STRESS ANALYSIS (ME 555)

STRESS AND STRAIN3-D (02-10-13)

Stress at a point is resolved into normal () and shear () components.
Shear components act at arbitrary angles to the (main) coordinate axes..meaning
they dont act in the same direction as that of the force causing the stress.
Eg.
yz
is the shear stress in the plane perpendicular to the y axis in the z direction.
note that the above assumption is based on de diagram below.


A shear stress is positive if it points in the positive direction on the positive face of a
unit cube. (and negative direction on the negative face).
A shear stress is negative if it points in the negative direction of a positive face of a
unit cube. (and positive direction on the negative face


In order to establish state of stress at a point, nine quantities must be defined; x ,
y , z , xy , xz , yx , yx , zx and zy .
If stress are slowly varying across the infinitesimal cube, moment equilibrium about
the centroid of the cube requires that ,thus

Nine stress components can now reduce to six independent quantities x , y , z ,
xy , xz , and zy , which can be written as


Hydrostatic or mean stress tensor, m, which involves only pure tension or
compression. Produce elastic volume changes. Thus


Deviator stress tensor ij. Which represents the shear stress in the total state of
stress. important in causing plastic deformation. Thus


The normal stress acting on the oblique plane is given by

Note that where S denotes
stress

The shearing stress on the oblique plane is given by



The stress y can be found by substituting + /2 for , we then have



Equations 3-5 can be expressed in terms of double angle 2.


Note: x + y = x + y
Thus the sum of the normal stresses on two perpendicular planes is an invariant
quantity and independent of orientation or angle .

Eq. 3-8 describe the normal stress and shear stress on any plane through a point in a
body subjected to a plane-stress situation.
The direction cosines between x and the x and y axes are l and m, hence l = cos
and m = sin.
from which u can find
l1,l2,l3.m1,m2,m3.n1,n2,n3
In general three dimensional state of stress consists of three unequal principal
stresses acting at a point, which is called a triaxial state of stress.
If two of the three principal stresses are equal cylindrical
If 1 = 2 = 3, implies hydrostatic or spherical
The principal stress is acting normal to the plane JKL. The direction cosines of in
x, y and z axes is l, m and n respectively.
Summation of the forces in all three directions and By setting the determinant of the
coefficients of l, m and n = 0, thus
which in turn translates into where

Note that
Taking the summation of the forces in the x, y, z directions, the expressions for the
orthogonal components of the total stress are given by
where
The eqxn then becomes




Since plastic flow involves shearing stresses, it is important to identify the planes on
which the maximum or principal shear stresses occur..thus

The principal shear stresses occur for the following combination of direction
cosines that bisect the angle between two of the three principal axes:

Note that
According to convention 1 is the greatest
principal normal stress and 3 is the smallest principal stress, 2 therefore has the largest
Value..thus The maximum principal shear stress max is given by


Deviator of Stress Tensor
Since the decomposition of the stress tensor is given by

Thus .
The principal values of the stress deviator are the roots of the cubic equation

Where J1 , J2 , J3 are the invariants of the deviator stress tensorwith.



Note this.
.
Thus .
Where is rotation tensor is the strain tensor


Principal and Maximum Shear Strains..
The three principal strains are the roots of the cubic equation.
where

The maximum shearing strains can be obtained from.


Rosette
From..




Where a, b and c are measured for given gage orientations a, b and c, the
values of x, y and xy can be obtained by simultaneous solution of Eqs.