Document No.

Product name
User Huawei engineers Product Version
Compiled by:
Wireless Network System
Research Department
Version V1.0





Guide to CDMA Network Planning and
Optimization





Prepared by: Cellular Networking Research Team Date: 2002/12/16
Reviewed by:
Wireless Network System Research
Department
Date: 2003/01/06
Reviewed by: Date:
Approved by: Date:



Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved.


Revision Record
Date Revised version Description Author
2002/12/16 V1.0 First draft finished. Li Yunzhi
2003/01/15 V1.0
Converted into HTML format for on-line technical support
document
Ma Mingming













Table of Contents

1 Task and Procedure of Network Planning and Optimization.................................................... 4
2 Network Pre-planning ................................................................................................................... 5
3 Network Planning.......................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Procedures and Major Concerns.......................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Normal Procedure...................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Assignment of Network Planning Task ...................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Preparation for Network Planning.............................................................................. 7
3.1.4 Establishment of Network Planning Principle and Guideline..................................... 9
3.1.5 Initial Simulation......................................................................................................... 9
3.1.6 Field Communication ............................................................................................... 11
3.1.7 Interference Test ...................................................................................................... 14
3.1.8 Planning Guideline and Strategy.............................................................................. 15
3.1.9 Site Survey............................................................................................................... 15
3.1.10 Simulation and Site Adjustment ............................................................................. 18
3.1.11 Simulation and Site Confirmation........................................................................... 18
3.1.12 Network Planning Report ....................................................................................... 19
3.1.13 Report Documentation ........................................................................................... 20
3.2 Key Parameter Planning..................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Data Configuration and Data Configuration Script................................................... 20
3.2.2 Power Configuration and Power Control Parameters.............................................. 21
3.2.3 Access Parameters .................................................................................................. 21
3.2.4 Location Area Division and Registration Parameters .............................................. 21
3.2.5 Paging Modes and Parameters................................................................................ 22
3.2.6 Load Control............................................................................................................. 22
3.2.7 Data Service Parameter Setting............................................................................... 23
3.2.8 Search Window Setting............................................................................................ 23
3.2.9 Deployment Data Review......................................................................................... 23
3.3 Common Problems in Network Planning............................................................................ 23
3.3.1 Multiple Solutions for Coverage ............................................................................... 23
3.3.2 Application of High BTS........................................................................................... 24
3.3.3 BTS Survey .............................................................................................................. 24
3.3.4 Parameter Configuration.......................................................................................... 25
4 Network Optimization ................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 Introduction to Network Optimization Process.................................................................... 25
4.1.1 Preparation............................................................................................................... 26


4.1.2 Network Operating Data Collection.......................................................................... 27
4.1.3 Network Operating Data Analysis and Network Evaluation..................................... 29
4.1.4 Optimization Recommendation and Adjustment...................................................... 29
4.1.5 Optimization Verification .......................................................................................... 31
4.1.6 Optimization Report Output...................................................................................... 31
4.1.7 Network Optimization at Office Deployment Period................................................. 31
4.2 Network Problem Handling Procedure ............................................................................... 33
4.2.1 Confirming Problem Scenario .................................................................................. 33
4.2.2 Dialing Test for Faulty Area...................................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Checking Product Version........................................................................................ 34
4.2.4 Checking Alarm Data ............................................................................................... 34
4.2.5 Analyzing Traffic Measurement Data....................................................................... 34
4.2.6 Analyzing Drive Test Data........................................................................................ 34
4.2.7 Checking Equipment and Data Configuration.......................................................... 35
4.2.8 Locating Problem and Implementing Optimization .................................................. 36
4.2.9 Verifying Optimization Measures ............................................................................. 36
4.3 Common Problems in Network Optimization Process........................................................ 36
4.4 Main Parameters of Network Optimization......................................................................... 36
5 Document Requirement for Network Planning and Optimization.......................................... 37
5.1 Document Output Requirement at Pre-planning Stage...................................................... 37
5.2 Document Output Requirement at Planning Stage ............................................................ 37
5.3 Document Output Requirement at Optimization Stage ...................................................... 38
5.4 Reference Documents ........................................................................................................ 38



Guide to CDMA Network Planning and Optimization
Key words:
CDMA Network planning Network optimization Guide
Abstract:
Network planning and optimization play an important role in the network construction.
This paper details the procedures, implementation, and important factors of the network
planning and optimization in an effort to guide the network planning and optimization
engineers. The technical details for the implementation can be found in the relevant
documents.
Abbreviations:

Reference List:

Note:
This paper describes the process of network planning and optimization in technical perspective.
Some procedural contents may be involved. Network optimization engineers or on-site
maintenance engineers can skip this part. But other implementation procedures of network
planning and optimization apply to all network optimization or on-site maintenance engineers.
The relevant procedures and systems are defined in other documents.


1 Task and Procedure of Network Planning and
Optimization
Network planning and optimization are two key elements throughout the whole process
of mobile network construction. Here presents the brief introduction to the
implementation of a specific project.
The major task of network planning is to provide a specific planning for a project. The
solution covers the network planning strategy, planning analysis method, site planning
and survey, engineering parameter planning, neighbor cell and PN planning, and
network system parameter planning.
The major task of network optimization is to adjust the engineering parameters and
system parameters of an operating network, so that the network performance can live up
to the design requirement; or further expand the network according to the development
of the network.
The following figure shows the procedure of network planning and optimization.
Optimization
Installation and
commissioning
System design
Survey
Simulation
Traffic coverage
analysis
Optimization
Installation and
commissioning
System design
Survey
Simulation
Traffic coverage
analysis

The network planning covers traffic coverage analysis through installation and
commissioning. After the equipment has been installed and commissioned and gone into
operation, if the network quality cannot meet the anticipated target, the network should
be optimized.
Having a clear idea about the positions and functions of network planning and
optimization in the whole network construction helps distinguish and command the focal
point of each section.


2 Network Pre-planning
This section introduces the relationship between the pre-planning and the actual project
planning to enable the network planning engineers better understand the whole
procedures of network planning and optimization.
The above flow chart shows that traffic coverage analysis (carry out simulation if possible)
falls into the pre-planning phase. Pre-planning is the prelude to the whole network
planning and optimization.
Pre-planning is a preliminary design of the network and thus is relatively rough
compared with the actual project planning.
The following shows the process of pre-planning:
Customer requirement analysis --> Capacity and coverage estimation -->
Simulation (if possible) --> Field communication and initial field survey -->
Pre-planning solution
Customer requirement analysis aims to understand the requirements of the customer
and the network construction background, which will be incorporated with Huawei
strategy to find out the planning solution. The basic input document at this phase is the
bidding document.
Capacity and coverage estimation is done to prepare the network planning and
configuration according to the customers specific requirements (such as coverage,
capacity, and quality) and the features of equipment. The planning and configuration
include the networking mode, number of BTSs, channel configuration, antenna feeder
system, etc. The quality and expandability of the wireless network, as well as the cost,
must be taken into consideration in order to excel others in bidding.
During the coverage analysis, to better suit the project, the intended service area must
be segmented and different analysis and strategies should be applied to different areas.
Signal propagation mode varies with areas and determines the design principle of the
radio network, network structure, service level, and frequency multiplexing mode in that
coverage area. Generally, the coverage areas can be divided into densely-populated
area, downtown area, suburb, town, countryside, the border areas between the previous
areas, and various highways, railways, or airways. For detailed information, see Network
Pre-planning Report Template.
Simulation process is to verify the preliminary planning or pre-planning. But as the
items of pre-planning are numerous, simulation is impossible for most of the projects
considering the requirement of electronic map, time, and human resource.
For the expansion of large project, it is also necessary to communicate with the
customer and carry out initial field survey at the pre-planning stage. The purpose of
communication is to further understand the requirements of the customer and impress


the customer with Huawei expansion solution so as to make Huawei more competitive in
the bidding. Meanwhile, to comply with the customers requirement, preliminary BTS site
selection will be done to come up with a real customized solution. However, the major
concern of the site selection at this stage is the overall coverage and capacity rather than
the technical details concerning usability of the site. For the basic principle, see
CDMA1X BTS Survey Specification.
After pre-planning is completed, pre-planning report must be submitted. Its contents are
detailed in CDMA Pre-planning Report Template.
The Pre-planning Solution is used to support the bidding. Once Huawei wins the bidding,
the specific network planning procedure begins and the Pre-planning Solution will serve
as an important reference for the subsequent planning.

