-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 16 -ÂÆ-°dç-•®Ω’ 2008 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

P. Babu, Somandepalli ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª-¢√-úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ÉC So that = àüÁjØ√ ïJ-

Q. If clause ¢√úø’éπ, -ü∆-E-™-E ®Ω鬩’ Å®Ωn-´’-´úøç é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ . Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. If he were Doctor, I would consult him. (Åûªúø’ He started early so
A. If clause - An If clause is a group of Doctor Å®·ûË, ÅûªúÕE ؈’ Ææçv°æ-C-≤ƒh†’. Åûª-úø’ that he can reach the
words beginning with 'If' and having a Doctor é¬úø’, Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-’/ Ææçv°æ-Cç- place on time = Ææ´’-ߪ÷-
verb in it. If ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i verb ÖçúË EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-ØË-ô’xí¬/ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-
îª-úøç ™‰ü¿’)
group of words †’ If clause Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË
É™«çöÀ If clauses ≠æ®Ω-ûª’©’ (conditions) ûÁL-Ê°-´- Nç-ûÁE’Ææ ’ éπü∆? -É-C improbable (Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E/ Ææ綵º- ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊í¬-†’ Åûªúø’ °çü¿-
present (v°æÆæ’hûªç). ™«úË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√úø’.
®·ûË ¢√öÀE conditional clauses Åçö«ç. Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ )
Have a room mate so that you may not feel Q.
4. Imaginary past– -Ü£œ«ç-èπ◊-ØË í∫-ûªç/ -E-ïçé¬-E-C éÀçC-¢√-öÀE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-
conditional clauses Ø√©’-í∫-®·Ø√ ´’†èπ◊ confusion lonely = room mate
éπL-Tç-îËN ´‚úË. If he had started earlier, he would have seen ã †’ îª÷Ææ’éÓ, äçô-J-ûª†ç ņ’- í∫-©®Ω’. Had better, had rather, would rather,
her = é¬Ææh ´·ç-üË •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω’ç-õ‰ Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ îª÷ÊÆ- ¶µº-Nç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. sooner than, rather than.
Conditional Clauses (If clause expressing a Provided that = if = Å®·ûË / Ç °æéπ~ç™.
condition) Ö†o sentence ™ main clause (a ¢√úË. Had better -
Ææ©£æ… ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË-´÷ô.
a) Provided that you pay all your fees dues
clause with complete meaning) èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC. (Åûªúø’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË®√úø’, Åçü¿’-éπE Ç¢Á’†’ You had better go to bed early -
†’´¤y °çü¿-™«úË
you will get your hall ticket = fees
She had better stop taking
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.) F •é¬-®·-©Fo Evü¿ §Ú´úøç ´’ç*C.
hall ticket
É™«ç-öÀN -Ø√-©’í∫’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.
If clause verb- had been/ had + past participle
îÁLxç-*-†-ôx-®·ûË/ îÁLxçîË°æéπ~ç™ Fèπ◊ coffee =
Ç¢Á’ coffee
BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ´’ç*C.
1) Éçü¿’™ îÁÊ°pN á°æ¤púø÷ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·/ Eïç.
(past perfect) Main clause verb- would have/
É≤ƒh®Ω’.
a) If you heat a substance, it expands. Had rather - Ñ expression English ™ ™‰ü¿’.
b) I will go there pro-
should have/ could
(´Ææ’h-´¤†’ ¢ËúÕ-îËÊÆh ÅC ¢√uéÓ-*-Ææ’hçC/ ü∆E size vided (that) you pay for Would rather = ´’† É≥ƒdEo ûÁLÊ° expression
have/ might have been
°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.) my travel = Ø√ v°æߪ÷ù - äéπöÀ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéπçõ‰ ÉçéÓöÀ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúøôç.
or would have/ should
b) If you turn to the east in the morning, you ê®Ω’a©’ †’´¤y ¶µºJÊÆh/ I would rather starve than eat in that restau-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 497 ¶µ¢Á∞ºJ¡-ûçîË√†’. °æéπ~ç™ ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ û√†’
see the sun. have/ could have/ might
rant = Ç £æ«Ùô™x AØËçü¿’éπçõ‰ °æÆæ’hç-úËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúø-
have + past participle.
(§Òü¿’l† ûª÷®Ω’p--¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’.) ؈’. (starve = °æÆæ’hç-úøôç)
Ñ È®çúø’ sentences sooner than = Åçûª-
™†÷, If (conditional)
No wher e else do you see this system
éπçõ‰ ûªy®Ωí¬.
clause ™, main clause ™
He recovered sooner
verbs present tense ™ØË
Öçö«®·. If clause ™ than the Doctor had
îÁ°œpçC ïJ-TûË, main expected = Doctor ņ’-
clause ™C éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. b) If he had consulted me, I would Provided é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. E•ç-üµ¿-†©÷, èπ◊†o ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª-úø’.
