Chapter 3 : Chemical bonding

1.a) BF3 : 3 bond pai e ; 0 lone pair e [1]

[1] trigonal pyramidal [1]
b) BF3 does not have octet arrangement [1]
NH3 form dative bond to BF3 [1]
[1]

2.a) NO2
+
has 2 bond pair e and 0 lone pair e [1]
NO2
-
has 2 bond pair e and 1 lone pair e [1]
[1+1]
b) both nitrogen trichloride and phosphorous trichloride has
trigonal pyramidal [1]
- nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorous [1]
- repulsion between Cl-N-Cl is greater than Cl-P-Cl [1]
- bond length between N-Cl is shorter than P-Cl [1]

3. a) - bond pair-bond pair repulsion < lone pair- bond pair
repulsion < lone pair - lone pair repulsion [1]
- double bond, triple bond is assumed as 1 bond [1]

b) Structure [1] Shape [1] x 3



Bent Trigonal pyramidal Square planar

c) Total number of electrons = 42 Oxidation state of Sb = +5

4.a) Ethanoic acid formed dimer between CH3COOH [1]
- by using 2 hydrogen bond [1]
[1]

b) both N and P are from group 15 [1]
- both are simple molecules [1]
- phosphine are hold by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
- ammonia are hold by strong hydrogen bond [1]

c) - Since 2-nitrophenol form strong hydrogen bond as
intramolecular forces, the interaction between 2-nitrophenol
molecules are weaker among each other [1]
- compare to 4-nitrophenol, which used hydrogen bond as their
intermolecular forces. [1]
[1] [1]

5. Both neon and argon are monoatomic atom [1]
- Which were hold by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
- since RAM of Ar is greater than Ne, so the weak Van Der Waals
forces is greater [1]
- water are simple molecules which were hold by strong hydrogen
bond [1]
- where 2 hydrogen bond were formed between molecules [1]
- NaF is an ionic compound [1]
- NaF has high melting point since it is hold by strong crystal ionic
lattice [1]
- diamond, C, has giant molecular structure [1]
- each C is held strongly by covalent bond by 4 other C [1]

6. a)i. NH3, HCl and CO2 are simple molecules bonded by strong
covalent bond [1]
- NH3 has strong hydrogen bond between them [1]
- HCl are polar molecules which has permanent dipole -
permanet dipole forces
- CO2 are non-polar molecuels which formed temporary dipole
induced dipole between them.
ii.
b) i. NH3 + H2O NH4
+
+ OH
-

HCl + H2O H3O
+
+ Cl
-

ii. ammonia form hydrogen bond with water
- HCl dissociate completely in water.
- CO2 is non polar and hard to dissolve in water.

1 B 2 C 3 C 4 D 5 C
6 A 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 B
11 D 12 C 13,14 : 1,2,3 15 1,2 16 1

Past Year Questions Solution :
Objective : 5. B 7. D 6. B 7. D 6. A 8. C 5. D 7. D 42. C 47. 2,3 1. C 5. A
6. C. 9. C 14. D 43. All 2. D 19. B 43. 2,3 3. D 9. B 45. All 46. 2,3 6. A 7. A 42. 1
46. 1 5. C 6. A 7. B 44. 1 6. B 42. D 4. B 8. B 6. A 6. A 7. C 43. 1,2
STPM 2001 Question 1
a.i. ii. sp
3
iii.
b.i. 3s
1
3p
3
3d
2

ii. - steric hindrance occur [1]
- size of sulphur is too small to allocate 6 chlorine [1]

STPM 2002
1. C : ____ ____ ____ ____ [1]
2s 2p
b.i. sp
2
and sp
3
[1]
[4]
c.i. gaps between conduction band and valence band is large [1]
ii. steric hindrance [1]
iii. F does not contain empty d-orbital [1]
stronger repulsion by lone pair electron [1]

STPM 2005 Question 1

c)


STPM 2006
b. tetrahedral [1]
c.i.ionic bond [1] ii. XY [1]
iii. high melting-boiling point / soluble in water / good conductor in
aqueous solution (any 2) [2]
iv. higher charge [1] lower ionic radius [1]

STPM 2007 Question 3
[1]
Question 6
a. Carbon ground state : ____ ____ ____ ____ [1]
2s 2p

Excited state : ____ ____ ____ ____ [1]
2s 2p

Hybridised state : ____ ____ ____ ____ [1]
sp hybridization 2p
y
2p
z


b. nitrogen has a short and strong triple bond [1]
since the size of nitrogen atom is greater than carbon atom [1]
STPM 2008 Question 5
a. Methane [1] ii. Methyl radical [1]
- 4 bonding pair [1] - 3 bonding pair + 1 lone pair [1]
- tetrahedral [1] - trigonal pyramidal [1]
STPM 2009 Question 3
b.i. [1]
(ii) sp2 to sp3 [1]
(c) - Bond angle: NH3 > PH3
[1]
- N is more electronegative than P. [1]
- A more electronegative central atom pulls bonding electron
pairs closer causing greater repulsion between bonding pairs. [1]

STPM 2010
3 a) Form covalent / dative bond [1]
c) Al
2
Cl
6
dissociate to form monomer AlCl
3
@ equation [1]
- AlCl
3
act as Lewis acid / incomplete octet [1]
[1]
6.(a) Both Li and Be are metal / have metallic bond [1]
- Valence electron of Li : 2s1 [1] while Be : 2s2 [1]
- the outermost electron has mobile electron /delocalised electron [1]
- Be delocalised more e than Li [1]
- Be is a better conductor than Li [1]

STPM 2011
2. (a) (i) ionic @ electrovalent [1]
(ii) lead(II) chloride @ sodium [1]
(iii) hydrogen bromide & hydrogen bromide [1]
(iv) methane is a simple covalent molecule, @ weak van der
Waals forces [1]
SiO
2
- as giant covalent molecule strong covalent bond [1]

STPM 2012
1 b) i. (H)(H) [1] ii. Sigma bond [1]
2 (c) i. AlCl
3
has empty p-orbital [1]
ii.
c) ii. Bond length of
12
C
16
O molecule is the same as
13
C
16
O [1]
Since the number of proton / nuclear charge is the same [1]

STPM 2012 / 13 SEM 119 b)
Ozone Iodine ion
[1]
[1]
2 bond pair + 1 lone pair [1] 3 lone pair + 2 bond pair [1]
bent [1] linear [1]
Trigonal planar [1] Trigonal bipyramidal [1]
Less than 120

[1] 180 [1]

Draw structure [1]
Label & bond [1]
Shape : linear [1]
5 c) [1] sp hybridisation [1]