3 Network Planning
3.1 Procedures and Major Concerns
3.1.1 Normal Procedure
Network planning starts when a contract is singed, and ends when the network planning
report is submitted.
A normal procedure of network planning is shown below:
Preparation --> Simulation (optional) --> Field communication --> Site survey
(simulation and site selection adjustment) --> Field communication --> Site
selection confirmation --> Planning report output
Input: Contract, checklist, and customer requirements.
Procedures:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Analyze the customers requirements and put forward the guideline and strategy for
network planning.
Perform simulation (if possible)
Carry out field planning
Communicate with the customer to further understand the requirements and
environment;
Get familiar with the environment;
Perform interference test (if necessary);
Perform site survey;
Perform simulation (if possible);


9) Communicate with the customer and determine the BTS site and feeder antenna
parameters.
Output:
Network planning report, including network planning report, engineering parameter list
and partial system parameter planning.

3.1.2 Assignment of Network Planning Task
Network planning is carried out by the network planning department.
Whenever a contract is signed, a project manager will be assigned for this project by the
company or the regional office. This project manger will develop the specific schedule
according to the requirements and the plan of the project. The schedule will cover the
network planning and optimization part. The project manager notifies each department
of the detailed plan and requirement in forms of internal memo and the relevant
department will accordingly assign a dedicated network planning engineer to implement
the task.
3.1.3 Preparation for Network Planning
After the network planning engineer is assigned, he should make preparations for the
project.
The following items should be prepared:
1. Project background and requirements.
a. Obtain contract and equipment list, customers initial requirement and network
scale;
b. Communicate with the project manager, so as to obtain the relevant information
about this project;
c. Communicate with the network planning personnel who have involved with the
pre-planning or bidding, so as to understand the networking plan at the early stage.
2. Progress requirement for the implementation of the project
a. Make sure about the project schedule and determine the personnel arrangement.
b. Determine the preliminary implementation plan, including whether it is necessary
to carry out simulation, when to carry out simulation, when to carry out field survey, when
to submit the report, the detailed working plan, etc.
3. Tools
The following tools are required for the network planning:


GPS and compass


Map (electronic mapinfo, BMP, transportation/tourist map)
mapinfo software
If simulation is necessary, the following tools are also required:
a. Three-dimension (3D) map. The electronic maps for most of the cities in China
are available in Huawei. Network planner can query the relevant information from the
Huawei fixed asset database or the asset manger. If simulation is necessary but the 3-D
map is unavailable, the purchase application of electronic map must be forwarded in
advance.
b. Simulation tools
c. BTS sites provided by customer (if possible)
4. Documentation
a. Report templates. See the latter section for detailed description.
b. Relevant procedures
c. Reference
5. Contacts with relevant departments
Network planning involves several departments such as Engineering Design Department,
regional offices (Customer Service Center and Marketing Department), etc. Before the
network planning, communication with these departments is necessary to ensure the
smooth cooperation in the future.
Normally, the network planning and engineering design start concurrently. Network
planning covers the selection of BTS site (the site should satisfy the requirement of
coverage and capacity), antenna (type, installation position, height, azimuth angle, and
down tilt), feeder, etc. The Engineering Design Department is responsible for all the
indoor designs of the equipment room as well as part of the outdoor design, including the
design of cabling, antenna pole and weight capacity. The selection of BTS site can be
finalized only after all the above jobs are done. Hence, the cooperation of network
planning personnel and engineering design personnel are essential in determining an
appropriate site.
The fieldwork of network planning requires the supports of regional office. The supports
cover the arrangement of vehicle, coordinator from the operator who will attend to the
fieldwork, key of the equipment room, phones, etc. The project manger should be
notified of these items in advance so as to arrange all these items as early as possible.



3.1.4 Establishment of Network Planning Principle and Guideline
Before the network planning, the principle must be determined according to the
customers requirements of coverage, capacity, and quality. Therefore, it is necessary to
confirm the following requirements at this stage:
Coverage: geographic area, coverage of data/voice service, indoor coverage, receiving
level, Ec/Io, etc.
Capacity: pre-planned network capacity, distribution of voice and data subscribers, traffic
model, etc.
Quality: communication probabilities, FER, etc.
Like the network pre-planning, area division is necessary in the service area to ensure
that the right analysis and planning strategy are developed specifically for that area.
For details, see Guide to CDMA1X Coverage Planning, Guide to CDMA1X Capacity
Planning, and Pre-planning Report Template.
3.1.5 Initial Simulation
If possible, the planning software such as MSI Planet can be used for simulation. MSI
Planet runs on Unix platform.
To perform simulation, the following input information must be ready:
1. BTS information
The BTS information required include: latitude and longitude of BTS, antenna data (type,
gain, height, azimuth angle, tilt, etc.), feeder loss, power setting.
If possible, collect the candidate BTS information from the customer. The information can
be the office building of the customer, business halls, IS95 BTS site and GSM BTS site,
etc. Some customers might have invited the designing institute to finish part of the
planning at the early stage and have provided the candidate sites. In the case of network
migration, the initial simulation is generally carried out based on the information of IS95
BTS on the network and will take the GSM BTS information into consideration in the site
selection. However, in some projects, the BTS information of the existing network
cannot be obtained or the customer is a new mobile network operator. In this case,
network planners usually mark the BTSs on the map to simulate the initial network
distribution. It is the so-called Nominal Design. This result can be used to determine the
possible scale of the network and the possible candidate sites.
2. Map (3-D digital map is required.)
Map required for the planning software offers the information of three aspects: altitude
information (landform altitude or the altitude with ground object), ground object
information (the distribution of various ground objects, such as forests and buildings),


vector information (e.g. streets, highways, etc.). For detailed map information, see Digital
Map Format Requirement.
Map precision requirement: The precision of the map used by the planning software
should depend on the type of the area under plan and the market phase of this project.
For cities, the electronic map with precision of 20m is generally adopted. The map
suppliers also provide the electronic maps with precision up to 10m, 5m, or even 1m. For
suburbs, if the population and buildings are densely distributed, it is recommended to
adopt the map with precision of 20m. For open area, electronic map with precision of
50m may suffice. The higher the precision is, the more accurate the forecast can be
and however more time will be consumed. Moreover, electronic map with high
precision, especially with the precision up to 1m, is rather expensive. Therefore, the
map is selected according to the requirement of the forecast accuracy as well as the cost.
If the project is in the bidding phase, map with low precision can be used for initial
simulation. But if the project enters into the implementation stage, map with high
precision is required.
Map source: Ever since the GSM project started, Huawei has purchased the electronic
maps with 20m precision of some cities in China. If the contract has been signed and the
electronic map needs to be purchased for this project, network planning department
needs to apply for it. But if it is at the early stage of market expansion, marketing
personnel can apply for the electronic map via the internal memo. The lead time of the
map is 2 to 4 weeks. If the map supplier does not have the original data, four weeks is
generally required. Hence, the electronic map should be applied for as early as possible
to avoid delaying the simulation.
3. Propagation model
To perform simulation, propagation model must be decided according to the local
landform. At present, CDMA1X system works at 450 MHz, 800 MHz, or 1900 MHz. For
CDMA 1X system working at 450 MHz and 800 MHz, Okumura Hata model is adopted
for the planning software and link budget. For CDMA 1X system working at 900 MHz,
COST231 Hata model is used. The parameters of the model should be adjusted
according to specific area under plan.
In some areas, CW test may be required to correct the model, so as to obtain more
accurate propagation model and forecast. As the correction of propagation model is
time-consuming and arduous work, normally only several typical environments are
selected for correction. Empirical data can be obtained and serves as reference for other
similar areas. Generally, model correction is not recommended to customers.
For details about the propagation model and model correction, see Propagation Model
and CW Test and Model Correction.
4. Settings of simulation parameters
Before the simulation starts, a lot of pertinent parameters need to be set. For the types
and design principle of parameters, see Guide to CDMA Simulation Parameter Setting.


After the above information is ready, the simulation can be carried out to output the
performance indices of the network, including the Ec/Io, forward/reverse FER, coverage
probability, distribution of services with different rate. By analyzing these indices, the
potential problems of the network can be located and handled accordingly.
The simulation result should be confirmed based on the local topographic distribution. If
big mistake is found, it might because the model is not accurate or the parameters are
not set properly. After the error is cleared, carry out the simulation one more time to
obtain the right result.
If the above simulation result cannot satisfy the requirement of network design, it is
necessary to adjust the BTS engineering parameters and BTS position, and add BTS,
etc. The adjustment can optimize the overall performance of the network, and eventually
obtain the final network architecture, parameter setting, and the performance that the
network should exhibit. However, simulation cannot take the place of actual planning.
For details of Monte Carlo simulation principle and method, see Monte Carlo Simulation
Method Analysis.

3.1.6 Field Communication
Network planning engineers should analyze the layout of the whole network, with both
the coverage and capacity taken into consideration. If initial simulation has been made,
the result can provide reference to the general layout of the network. The communication
with the customer is very important, especially for domestic projects. In China, contract is
not the only criteria that the two parties should be subject to. For a lot of projects, the
requirements, such as the division of coverage area, are finalized by directly
communicating with the customer.
I. Network planning coordination meeting
The implementation of network planning requires the cooperation of regional office and
the customer. The following issues need to be determined on the network planning
coordination meeting:
Coordinator assigned by the customer, who is responsible for such works as
showing the way, and providing the key of the equipment room.




Vehicles used for survey;
Schedule and means of contact;
Collection of information
II. Collecting customer requirements
For details of collection of customers requirements, see XX Planning Project Information
Collection Checklist.


For network planning, the primary information includes the requirements of coverage,
capacity, and network quality.
The coverage requirements include the geographical division of the area under plan,
coverage requirement of voice/data service, and requirement of indoor coverage.
Normally, the contents in XX Planning Project Information Collection Checklist should be
collected in the pre-planning phase. But in practice, the information collection is also
required in the actual planning phase.
The capacity requirements include the total capacity requirement of the area under plan
(e.g. number of subscribers, Erl number, or throughput), subscriber density, proportions
of voice service and various data services, data traffic model, etc.
The network quality requirements include the communication probability requirement,
call-drop index requirement, FER requirement, handoff success rate requirement, etc.
This information must be collected as they are essential for the development of network
planning principle. XX Planning Project Information Collection Checklist should be
submitted to the project manager before the network planning begins so as to ensure
there is sufficient information to guide the subsequent planning.
III. Collecting existing BTS information
For the requirements of BTS information collection, see BTS Information Collection
Table.xls.
In consideration of the cost, the existing BTS sites and other equipment rooms will be
utilized in constructing a new network. China Unicom and China Mobile are typical
examples. Most of their BTSs will share the sites with the original GSM or CDMA BTSs.
Hence, it is important to obtain the information of existing site and equipment, and office
and business hall distribution.
If the original network should be migrated, it is recommended to collect more BTS
information of the original network. In this way, the status of the migrated network and
the potential problems can be found out to better guide the network planning. Normally,
customer will compare the network before and after the migration and requires that the
network indices after the network migration are better than those before the migration.
Hence, the network layout before the migration is important for the design of CDMA1X
network.
To get a better network performance than the original one, the migrated network will
generally be designed based on the original BTS sites. Due to the complexity of radio
environment, any changes such as the antenna type and antenna angle might cause the
decline or improvement of the performance in a certain area. Customer is usually very
sensitive to the area where the performance is deteriorated while takes it for granted if
the performance in a area is improved. Thus it is a sensible strategy to guarantee the
original network coverage and on this basis adjust the network design. But if the original


network is poorly designed and cannot be used or reworked, it is recommended to
re-design the network.
The information of the original BTS includes the following contents:
CDMA BTS: Longitude and altitude of the BTS, pilot number (PN), antenna configuration
(type, azimuth angle, down tilt, polarization mode), power allocation strategy, and
channel configuration.
For network adopting repeater, attention should also be paid to the position of the
repeater, source BTS, type of repeater, and status of the repeater (activated or not), etc.
In the network design, there are also some uncontrollable factors, which will affect the
selection of BTS site. For network of the operators such as China Unicom, besides the
CDMA BTS information, GSM BTS information should also be collected for the design of
CDMA 1X network.
GSM BTS (GSM900 and GSM1800 BTS): Longitude and altitude of the BTS, antenna
configuration (type, azimuth angle, down tilt, polarization mode), power configuration,
frequency configuration, number of carriers, etc.
In some overseas projects, diversified networks such as GSM, CDMA, and NMT might
coexist.
When the operator, such as China Netcom, does not has mobile network, information
about its office building, business hall, and transmission network layout should be
collected to decide the candidate sites when a new mobile network is to be constructed.
Not only the information of the area under plan, but also that of the boarder area need to
be collected, so as to ensure better control of the boarder area coverage, handoff
planning and good cooperation, numbering scheme, roaming service, etc.
IV. Collecting traffic measurement data and system parameters
For migrated network, the performance of the original network needs to be known. Traffic
measurement data caters to this need. It can directly reflect the features of the whole
network and each sector. Together with the distribution of BTSs, network planner can
better acquaint themselves with the distribution of the network subscribers and the
potential problems.
The major traffic measurement data includes: traffic of each sector, call-drop ratio and
traffic call-drop ratio, congestion ratio, handoff success ratio, average transmit power,
FER (or BER), etc.
The configuration of the system parameters directly affects the network quality and
capacity. Hence, for the migration of the same type of network, the parameter
configuration information of the existing network should be collected as much as
possible. The latter network test and assessment also involve the original parameter
configuration.


V. Collecting other data
Besides the data previously mentioned, there are also some other data that need to be
collected on time, e.g. frequency resource, numbering scheme (SID, NID, LAC, etc),
map of the local area, etc.
During the network planning design, network planner must know well about the
customer's available frequency resource and the frequency that will be used for CDMA
network. Thus, on the one hand, he can determine the number of carriers that the
network can support so as to configure the frequency in a more reasonable manner. On
the other hand, as the frequency of CDU needs to be set before the delivery and cannot
be adjusted on site, if it is known that the network works at 800MHz and CDU is used,
the frequency configuration of the CDU can be determined in advance. Moreover, the
frequency resource information should be obtained for CDMA network working at 450
MHz to facilitate the interference test.
Attention should also be drawn to the following case. To migrate an IS95 network to a
CDMA 800MHz network, install and commission the CDMA1X equipment first, and then
cut over the IS95 network and CDMA 1X network. There will be a period when the two
networks coexist. During this period, the two networks need to use the different
frequencies. This is something that should be cared when the frequency of CDU is
configured. At present, CDU supports two carriers, i.e. two frequencies. Generally, after
CDMA 1X network replaces the original IS95 network, CDMA 1X network will use the
same frequency as the original IS95 network. Hence, one of the frequencies CDU
supports must be the frequency of the original IS95 network, while the other frequency
should be determined according to the customers plan of the frequency resource or the
recommendations forwarded by network planners.
3.1.7 Interference Test
For CDMA 450MHz network, due to the large subscriber base, serious interference
occurs to this frequency. Thus, before the frequency 450MHz is used, spectrum
environment test must be carried out to find out the possible interference. If there is
in-band interference, it is required to eliminate the illegal occupancy of the frequency, so
that the CDMA system can provide service normally after it is activated.
Forward interference test can be carried out by using drive test software, MS, and GPS.
For detailed method, see Guide to 450MHz Forward Interference Test. Reverse
interference test can be carried out by using electronic measuring instrument. For
detailed method, see Guide to 450MHz Reverse Interference Test. For the interference
decision principle and handling method, see Guide to ETS450D Interference
Troubleshooting.