Sentence A: Verb in 'If' clause - heat - have given him good advice = Åûªúø’ îªôd °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Recover = éÓ©’-éÓ-´úøç. Å®·ûË would sooner
present tense; verb in the main clause - expands ††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç* Öçõ‰ (Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’) As though = Å®·-†ô’x, é¬-F, -é¬ü¿’ than ÅØ√o rather than ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç – would rather
- present tense. Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úË-¢√-úÕ-E – He speaks as though he were very (°j† N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆)™« äéπ-°æE éπçõ‰ ÉçéÓ °æE
Sentence B: If clause verb - turn - present (É´y-™‰ü¿’). clever = àüÓ î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úø-®·-†ô’x îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æ-úøôç.
tence; Main clause verb - see - also present Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC– -Ü-JÍé ņ’- (é¬ØË-é¬úø’) ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. I would sooner starve than eat in that restau-
tense. èπ◊çö«ç, Å™« ïJ-TûË/ ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË ¶«í∫’ç- M.SURESAN As though = As if. rant = I would rather starve than eat in that
´·êuçí¬ facts of science/ universal truths úËD.. É™«. ü∆-E-E í∫’-Jç--* îË-ߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-üË- In as much as = Ç ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊. restaurant.
îËÊ°pô°æ¤púø’ É™« ´Ææ’hçC. O’™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆-E-E imaginary past Åçö«ç. In as much as he knew about it, he went on Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÉN past
Éçü¿’-™ØË ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç: ÉC í∫ûªç™ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ M.V. Subrahmanyam, Chillakur talking = ûª†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æ œç-ü¿çû√ Åûªúø’ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ habits †’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒhߪ÷?
Q. éÀçC conjunctions èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®√n©’ ÉÆæ÷h, ÖØ√oúø’. ÉC out dated - ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. 1. I would take milk in the morning.
ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç.
If I opened the door/ whenever I opened the Else - some -, every-, any-, no-, ©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- 2. I used to take milk in the morning.
door/ I always saw him standing there.
ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ.
In order that, On condition that, Even if, So
¶µº´ ’ßË’u ´÷ô©-ûÓ (some one, every one, any A. 1) ؈’ §Òü¿’l-†- §ƒ©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd°æúø-û√†’/
؈’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûÁJÊÆh, Åûª-úø-éπ\úË E©-•úÕ éπ†-°æ-úË-¢√úø’. where, no where É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ) éπL°œ ¢√úÕûË,
that, Provided that, As though, In as much
If clause verb- opened (simple past) Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Question words, 'wh'- ûÓ (í∫ûªç™) É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-úÕE.
main clause verb- saw (also simple past) as, As if, Else, Lest
begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.
2) ؈’ §Òü¿’l† §ƒ©’ û√Íí¢√úÕE.
°j È®çúÕçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç™ Åçûª confusion ™‰ü¿’. A. In order that = ÅC ïJÍíçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’. Q. Wren & Martin ™ explanation ™ govern,
Some one else was there besides him =
É°æ¤púø’ ÉN îª÷ü∆lç. He worked hard in order that he may have modify, qualify ÅØË °æü∆©’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’. OöÀ í∫’Jç*
enough money in his old age = He worked
Åûª-úÕ-ûÓ-§ƒô’, Éçé¬ á´®Ó ÖØ√o-®Ω-éπ\úø.
a) If he comes here, his mother will be happy No where else do you see this system =
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
(-Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hçC) = hard in order to have enough money in his A. Govern - äéπ ´÷ô ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’/ phrase †’
Åûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ¢√∞¡x´’t ÆæçûÓ-≠œçîË old age = He worked hard to have enough Ñ °æü¿l¥A ÉçÈé-éπ\ú≈ éπ†-°æ-úøü¿’.
govern îËÊÆh Ç ´÷ô, Ç ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’/ phrase
money in his old age = He worked hard so Or else = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË = otherwise
Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC. ÉC probable present. (v°æÆæ’hûªç/ †’ ¢√úË Nüµ∆Eo ¨»Æœ-Ææ’hçC.
Future ™ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o N≠æߪ’ç) If clause - that he may have enough money in his old Come exactly at 7 daily as else you will lose
The Government of India. Ééπ\úø India is gov-
comes- present tense. Main clause - will be - age = ´·ÆæLûª†ç™ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçúËçü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ your job = ®ÓW àúÕç-öÀéÀ ®√¢√L, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË F ÖüÓuí∫ç
erned by the preposition 'of'.
future tense. Åûªúø’ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-¨»úø’/ v¨¡N’ç-î√úø’. §Úûª’çC.
