American National Standar

ANSI/I E E E C57.
13-1978
(Revi si on of ANSI (37.13-1968)
requirements for
instrument transformers
SH06700
December 29, 1978
Authorized licensed use limited to: IT DE CHIHUAHUA. Downloaded on October 16,2014 at 00:28:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSVIEEE C57.13-1978
27 January 1986
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Title of Document:
Date of Specific Issue Adopted:
Releasing Industry Group:
Custodians:
Army - ME
Navy - M)
Air Force - 80
IEEE Standard Requirements for
Instrument Transformers
March 30, 1978
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
Military Coordinating Activity:
Navy - YD
(Project 6120-0026)
Review Activities:
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Air Force - 99
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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
AMSC N/ A
ANSI/IEEE C57.13-1978
(Revision of ANSI C57.13-1968)
An American National Standard
Sponsor
Transformers Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Approved September 9, 1976
IEEE Standards Board
Secretariat
Edison Electric Institute
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
National Electric Manufacturers Association
Approved March 30,1978
American National Standards Institute
Published by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
American National Standard
An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub-
stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer,
and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using
products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard.
American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users
are cautioned to obtain the latest editions.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be
revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm.
revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the
date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may
receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the
American National Standards Institute.
0 Copyright 1978 by
, --.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission o f the publisher.
- Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI /I EEE C57.13-1978, American National Standard Requirements for I nstru-
ment Transformers. )
For a number of years prior to 1942, The Sectional Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and
Reactors, C57, was developing and correlating standards on transformers. The data used in this
work was gathered from many sources, including the existing standards and publications of Amer-
ican Institute of Electrical Engineers, standards of the National Electrical Manufacturers Associa-
tion, reports of the Edison Electric Institute, and others. This work resulted in the publication in
1942 of the American Standard for Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors. This standard was re-
vised and greatly expanded in 1948 and 1949.
American Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Instrument Transformers,
C57.13-1954, was an editorial consolidation of preceding standards on instrument transformers,
namely, the American Standard Test Code for Instrument Transformers, C57.23-1948. In addi-
tion, in order to eliminate cross-references wherever possible, it contained excerpts from other stan-
dards of the C57 family.
USA Standard C57.13-1968 was a revision which recognized subsequent developments. I t also had
been updated to conform with American National Standard General Requirements for Distribution,
Power, and Regulating Transformers, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1973, and American National Stan-
dard Test Code for Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1973,
except where instrument transformer requirements demand modifications.
'
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
Secretary
IEEE Standards Board
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
At the time is approved this standard, C57 had the following membership:
-
H. D. Lewis, Chairman C. R. Willmore, Secretary
Organization Rep resented Name of Representative
Bonneville Power Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George W. Iliff
Electric Light and Power Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. R. Best
I. 0. Berkhan
I. H. Koponen
J . P. Markey (Al t)
P. H. Philippidis
W. A. Richter
B. F. Smith
E. A. Villasuso
I nstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Bennon
W. P. Burt
J . C. Dutton
D. C. J ohnson (Al t)
L. W. Long
D. E. Massey
Naval Facilities Engineering Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leonard W. J ohnson
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. C. Aicher
W. R. Courtade
J . D. Douglass
W. C. Kendall
G. W. Mayall (Al t)
W. J . McNutt
Norman M. Neagle (Al t)
R. L. Schwah
R. E. Uptegraff, J r
G. C. Wilhurn (Al t)
Rural Electrification Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J . C. Arnold, J r
Tennessee Valley Authority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. R. Smith
Underwriters Laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. A. Farquhar (Al t)
-
E. J . Huher
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. H. Richardson
The Working Group who developed this standard had the following membership:
FL B. Stetson, Secretary R. C. Thomas, Chairman
J. C. Arnold
Egidio Basso
C. F. Burke
E. Conner
P. Falkowski
D. L. Hillhouse
H. R. Lucas
R. D. MacKimmie
Robert A. Magill
S. C. McCollum
J. E. Smith
J . W. Walton
The Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society of 1976 reviewed and ap-
When this standard was approved September 9, 1976, the IEEE Standards Board had the follow-
Irvin N. Howell, J r., Vice Chairman
proved this standard.