3.1.8 Planning Guideline and Strategy
The planning guideline can be determined according to the customers requirement,
local geographical environment, distribution of buildings and subscribers, etc. The
guideline covers the networking mode (macro cellular, micro cellular, application of
repeater, etc.), macro distribution of BTSs (height, distance between BTSs, distribution
of areas with heavy traffic, etc), carrier configuration, etc. If the initial simulation has
been done, the result will serve as the reference for network layout. In some special
cases, the network layout has been decided by the customer before the contract is
signed. But whether the layout can meet the requirements of network coverage and
capacity must be confirmed by the network planning engineers. If the layout cannot meet
the requirements, they should clarify the problems and seek a better solution by
discussing the problems with the customer.
Mark the BTS sites or circle the candidate the areas on the map according to the
candidate sites proposed by the customer (if any), analysis of the overall network
environment, and the result of the initial simulation (if any).
The network layout should be reasonable so that the BTS survey can be carried out
smoothly.
For detailed information, see Guide to CDMA1X Coverage Planning, Guide to CDMA1X
Capacity Planning, Analysis of Impact of Proper Cell Distribution on Network
Performance.
3.1.9 Site Survey
Site survey is an important section in the process of network planning. It is carried out
according to the candidate sites previously marked and candidate areas circled on the
map.
The site survey requires GPS and compass, and the cooperation of network planning
engineers, and coordinators from the customer side.
The following shows the major tasks of site survey:
Verify whether the candidate sites meet the requirement stipulated in CDMA1X BTS
Site Survey Specification. Determine the following contents according to the actual
environment: installation position, height, azimuth angle, down tilt of the antenna, type of
the feeder. Make sure to communicate with the engineering design personnel timely
and efficiently to confirm the validity of the decisions.
The survey result of each BTS must be recorded in CDMA1X BTS Site Survey Record.
During the site survey, attentions should be paid to the following issues:
1. Position of the BTS


BTS should be located on the area where traffic is densely distributed. BTS providing
data service should especially resides next to the area where the data service is hot.
2. Height of BTS
According to the planning guideline, the height difference of every two BTSs should be
kept in a small range, e.g. 20 m. Currently, the BTS in medium-size city is normally
30~50 meters high.
However, a lot of customers require building high BTS. This problem will be further
detailed in the later section.
3. Position of antenna
The azimuth requirement of coverage should be considered in installing the antenna.
The situation of the ground objects, such as the blocking of the ground object, restriction
of the installation position, must be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, try to select a
position which allows convenient adjustment of antenna in the future.
When omni antenna is used to cover the highway, the connection line of two receiving
antenna should be vertical to the highway.
Isolation requirement should also be considered. Different types of antenna with different
frequencies have different isolation requirements. If the antenna is a space diversity
antenna, the diversity distance must be considered. For details about the antenna
isolation and diversity requirements, see CDMA800M and GSM-900M Co-Site
Interference Analysis, CDMA45 and EST450 Co-Site Interference Analysis, and
CDMA450 and NMT450 Co-Site Interference Analysis.
4. Antenna type
Pay attention to the following parameters when selecting the antenna: directional/omni,
antenna gain, horizontal half-power angle, front-to-rear ratio, adjustable down tilt range,
and polarization mode.
Different types of antennas are used in different environment. For example, antenna with
horizontal half-power angle of 65
o
can be used in densely populated city and the one
with horizontal half-power angle of 90
o
for rural area or light-traffic area. In rural area
where there is no specific traffic requirement, omni antenna might be used. The selection
of antenna type is also closely related to the network layout.
Diversity mode is another consideration. As the city is usually crowded with buildings,
bipolar antenna is preferred. But in the open rural area, as the space polarization can
bring about higher polarization gain, some customers will prefer unipolar antenna. To
select the type of the antenna, the network coverage requirement, the types recognized
by Huawei and their inventory must all be taken into consideration. Try to persuade the
customer to use the certified type or that in Huawei inventory. For the types of antennas
recognized by Huawei, see Antennas and Brackets periodically issued by RF
Department. The antenna inventory will be updated every half month and can be


provided by the relevant responsible person. Each engineer should update this
information on his/her own computer.
For details about the selection of antenna type, see Guide to CDMA Antenna Type
Selection.
5. Azimuth angle
The azimuth angle of the antenna is determined by the coverage requirement of each
BTS. When the network is required to have an even coverage, the separation angle
between the beans of every two sectors should be 120
o
. It is recommended to set the
beans to 60
o
/180
o
/300
o
first and adjust it for each sector as required. If the beans are first
set to 0
o
/120
o
/240
o
and optimization requires that the antenna whose azimuth is 0
o

should be adjusted, the sector No. of the whole BTS may need to be renumbered. For
details, see CDMA BTS Site Survey Specification.
Setting of sector azimuth: Starting from the due north (0
o
), the sectors are clockwise
numbered as Sector 1, Sector 2 and Sector 3. See CDMA BTS Site Survey Specification
for details.
Note:
On BSC or BTS, sectors are usually numbered as 0, 1, 2, and so on.
6. Antenna tilt
It is recommended to determine the antenna tilt of each BTS during the survey and
adjust it according to the general network layout when the site is determined. In the
CDMA network, the setting of antenna tilt is especially important. Unlike GSM, neighbor
sectors use the same frequency in the CDMA system and interference between neighbor
sectors will be resulted. It makes the effective control of the coverage of each sector
especially important. Compared with GSM, the down tilt of CDMA antenna is set to a
larger value. In addition, technologies, such as large front-to-rear ratio and upper minor
bean suppression, are considered in CDMA network. For the tilt planning principle, see
Guide to CDMA Antenna Tilt Planning.
7. Survey record table
BTS survey report table lists out the specific indices. The detailed information of each
BTS should be filled in. Clear description about the ground objects is also required and
the area to be covered should be marked off.
In the survey record, the information about the co-site equipment is very important. The
information includes the type of the equipment and the relevant indices. For BTS
equipment, it is recommended to record its antenna type, engineering parameters
(azimuth angle, down tilt, etc.), polarization mode, height of the pole, and the position of
the antenna on the pole, etc.
As a lot of real-estate owners feel strongly against setting antenna pole on the top of the
building, the antenna sometimes cannot be set up on a very appropriate site. In this case,


try some alternatives. For example, change the original unipolar antenna into bipolar
antenna to save the pole. Or when the pole tends to be too tall, share the pole with the
original network.
The information about the co-site equipment should also be obtained to find out the
possible interference if there is other radio equipment around, so that measures
preventing the interference can be taken accordingly.
8. Sky plane or tower sketch
During the survey, engineering designer will make some drawings. It is recommended
to draw sketches about the sky plane and the tower for the reference of subsequent
adjustment of general network layout after the survey. The specific location of each site,
such as the building, street, or important reference object, should also be marked out on
the map. This information can help understand the position of one site relative to another
( site) and confirm the correctness of latitude/longitude test in the future.
Each day when the survey is completed, try to sort out the BTS survey data and confirm
that the records are completed, so as to avoid mixing up the information due to the large
number of BTSs under survey.
For detailed requirements of the survey and usage instruction of instrument, see CDMA
BTS Survey Specification.
3.1.10 Simulation and Site Adjustment
After the site survey is completed, all the site information should be incorporated in
selecting the appropriate sites. Tools such as MAPINFO and network planning tools are
required for the generation of topological diagram. It is recommended to use Network
Planning Neighbor Cell Creator to efficiently generate BTS topological diagram.
With topological diagram, landform, distribution of ground objects and subscribers, sites
can be determined jointly by the network planners and engineering designers.
If possible, simulation can be carried out to verify whether the selection of site is
reasonable. If the simulation result is not satisfying, adjustment should be made and
another simulation is required until the requirement is met.
3.1.11 Simulation and Site Confirmation
After the sites are surveyed and selected, communication with the customer is necessary.
Project manager can arrange for the communication, which aims to obtain the
confirmation of the customer in regard of the selection of sites.
In fact, a lot of problems need to be handled for the sites provided by the customers. For
example, it is necessary to set up a new pole, rent a larger equipment room, or negotiate
with the real-estate owner. The customer should be notified of all these issues so that
they can prepare for them.


If a new site is selected during the survey, make sure that the selection is necessary,
gain the permission of the customer and settle the lease issue with the estate owner as
soon as possible. In this way, the modification of design in the future can be avoided and
the project can be carried out without delay.
When communicating with the customer, persuade the customer to accept the sites
selected after the survey based on the quality-first principle. If compromise is
unavoidable, explain the impact of the change on the network quality to the customer
and record it in Survey Memo signed by both parties.
After the sites are determined through above communication, the BTS survey report
should be released. This report covers the survey record of each site, the description of
relevant information, the subsequent preparation required, and the result of survey. The
survey report should be signed by the customer.
3.1.12 Network Planning Report
After the sites are finalized, the network planning report should be output.
The network planning report consists of the following information: network construction
background, design concept, network scale, networking mode, carrier configuration,
frequency configuration, power planning, part of the system parameter configuration.
Were there any simulation, the simulation result must also be included into this report.
Engineering parameters, neighbor cell planning, and PN planning will be prepared in
form of attachment to the network planning report due to their enormous contents and
different formats. Big problems discovered during the planning and problems that
should be avoided in the future implementation should also be covered in this report.
For network planning report, see CDMA1X Network Planning Report Template.
For engineering parameters, see Engineering Parameter Table for XX Network of XX
Telecom Corp., XX Province.
For neighbor cell planning method, see Guide to CDMA 1X Neighbor Cell Planning.
For PN planning method, see Guide to CDMA1X PN Offset Planning.
For power planning method, see Guide to CDMA1X Forward Power Planning.
The coding schemes are required for SID/NID, LAC, REG ZONE, CELL ID, BM
allocation, etc. The codes of SID/NID, LAC, and REG ZONE should be obtained from the
customer. During the planning, pay attention to the BM allocation, location area planning,
and registration zone planning.
The default system data configuration script is available in each equipment version and
will be adopted generally. But if the analysis of the actual environment shows that the
configuration needs to be changed, suggestions about the change of data configuration
must be proposed. Please note that as different versions have different default
configurations, make sure of the version adopted for the project. The data items that may


require change will be detailed in latter description. The contents of the system
parameter configuration can be found in CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter
Configuration Recommendations and Guide to cdma2000 Key Parameter Modification.
The final report should be submitted to the project manager.
3.1.13 Report Documentation
The full set of network planning reports, including network planning report, engineering
parameter checklist, system parameter configuration, survey report, etc., must be
documented as per documentation procedure.
3.2 Key Parameter Planning
3.2.1 Data Configuration and Data Configuration Script
The data configuration associated with network planning includes the configuration of
BSC data, BTS data, and part of MSC data.
Different versions provide different default data configuration scripts. The system can
directly load the default data configuration script and convert the data into database (DB).
During the network planning, be sure of the version used, the functions supported by this
version, and the parameter setting of the default script.
In the network planning, a lot of parameters will be set to default values. But some
parameters need to be set according to the actual situation. The following lists the
contents that require special attention.
I. BSC data configuration and configuration script
BSC data configuration is usually done by using data configuration script. The data to be
modified should be sorted out first and then written into the script in the format as
required by the script. After that, the script is converted to DB.
The default BSC data configuration script is usually updated upon the release of new
version according to the actual application of network. Generally, the default data
configuration script of the latest version provides the latest contents. However, the data
configuration may not be revised due to the pressing version release time. In this case,
the modification of such data should be suggested in the network planning, so that the
relevant parameters can be directly updated upon the activation of the system.
There are large amount of BSC data configuration tables. But only a small number of
them are related to the network planning. For detailed contents of these parameters, see
BSC Data configuration Tables Related to Network Planning.


II. BTS data configuration and configuration script
BTS data is configured by using data configuration script. BTS data configuration script
is loaded by the system and directly sent to the BTS. The BAM SQL SERVER database
does not have the corresponding BTS configuration tables.
Some BTS configuration parameters can be queried via Airbridge.
The BTS data configuration can be queried by logging in to BTS via Telnet.
For BTS data configuration items, see BTS Data Configuration Table Related to Network
Planning.
3.2.2 Power Configuration and Power Control Parameters
Power configuration refers to the allocation of power to such common channels as
pilot channel, synchronization channel, paging channel and the traffic channel. CDMA1X
BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration Recommendations and Guide to
cdma2000 Key Parameter Modification give out the principle for power allocation and the
modification of power configuration when environment changes.
The important power control parameters include: maximum/minimum transmit power of
forward traffic channel, forward initial transmit power, forward Eb/Nt values (initial value,
maximum/minimum value), open-loop power control parameter, etc.
Make sure to configure these parameters under the instruction of Guide to cdma2000
Key Parameter Modification.
3.2.3 Access Parameters
Among the network performance indices, the access success ratio and the access rate
have great influence on the customers evaluation of the network system. Generally
speaking, the current default configuration will be adopted for these two parameters. If
special requirement arises, configure them as per Guide to cdma2000 Key Parameter
Modification.
3.2.4 Location Area Division and Registration Parameters
The division of Location Area (LA) is associated with the paging performance.
In the network planning, the LA division and setting are based on the capacity.
If the coverage of LA is too small, the probability of MS location update increases and
the frequent location updates will consequently increase the signaling flow in the system.
But if the coverage of LA is too large, the same paging message will be transmitted in
several cells, which will result in the overload of the paging channel. Guide to CDMA1X
Location Area Planning will show how to decide the appropriate size of the LA. Try to
divide the LA based on the geographical distribution and behavior of the mobile


subscribers, so as to reduce the chance of location update on the boarder of LA. For
example, use the mountain or river as the boarder of LA to reduce the overlapping area
of the two LAs. Avoid using the streets and the high-traffic area (e.g. supermarket) as the
boarder. In the boarder area between suburb and downtown area, the area where the
traffic is low should be used as the boarder of the location area so as to avoid the
frequent location update.
For details, see Guide to CDMA1X Location Area Planning and CDMA1X Location Area
and Paging Channel Capacity Calculation Tool. The specific coding of location areas
should be provided by the customer.
In the CDMA network, MS identifies roaming service according to a pair of IDs (SID and
NID). For China Unicom, each mobile local network is assigned a SID, while the NID is
allocated by each local network. Hence, available SIDs and NIDs must be obtained from
the customer and used in planning.
The registration parameters are an important factor in determining the paging success
rate. Generally, REG ZONE, power on/off registration, and parameter modification
registration must be set. For details, see CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter
Configuration Recommendations.
3.2.5 Paging Modes and Parameters
Paging mode includes timeslot paging, non-timeslot paging, and fast paging. There are
two kinds of paging rates: 9.6 kbps and 4.8 kbps. The setting of paging parameter
includes those of paging mode, paging rate, and paging channel power. Note that the
setting of paging channel power is different depending on the paging mode and paging
rate.
For details, see CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration
Recommendations and Guide to Fast Paging Setting.
3.2.6 Load Control
In the network planning, the improper setting of load control parameters will have great
impact on the network. For example, some subscribers cannot access the network in
normal case due to the restriction of the parameters.
Load control parameters consist of various admission control thresholds, such as
F_BASIC_VALVE, REV_MAX_USER, load control table, etc.
CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration Recommendations will show
the detailed configurations.