Modify - äéπ-´÷ô Å®√nEo ÉçéÓ-´÷ô áèπ◊\´
b) If he can come at 7, he can/ will be able to In order that/ in order to/ to/ so that = Åçü¿’- lest = so that not = Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
meet her. èπ◊-í¬†’. OöÀ™ In order that/ in order to é¬Ææh He took enough care lest some one (should) îËߪ’úøç. ≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ á™«? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†çí¬
-Å-ûªúø’ àúÕç-öÀéÀ ®√í∫-L-TûË – (®√´îª’a- – Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ví¬çC∑éπç. to/ so that, simple. deceive him = ûª††’ á´®Ω÷ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-
´îËa ´÷ô, ÉçéÓ ´÷ô†’ modify îËÆæ’hçC. Adverb,
verb †’/ adjective †’/ ÉçéÓ adverb †’ modify
ÖçC) Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓí∫LÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. ÉC They are collecting money in order to that ü¿’èπ◊ Åûªúø’ ûªí∫’ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç/ future ™ Ææ綵º´ç. they may help/ in order to help / so that they may Q. Object of a preposition Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? Subject,
îËÆæ’hçC.
If clause verb - can come- present tense help/ to help the flood victims = ´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’-©èπ◊ He sang well. ᙫ §ƒú≈úø’? Well. 鬕öÀd Well,
Object ÅØËN verb Íé Öçö«®· éπü∆. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-
(future implied) - Main clause- can meet/ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx úø•’s §Úí∫’-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. sang †’ modify îËÆæ’hçC.
©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. -
will be able - present (future implied) On condition that = Ç ≠æ®Ω-ûª’èπ◊ ™•úÕ; A. Preposition èπ◊ -üËEE/ á´-JE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Qualify - í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†’ ûÁ©-°æúøç – adjective
DEE probable present Åçö«ç. I will give you the loan on condition that you ´îËa answer, object of the preposition. îËÊÆ-°æE (´Jgç-îªúøç).
3) a) If he saw me here now/ were to see repay it by this month end = Ñ ØÁ-™«-ê-®Ω’-™°æ¤ †’´¤y a) They threw stones at the police – Ééπ\úø He is a tall boy. Ééπ\úø tall boy †’ ´Jg-≤ÚhçC. So,
me here now, he would be/ would feel very AJ-TîËa ≠æ®Ωûª’ O’ü¿ Fèπ◊ ؈’ Å°œp≤ƒh†’. the adjective 'tall' qualifies the noun, boy.
preposition 'at' éπü∆? At whom? Åç--õ‰ police -Å-ØË
angry - The Principal re-admitted him on condition answer ´Ææ÷hç-C éπ-ü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ police is the object
Ñ sentence Å®Ωnç î√™« Ææp-≠dçæ í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. that he will not repeat what he has done = Åûªúø’ of the preposition, 'at'. Nagaraju, Srikakulam
Åûª-úÕ-°æ¤púø’ †Eo-éπ\úø îª÷úøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (ïJÍí îËÆœçC ´’Sx îËߪ’-†ØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’-O’ü¿ ÅûªúÕE principal ´’Sx b) The police are searching for the terrorist - éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ î√™« éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC. (ÉD îË®Ω’a-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Q. üË-´¤-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç °-ôd-úøç.
ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’) – Ééπ\úø tenses í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ\-úø preposition, for = éÓÆæç. á´-J-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-
A. Making an offering to god.
Even if = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ; Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ’? terrorist éÓÆæç, 鬕öÀd terrorist, Ééπ\úø object
If clause: Past simple/ were (even for singu-
Ø√o®Ω Q. ¢Á·èπ◊\ -B®Ω’aéÓ-´-úøç.
a) Even if the Chief Minister asks me to con- of the preposition, 'for'.
lar subjects)- saw; Main clause- would/ should/
could) might + Ist Regular Doing Word.
test, I won't = CM ††’o §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’-´’E ÅúÕ-TØ√/ îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ verb ûª®√yûª preposition ´ÊÆh, °j Q.. Fulfil
A
-û ª-©-F -™
one's vows.
«-©’ Ææ-´’-Jpç-éÓ-´-úøç.
b) If I were very strong, I could beat him.
ÅúÕ-TØ√ èπÿú≈ ؈’ §ÚöÃ-îË-ߪ’†’. senteces ™ ´÷C-Jí¬ - î√™« verbs ûª®√yûª prepo-
A Offering of hair.
؈’ •©-´ç-ûª’-úÕ-†®·-ûË (鬆’), ¢√úÕE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-©†’. Contest = §Úöà îËߪ’úøç/ §ÚöÃ. sitions ´Ææ’hç-ö«®· éπü∆? eg: look at, pay for, jump
.
b) Even if the CM recommends you, I won't into, etc. - Å™«-´-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ preposition Q . -Å -´ ’t-¢ √-JéÀ é¬-†’éπí¬ -É-´y-úøç.
A Making/ offering a gift/ something to the
(é¬E É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰†’)
give you the job = CM E†’o recommend îËÆ œØ√/ ûª®√y-A-´÷ô (á´JE, üËEE -Å-ØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ .
If clause; If I were strong - verb - were - Main
´îËaC), object of the preposition Å´¤-ûª’çC. deity.
clause verb - could beat.
îËÆœ-Ø√-èπÿú≈ ؈’ Fèπ◊ ÖüÓuí∫ç É´y†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm