in shale gas in
that country
ONGCs initiative in shale gas
The adequate maturity at which the shale reaches the dry gas
window is depth dependent.
Sufficient maturity has been attained in Cambay, Krishna-Godavari
and Damodar basins.
The depth in Cambay and KG is around 3000m and in Damodar is
around 1200-1500m.
Thickness of the source rock is adequate in all these basins and
comparable to the producing shale formations in USA. The shale
type is also favourable being silty in nature.
Based on above studies ONGC has launched a Shale Gas R&D
Project initially in Damodar Valley.
GOI has formulated Shale Gas Policy in India.
Challenges for Shale Gas in India
Hi-tech drilling and hydro-fracturing techniques to be
absorbed.
Most operators need to gear up for high density and fast
track well drilling and completions.
Most basins targeted for Shale gas are O&G or coal producers
GoI policy and environmental issues.
However, existing O&G infrastructure would be an advantage.
Shale gas specific data gas content, shale typing data sparse.
Huge water handling and disposal required for hydro-
fracturing would be a challenge in inhabited areas.
ONGCs Shale Gas R&D Project in
Damodar Valley - R & D Pilot project to evaluate
Shale Gas potential has been launched in Sept 2010.
Detailed location map of
Damodar valley
Basin : Damodar
Sub-basins : Raniganj & North
Karanpura.
Target : Barren Measure
Shales
Two wells to be drilled in each
basin for generation of Shale
Gas data and one to be
extensively hydrofractured for
production potential.
First well in Raniganj is under
drilling.
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INDIAS SHALE GAS EFFORTS
Shale gas a major potential energy resource for
India
Majority of Indias Shale Gas reserves have
characteristics showing equal or perhaps better
potential than the best in the US
Shale Gas is key to USA energy strategy;
US 2008 ytd. production of Shale Gas is 3.23 TCF
17% of total US gas production from Shale Gas
Indias total annual Conventional Gas production is only
26% of US Shale Gas production
COAL BED METHANE
Gas contained in coal bed methane is mainly methane
and trace quantities of ethane, nitrogen, carbon
dioxideand few other gases.
Intrinsic properties of coal as found in nature
determine the amount of gas that can be recovered.
It is mainly guided by
the porosity of coal very small ranging from 0.1 to 10%,
and
the adsorption capacity of coal ( gas adsorbed per unit
mass of coal usually expressed in SCF under standard
temperature and pressure condition ). This depends on
the rank and quality of coal. The range is usually between
100 to 800 SCF/ton for most coal seams found in the US.
COAL BED METHANE
Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form.
When the reservoir is put into production, water in the
fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to a
reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas from
the matrix
Fracture permeability :acts as the major channel for the
gas to flow. The higher the permeability, higher is the gas
production. For most coal seams found in the US, the
permeability lies in the range of 0.1 to 50 milli- darcies. The
permeability of fractured reservoirs changes with the stress
applied to them. Coal displays a stress-sensitive
permeability and this process plays an important role
during stimulation and production operations.
COAL BED METHANE
To extract the gas, a steel-encased hole is drilled into
the coal seam (1001500 meters below ground). As
the pressure within the coal seam declines due to
natural production or the pumping of water from the
coalbed, both gas and 'produced water' come to the
surface through tubing. Then the gas is sent to a
compressor station and into natural gas pipelines. The
'produced water' is either reinjected into isolated
formations, released into streams, used for irrigation,
or sent to evaporation ponds. The water typically
contains dissolved solids such assodium
bicarbonateandchloride.
COALFIELD MAP OF DAMODAR VALLEY
17-Sep-13
PETROLEUM
163
Damodar Valley Coal fields
GENERALISED STRATIGRAPHY -
DAMODAR VALLEY
INDIAS COAL BED METHANE
POTENTIAL
India is richly endowed with coal and lignites of Gondwana
and Tertiary age. These aredistributed in several basins
located in peninsular and extra-peninsular regions. About 204
billion tons of coal reserves have been established and
approximately 200 million tons or so are likely to be added in
the near future by further explorations.
Gondwana coals, predominantly confined to Raniganj and
Barakar sediments and its equivalents of Early Permian age,
are primarily of Bituminous rank coals.
INDIAS COAL BED METHANE
POTENTIAL
As the third largest coal producer in the world, India has good
prospects for commercial production of coal bed methane.
Prognosticated CBM resource has been estimated to be
around 4.6 TCM.
CBM Policy formulated to harness CBM potential in the
country in 1997.
26 blocks awarded in three rounds of bidding.
Production potential of over 25 MMSCMD
SUMMARY OF CBM POTENTIAL IN
INDIA
Damodar Valley accounts for more than half of the prognosticatedCBM
resource of Indian coals.
Coals of Damodar Valley are largely Bituminous to sub-Bituminous.
Coal quality within the Basin shows a mark reduction from East to West.
High degree of heterogeneity is observed within coal seams leading to
tremendous variations in Reservoir Parameters.
High rank coals occur in Damodar Valley grabens with Gas content between 6 15
m/t.
Methane constitutes >90% of total Gas content.
ONGCs assessment indicates Damodar Valley Coalfields viz. Jharia, Bokaro, North
Karanpura and Raniganj to be most prospective.
Production potential established in Jharia, Bokaro and North Karanpura coalfields.
GAS HYDRATE
Gas Hydrates are crystalline water-
based solids physically resembling
ice, in which small non-polar
molecules (typically gases) or polar
molecules with large hydrophobic
moieties are trapped inside "cages"
of hydrogen bonded water molecules
.Without the support of the trapped
molecules, the lattice structure of
hydrate clathrates would collapse
into conventional ice crystal structure
or liquid water. Most low molecular
weight gases, will form hydrates at
suitable temperatures and pressures.
One cubic metre of pure hydrate
contains 164 m
3
of methane gas at
STP.
17-Sep-13
PETROLEUM
168
INDIAS GAS HYDRATE PROGRAMME
Source: Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, India
As an unconventional hydrocarbon resource, methane
hydrates have been the focus of Indias quest for meeting
the energy demands of the country.
Indias National Gas Hydrate Program(NGHP) was
launched, with this objective.
Steered by the ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas and
technically coordinated by Directorate General Of
Hydrocarbons(DGH), NGHP is a consortium of National E&P
companies (Oil and Natural Gas Ltd. ,Gas Authority of India
Ltd.) and National Research Institutions(National Institute
of Oceanography, National Geophysical Research Institute
and National Institute of Ocean Technology).
NGHP had set itself a deadline of mid 2015 as the time to
commence commercial production.
The commercial production of methane from Indian Gas Hydrate
resources has its own set of challenges, a few would perhaps be :
Absence of representative deepwater gas hydrates field anywhere in
the world
Gas production rate ( Gas in the production testing of Mallik well in
Canadas permafrost area have yielded very low production rate and
could not sustain more than 7 days of production using thermal and
depressurization methods )
Managing Water production rate ( High amount of water is expected
to be produced along with the dissociation of hydrates )
Sand control since the hydrate reservoirs exist at very shallow depth
below sea bed ( 200-400 mbsf) the sands here would not be
consolidated due to absence of overburden pressure.
Reservoir subsidence and other environmental hazards
The NGHP efforts of NGHP Expedition 01, 2006in Indian offshore for gas
hydrate exploration led to the following:
Conducted comprehensive analyses of gas-hydrate-bearing marine
sediments in both passive continental margin and marine accretionery
wedge settings;
Discovered gas hydrate in numerous complex geologic settings and
collected an unprecedented number of gas hydrate cores (more than
2800 m from 21 sites and 39 holes);
Delineated and sampled one of the richest marine gas hydrate
accumulations yet discovered in the world (Krishna-Godovari basin)
Discovered one of the thickest and deepest gas hydrate occurrences yet
known (Andaman Islands) which revealed gas-hydrate-bearing volcanic
ash layers as deep as 600 meters below the seafloor;
Established the existence of a fully developed gas hydrate system in the
Mahanadi basin of the Bay of Bengal;
The identification of the promising sites for
NGHP Expedition 02 for riser drilling and pilot
production testing will be taken up after
completion of the ongoing studies on samples
and data from NGHP Expedition 01, 2006. This
could even mean acquiring seismic data
focusing on shallow depths.
September 17, 2013 PETROTECH LECTURES 2008 173
THANKS

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Petroleum Exploration-

Global and National perspective

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