3.2.7 Data Service Parameter Setting
Data service involves a lot of parameters, including the channel allocation. Channels can
be allocated either statically or dynamically through the commissioning console.
Dynamic SCH allocation is provided in the common data configuration.
If the data service is provided to the static mobile subscriber (for demonstrations
purpose), and there is a main branch at the demonstration point, the adoption of static
SCH allocation can come to a favorable transmission. If the test is made in the mobile
environment, it is suggested to adopt the static SCH allocation mode.
The major parameters in the data service include: DURATION and admission threshold
at each rate, pilot strength threshold for area division, TRANS_DELAY, SIG_DELAY,
DATA_TRANSF_FAC. For the setting of these parameters, see CDMA1X BSS Network
Planning Parameter Configuration Recommendations.
3.2.8 Search Window Setting
The setting of search window is adjusted according to the actual environment. Default
value is generally adopted. For detailed requirement, see CDMA1X BSS Network
Planning Parameter Configuration Recommendations. The larger the multi-path delay is
in an area, a larger value the search window should be set to. For network with
repeaters, possible delay must be estimated to enlarge the search window.
3.2.9 Deployment Data Review
The deployment data must be reviewed by the expert team before it can be used on the
network. The network planning parameters constitute an important part of the
deployment data.
3.3 Common Problems in Network Planning
Experience shows that the big problems are often found in the following cases:
Multiple solutions for coverage



Application of high BTS
BTS survey
Parameter configuration
3.3.1 Multiple Solutions for Coverage
When multiple coverage solutions, such as the adoption of repeater, ODU, or mini BTS,
are adopted, a lot of problems arise.
The problem of repeat is especially serious. Thus, it is necessary to learn the specific
position of the repeater, its quantity, type and indices. If the network is a migrated


network, it is also important to know about the application of repeater, traffic
measurement indices, and the configuration of important parameters in the original
network. Besides, attention should also be paid to the neighbor cell configuration,
handoff relation, and PN planning.
When ODU is applied, the setting of the search window, parent BTS, and the number of
sectors should be well planned. As the transmission between ODU and parent BTS is via
optical fiber, it should be confirmed that optical resource is sufficient.
3.3.2 Application of High BTS
High BTS is demanded in recent market expansion projects and pilot projects. And the
problems brought about by the high BTS are also evident.
The problems are shown in the following aspects:
1. Interference to other BTSs
As the CDMA system is a co-frequency multiplexing system, unlike GSM, it is impossible
to allocate dedicated frequency for high BTS. Thus the co-frequency multiplexing of high
BTS will bring serious interference to other BTSs around.
2. Reduction in capacity
As high BTS brings extra interference to other BTSs, the quality of service should be
ensure at the expense of system capacity.
3. Pilot pollution
As the BTS built on high place, its signal could cover a wide area, which deteriorates the
pilot pollution. Meanwhile, it is an unnecessary waste of system resource.
For some BTSs, as the site is too high, their coverage can hardly be controlled through
the configuration of engineering parameters such as the antenna feeder. Therefore, try to
avoid the high BTS site in cities.
If the high BTS site is unavoidable and might have great impact on the network, this
problem and its impact should be specified in the planning report.
3.3.3 BTS Survey
The following problems are often found in the BTS survey.
Cells are not distributed reasonably.



Factors such as the blocking of grounding object are not fully considered.
The information about the key coverage areas is not complete.
Full consideration is not given to the installation position of the antenna.


3.3.4 Parameter Configuration
The previous section in this document has detailed the configuration major parameters. It
is a common problem that the parameters are not well analyzed or the function and
parameter configuration corresponding to a specific version do not match.
4 Network Optimization
Wireless network optimization means to adjust wireless network planning and design to
make network operation more reliable and cost-effective, enhance service quality and
resource utilization.
Network optimization is a process after the network has been constructed or developed
for a certain stage. It aims to satisfy network performance requirement.
Generally, network optimization requirement is raised in two cases: Firstly, network
quality cannot meet design requirement, which requires network adjustment. Secondly,
network environment changes, for example, the number of subscribers has increased, or
urban construction changed. Thus network expansion is required.

4.1 Introduction to Network Optimization Process
The network optimization process comprises the following three stages:
1. Network operating data collection and network performance assessment.
2. Network adjustment.
3. Summary of network performance verification, assessment, and optimization.
The basic procedure for network optimization:


Prepare
Acquire basic information
on site
Collect traffic measurement & drive test data
Satisfy
requirement?
Network optimization report
Y
N
Analyze data
Adjust parameter


4.1.1 Preparation
The network optimization preparation includes the preparation of equipment, document
and contact personnel, etc.
1)
2)
Equipment preparation
The devices for network optimization include: Drive test equipment and other
instruments.
Drive test equipment is a basic tool for network optimization. Its main function is to test
performance of outside plant. Its components include drive test software (containing
software dongle), the testing MS (containing the MS's data line), and GPS (containing
data line and antenna). According to different configurations, a dual-serial-port card is
needed for some drive test equipment.
On some occasion, signaling analyzer is required to trace signaling and locate problem.
If interference test is required, spectrum analyzer needs to be prepared. In addition, at
the network optimization stage, the compass and other devices are also required to
adjust engineering parameters.
Document preparation


An in-depth understanding of network background and operating situation is required
before network optimization. Therefore, it is required to collect all reports developed at
the network planning stage and know the difference between the current network and the
original planning solution.
3)






Contact personnel
At the network optimization stage, the information of relevant personnel in the
optimization field should be obtained according to each optimization task requirement. At
the initial period of office deployment, project manager is in charge of the overall project.
If the optimization is required for the operating network, engineers shall contact regional
office coordinator and customers.
4.1.2 Network Operating Data Collection
The prerequisite for network optimization is to have a comprehensive understanding of
network operating performance, and figure out solution for the existing problem.
The approach for finding out network operating status is to collect network operating data,
among which traffic measurement and drive test data are used for network optimization.
I. Collecting traffic measurement data
Traffic measurement data reflects overall network operating status from the perspective
of statistics. Generally, operators regard traffic measurement data as the most important
information for assessing network performance.
Traffic measurement data includes detailed measurement items and counting points.
Some measurement items apply for overall BSC performance while others for the carrier
of each sector. These data can be retrieved according to actual requirement. Traffic
measurement data shall be pre-registered. The relevant measurement task shall be
registered according to the actual requirement of network optimization. See Traffic
Assessment Guide for details.
The network indices of great concern are shown as below:
Blocking rate
Call drop ratio of radio system
Traffic call drop ratio
Call setup success ratio
Soft handoff success ratio
Hard handoff success ratio, etc.
The reference documents include CDMA Network Performance Assessment Element
Analysis and CDMA Network Performance Assessment Standard.
II. Collecting drive test data
Drive test data is acquired by performing sampling test upon the specified routes, using
drive test equipment. It reflects network operating quality from the perspective of


sampling. If more sampling points are tested, the information will be more complete and
thus reflects more detailed problems existing in the network.
Drive test data include the following information: Ec/Io, FER, Rx, Tx, handoff distribution,
call drop condition, access time and speed, and objective opinion scale of voice quality.
See CDMA1X Drive Test Equipment Usage Guide for collecting drive test data.
III. Dialing test for important area
At the network optimization stage, the optimization engineers shall make in-depth
research in some important areas, where the network performance has a critical
influence upon the overall network.
In general, important areas are:
Customer's offices, dormitories, key persons' houses and places where they often
go.





Major hotels or entertainment centers.
Government institutions.
Area where profitable enterprises and group users reside.
Railway station and other places which will capture customers' attention.
Generally, important area can be a small place or indoor environment. Dialing test
needs to be performed in the important areas.
Method: Use the MS to dial directly since most of the important areas are indoor areas.
Multiple dialing methods are provided: MS to MS, MS to Fixed Station (FS), or FS to MS.
Then the testing engineers shall judge coverage and quality condition based on their
objective opinions and feelings. If the testing MS is capable of displaying test information,
engineers can judge coverage and quality with these data.
IV. Collecting alarm data
Alarm alerts engineers to abnormal or close to abnormal condition. In the network
optimization period, engineers shall closely check alarm information to identify
pre-warning information or problems occurred so that accidents can be prevented.
V. Collecting and checking system configuration parameters
System parameter configuration directly affects network operating performance. Thus
one of the most important approaches for network optimization is to adjust system
configuration parameters. In fact, some of the network operation problems are caused by
improper parameter setting. Therefore, if a problem is identified from the traffic
measurement data, drive test data and alarm data collected, it is critical to analyze
whether it is caused by improper parameter setting.
Since there are many parameters related with network optimization, the detailed
parameters are introduced in a dedicated section in the latter part.


Detail description and configuration recommendations for network optimization
parameters are provided in the CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter
Configuration Recommendations and Guide to cdma2000 Key Parameter Modification.
Thus, engineers shall check the configuration parameters based on the
recommendations in this guide and the actual requirement for network optimization.
4.1.3 Network Operating Data Analysis and Network Evaluation
The purpose of collecting network operation data is to evaluate network performance
and locate problems.
Network operating data analysis aims to know network operation quality and identify
potential problems by analyzing traffic measurement data, drive test data and alarm data
See Traffic Measurement Analysis Guide and CDMA1X Calling Procedure Guide for
traffic measurement data analysis.
See CDMA1X Drive Test Data Analysis Guide and CDMA1X Calling Procedure Guide for
drive test data analysis.
See cdma2000 BSC Alarm Analysis Guide and cdma2000 BTS3612-800 Alarm Analysis
Guide for alarm data analysis.
Engineers can identify problems existing in the network by analyzing the
abovementioned data, locate cause and provide recommendation for network
optimization by analyzing parameter configuration and calling procedure.
4.1.4 Optimization Recommendation and Adjustment
Optimization measures shall be provided after network performance evaluation and
problem analysis are completed.
I. Classification of network optimization measures
Network optimization measures are classified into the following categories:
1)
2)
3)
Adjustment of network engineering parameters: For the problems in the field of
network coverage and interference, adjust engineering parameters which include
down tilt, azimuth angle, power configuration of antenna, antenna height,
etc.Generally, engineers shall adjust these parameters first. System configuration
parameters are implemented only after engineering parameters are confirmed.
Adjustment of system parameters: System parameters have impact upon network
performance. Thus proper adjustment of these parameters can optimize system
operation. If there is a problem occurred due to improper setting of system
parameters, engineers shall modify or optimize parameter setting.
Network expansion recommendation: If the abovementioned adjustments cannot
meet network quality requirement yet, it is required to consider network expansion,
for example, adding new BTS, performing sectorization, adding carrier, etc.


II. Network optimization at high level
The focus of network optimization is radio environment optimization, which basically
determines overall network layout and service range of various cells. Thus, optimization
in this aspect plays a decisive role in overall network performance. It mainly includes the
following aspects:
Cell layout optimization.





Antenna parameter configuration.
Neighbor cell configuration, etc.
III. Network optimization at low level
After the optimization at high level is completed, engineers can optimize network at low
level to achieve appropriate adjustment for network performance according to specific
environment and requirement. Optimization at low level covers the following indices:
Pilot search window.
System parameters of message type.
Handoff ratio and handoff threshold, etc.
IV. Segmental and overall optimization
If a network is of large scale, it is recommended to perform segmentation first, optimize
each network segment and then overall network.
Especially at the office deployment period, the BTSs are put into service one by one. The
optimization engineers shall try to put those BTSs in one segment. Thus the optimization
can be implemented while the BTS is put into service, which can save time for optimizing
network.
Segmental optimization can make effective use of human resource at the network
optimization stage.
V. Network optimization with no-load
At the office deployment period, network optimization is implemented with no-load and
main users are testing engineers. Therefore, the no-load optimization constitutes most of
the optimization work. At this period, engineers shall focus on optimization with no load,
i.e., try to achieve good network quality in no-load status. In the case of no load, soft
handoff ratio may be quite high.
VI. Network optimization with load
After a network is put into service, many subscribers are to use the network. Therefore,
load test is very necessary. After no-load optimization is completed, load test is required
to verify network quality under the circumstance of loading. If the quality is decreased,
engineers shall continue to optimize the loaded network.
Normally, the OCNS (forward) and OUNS (reverse) are implemented for system loading


The optimization approaches are similar to those of no-load optimization.
4.1.5 Optimization Verification
After network optimization measures are taken, engineers shall verify whether network
problems have been solved or performance has been improved. The verification
procedure is an important part of network optimization.
The verification procedure is very similar to the initial stage of network optimization,
which is mainly focused on network operating data collection and data analysis. The
approaches for data collection and analysis are consistent with what is required before.
After (implementing) the optimization, engineers shall check whether network
performance has achieved the requirement by collecting and analyzing traffic
measurement data and drive test data.
4.1.6 Optimization Report Output
After the optimization verification, engineers shall provide network optimization report.
The report shall contain the following points: problem analysis and locating process,
optimization methods adopted, comparison between indices prior and post optimization,
remaining problems and recommendation for later construction.
See CDMA 1X Network Optimization Report Template for network optimization report.
Generally, contents in the engineering parameter list shall be adjusted at the optimization
stage. Thus, after network adjustment, engineers shall update the Engineering
Parameter Table for XX Network of XX Telecom Corp., XX Province, which is provided at
the network design phase. The update is required for each adjustment, including BTS
position, station type, antenna height, azimuth angle, down tilt, power configuration,
numbering mode, neighbor cell list and priority, PN planning, etc.
4.1.7 Network Optimization at Office Deployment Period
This section highlights the characteristics of network optimization at the office
deployment period.
The optimization procedure at the initial period of office deployment differs from that of
network in service. At this period, proper equipment installing and normal equipment
indices shall be secured before test of equipment installation, equipment indices and
subsequent network optimization are performed.
Equipment check includes verifying that equipment installation and network configuration
are correct, equipment indices are normal, and network can secure basic call and
handoff. As for the installation, antenna feeder installation is of great relevance to
network optimization.


I. Check antenna feeder installation
Installation engineers on site shall check whether the installation is proper after it is
completed. Method: Use the MS to perform dialing test and confirm the network is able
to provide basic call and handoff services. Generally, the following problems may occur
to the installation of antenna feeder: Antenna or feeder is connected to the wrong sector;
installation cannot meet the design requirement, the antenna and feeder are not well
connected, etc.
Antenna or feeder is connected to the wrong sector: The most common problem in
the current network is that the antennas or feeders of two or three sectors are connected
to the wrong sector. For example, the antenna for the sector 1 is connected to sector 2.
The testing approach is very simple: Use the MS to check whether the received PN is
the same as designed. If there is no Debug screen on the MS, engineers can open
signalling tracing window on the Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC) to trace a
dialing test process and make judgment.
Antenna azimuth angle or down tilt does not meet design requirement: In the actual
projects, this type of problems occur a lot, which may be caused by inaccurate
measurement for installation. Therefore, engineers on site shall check antenna azimuth
angle and down tilt to correct the problems inconsistent with the requirement.
Antenna feeder standing wave ratio test: After the antenna feeder is installed, the
standing wave ratio test is required to check the components are complete and well
connected.
Each BTS shall have a record for standing wave ratio testing.
II. Testing equipment for rated indices
Equipment has gone through rigorous test upon the delivery. But the equipment will be
tested after the installation is completed to check whether the indices can still meet the
requirement under the current condition.
These indices include BTS transmit power, receiving sensitivity, antenna feeder standing
wave ratio, etc.
Each BTS shall have a rated index table for confirming various indices
III. Dialing test after installation
After completing the installation, engineers on site shall perform dialing test upon each
BTS to verify whether it is running normally and check for problems.
Engineers shall pay more attention to the following points while performing dialing test:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Whether the MS can receive the incoming call and keep conversation.
Whether the voice quality is acceptable or not.
Whether the handoff can be achieved among sectors.
Whether sector coverage meets the original design requirement.


5) Whether the PN received by the MS meets the design requirement.
After dialing test is completed, engineers shall provide a dialing test record table for each
BTS.
4.2 Network Problem Handling Procedure
When there are network quality problems or subscriber complaint, please handle
the problem in the following procedure:

Identify network problem
Confirm scenario
Check alarm data
Analyze traffic measurement data
Analyze drive test data
Check equipment & parameter
Locate problem
Implement solution & measures
Verify result
4.2.1 Confirming Problem Scenario
When a network quality problem occurs, engineers shall know where and when the
problem occurs. In this way, he can narrow down the problem scope in the network.
The following information shall be acquired for where it occurs: Geographic location,
sector or PN for pilot in service.
If the condition is permitted, other relevant information shall also be obtained, for
example, subscriber's objective opinion, the subscriber is the calling or called party, the
subscriber calls a FS or a MS, it is an outgoing call or not, etc.
By acquiring the information mentioned, engineers can have an idea of the scenario.


4.2.2 Dialing Test for Faulty Area
After having an idea of the problem scenario, engineers may need to perform dialing test.
Especially when a problem is reported by those outside the test, it might not be accurate.
Thus the engineers need to perform dialing test on site to acquire true data.
When receiving complaint against network quality, network optimization engineers or
maintenance engineers on site shall use dialing test as a required procedure to handle
the problem. This dialing test shall be implemented while validating the problem itself
and validating network optimization effect.
4.2.3 Checking Product Version
This section mentions specifically the problems related with product version. There are
many versions in service and they may vary with functions. Generally, version is a key
issue that we may meet with but often neglect. Since there is difference among different
versions, some function may be supported in one version rather than in another one.
Each version may have different parameter configuration for different function, thus the
versions may be mismatched. Therefore, data configuration check shall be implemented
in combination with current running version. Never directly use the parameter optimized
for certain case. See CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration
Recommendations for parameter requirement of each version.
4.2.4 Checking Alarm Data
Alarm data check can help predict potential problems that may occur to equipment or
process, so as to provide reference for problem location.
4.2.5 Analyzing Traffic Measurement Data
After having confirmed the occurrence place and time of the problem, traffic
measurement at this place and time period can be analyzed. If the problem frequently
happens in an area or the problem happens in a large area, traffic measurement
analysis can help understand and locate the problem. See CDMA Traffic Measurement
Analysis Guide for traffic measurement data to be analyzed.
4.2.6 Analyzing Drive Test Data
If the chance of the problem occurrence is little or it covers a small area, this problem
may not be solved by traffic measurement analysis. At this point of time, testing is
required for the area. Sampling test can be conducted to locate problem. In the test
process, drive test equipment is recommended to work together with maintenance
console or testing console to trace the testing MS. Then engineers shall conduct
comprehensive analysis for forward and reverse data to locate problem. If no drive test
equipment is available, dialing test is performed using the MS, maintenance console or


testing console is used to trace the MS and then signaling analysis is conducted to
locate problem.
4.2.7 Checking Equipment and Data Configuration
When engineers have well identified the problem by collecting and analyzing the data,
they shall first eliminate equipment problem, version problem and data configuration
problem.
I. Checking equipment
Equipment problems include the following: Board fault, transmission fault, GPS fault,
channel blocking and equipment fault. These problems can by queried and analyzed
through alarm information of maintenance console and alarm indicators. They are
reflected in the following forms: Board fault alarm, E1/T1 alarm, clock alarm, etc.
II. Checking antenna feeder
The previous section also mentions the antenna feeder is one of the key causes for
network problems. When a problem is found, antenna feeder shall be checked as one
important focus.
Generally, antenna feeder should be checked in particular after the installation is
completed. Relevant check shall not be neglected either in the optimization stage, and
the check shall be performed according to the aspects mentioned earlier.
In addition, after a network is put into service, new problem may occur. Thus, there are
some new items for antenna feeder check, for example, water seeping, wind blowing,
lightening strike, etc. Pay extra attention to these items.
III. Checking GPS
The GPS plays a critical role in the CDMA. Therefore, when a network problem occurs,
synchronous problem is often involved. This may cause unsuccessful handoff and call
drop. Engineers shall pay attention to the connection status and running situation of the
BTS GPS and BSC GPS.
IV. Checking relevant parameters of network planning
Based on the problem type, check relevant data configuration. See the following
description for the important parameters.
V. Checking switch setting
Many functions supported by the equipment are controlled through switches. When a
problem is identified for the network in service, engineers shall check relevant switch
setting of certain function, and confirm whether the function is supported by the version.


4.2.8 Locating Problem and Implementing Optimization
Engineers can locate problem by collecting and analyzing the data mentioned above,
checking equipment and relevant parameters. Thus, engineers can develop specific
solution to solve problem.
If the problem cannot be located through the above methods, or the problem is hard to
be replicated, engineers shall note down the details of problem phenomenon, scenario,
analysis and handling procedure implemented so as to seek further technical support.
Besides equipment problems, most of network optimization problems are solved by
modifying data configuration. Since there are a large number of parameters in the
system, engineers shall modify data with caution in case there is any error operation.
Data can be queried over Airbridge. A small amount of data modification is conducted
through the Airbridge, while a large amount is through modifying data scripts. Do not
operate in the database directly.
4.2.9 Verifying Optimization Measures
After having adopted optimization measures, engineers shall verify the result. A handling
report for network problem shall be output after the verification is completed.

4.3 Common Problems in Network Optimization Process
Practically, various problems will occur when the network is in service. Based on
previous problems arising from the network, there are mainly the following problems:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
1)
Call drop problem.
Access problem.
Pilot pollution problem.
Interference problem.
Coverage problem.
Handoff problem.
Transmission problem of data service.
Paging and registry problem.
Load and admission control problem.
See relevant analysis guide for various problems.
4.4 Main Parameters of Network Optimization
There are many parameters related with network performance. The following parameters
are the important ones which are likely to trigger problems.
Access parameters.


2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)


System message parameters.
Paging and registry parameters.
Neighbor cell list.
Handoff parameters.
Power configuration and power control parameters.
Load control parameters.
See CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration Recommendations and
Guide to cdma2000 Key Parameter Modification for detailed description and
configuration recommendation of the parameters mentioned above.
5 Document Requirement for Network Planning
and Optimization
The network planning and optimization is a long term task with a large scope. Therefore,
relevant documents shall be input as required during the implementation process so as
to ensure process monitoring and smooth deployment.
Network optimization and planning report shall be submitted after the network
optimization is completed. As for the report content, please see the description above.
The network planning and optimization reports are required to be archived in time.
In the process of network planning and optimization, network planning or optimization
daily report and weekly report shall be submitted. Daily report and weekly report shall be
provided to project manager, contact persons of network planning technical support team
and network planning office deployment team. See CDMA1X Planning Optimization
Daily Report (Example) and CDMAXX Project Planning Optimization Weekly (Daily)
Report Template for requirements of daily and weekly reports.
5.1 Document Output Requirement at Pre-planning Stage
The output documents at the pre-planning stage:
XXX Project Network Pre-planning Solution
XXX Project Network Planning Technical Proposal
5.2 Document Output Requirement at Planning Stage
The output documents at the network planning stage:
XXX Project Network Planning Report
Engineering Parameter Table:
Engineering Parameter Table for XX Network of XX Telecom Corp., XX Province.


5.3 Document Output Requirement at Optimization Stage
The output documents at the network optimization stage:
XXX Project Network Planning Optimization Report
Engineering Parameter Table for XX Network of XX Telecom Corp., XX Province
5.4 Reference Documents
The network planning and optimization process primarily involves the following reference
documents:
Analysis of Impact of Proper Cell Distribution on Network Performance
Guide to CDMA1X Coverage Planning
Guide to CDMA1X Capacity Planning
Huawei CDMA1X Mixed Service Capacity Planning Tool and Coverage Planning Tool
CDMA1X BTS Survey Guide
CDMA1X Antenna Model Selection Guide
CDMA1X Antenna Tilt Planning Guide
CDMA800M and GSM-900M Co-Site Interference Analysis
CDMA2000-45 and EST450 Co-Site Interference Analysis

Electromagnetic Interference Testing Guide for ETS450D
Electromagnetic Interference Analysis Guide for ETS450D
Guide to DMA1X PN Offset Planning
Guide to CDMA 1X Neighbor Cell Planning
Guide to CDMA1X Location Planning
CDMA1X Network Planning Parameter Configuration Specification
Guide to cdma2000 Key Parameter Modification
CDMA1X Network Planning Report Template
CDMA 1X Network Optimization Report Template
CDMA1X Traffic Measurement Analysis Guide
CDMA1X Drive Test Equipment Usage Guide


CDMA1X Drive Test Data Analysis Guide
CDMA1X Calling Procedure Guide