ing membership:
William R. Kruesi, Chairman
Ivan G. Easton, Secretary
William E. Andrus
J ean J acques Archambault
Dale R. Cochran
Warren H. Cook
Louis Costrell
J ay Forster
J oseph L. Koepfinger
Irving Kolodny William J. Neiswender
Benjamin J. Leon Gustave Shapiro
Anthony C. Lordi
J ohn P. Markey
Thomas J. Martin
Donald T. Michael
Voss A. Moore
William S. Morgan
Ralph M. Showers
Robert A. Soderman
Leonard W. Thomas, Sr
Charles L. Wagner
William T. Wintringhamt
t Deceased
Contents
.
SECTION PAGE
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 9
2 . Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 9
3 . References .........................................................................................................................................
11
4 . General Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Service Conditions .................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Effect of Air Density on Sparkover Voltage ........................................................................... 12
4.4 Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise and Effect of Ambient
4.5 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels, Dielectric Tests, and Outdoor
Instrument Transformer Creepage Distance and Wet Tests ................................................. 13
4.7 Tests ........................................................................................................................................ -16
4.8 Construction ............................................................................................................................. 16
5 . Accuracy Classes for Metering Service ............................................................................................ 18
Basis for Accuracy Classes ...................................................................................................... 18
Expression for Transformer Correction Factor at 0.6 and 1.0 Power Factor
4.3 Frequency ................................................................................................................................. 12
Temperature on Permissible Loading ..................................................................................... 12
4.6 Temperature Rise .................................................................................................................... 16
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
of Metered Load ....................................................................................................................... 18
Standard Accuracy Classes ...................................................................................................... 19
Standard Accuracy Classes ...................................................................................................... 19
6 . Current Transformers ....................................................................................................................... 19
6.2 Standard Burdens .................................................................................................................... 19
Limiting Values of Radio Correction Factor and Phase Angle for
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8 Nameplates 24
Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed .......................................................................... 19
Assignment of Accuracy Ratings for Metering Service ........................................................... 19
Accuracy Classes for Relaying ................................................................................................. 19
Continuous-Thermal-Current Rating Factors Based on 30C
Ambient Air Temperature ....................................................................................................... 24
Short-Time Current Ratings .................................................................................................... 24
Secondary Winding Induced Voltages ..................................................................................... 24
6.9 Terminals .................................................................................................................................. 24
6.10 Application Data ...................................................................................................................... 24
7 . Voltage Transformers 26
Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed .......................................................................... 26
7.2 Standard, Burdens ................................................................................................................... 26
Assignment of Accuracy Ratings ............................................................................................. 26
Thermal Burden Ratings ......................................................................................................... 26
7.6 Terminals ................................................................................................................................. 28
7.7 Short-circuit Capability .......................................................................................................... 28
7.8 Application Data ...................................................................................................................... 29
7.10 Routine Accuracy Test ............................................................................................................ 30
Measurement and Calculation of Ratio and Phase Angle ...................................................... 32
Impedance and Excitation Measurements .............................................................................. 47
...............................................................................................................................
6.11 Routine Accuracy Tests ........................................................................................................... 26
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.5 Nameplates ............................................................................................................................... 28
........................................................................................................................
7.9 Induced Potential Test ............................................................................................................ 29
8 . Test Code .......................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1
8.2 Demagnetization 46
8.3
.......................................................................................................................
SECTION PAGE
8.4 Polarity ..................................................................................................................................... 50
8.5 Resistance Measurements ........................................................................................................ 51
8.6 Short-circuit Characteristics ................................................................................................... 53
8.7 Temperature Rise Tests ........................................................................................................... 55
8.8 Dielectric Tests ......................................................................................................................... 57
8.9 Measurement of Open-circuit Voltage of Current Transformers .......................................... 60
9 . Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 61
FIGURES
Fig 1
Fig 2
Fig 3
Fig 4
Fig 5
Fig 6
Fig 7
Fig 8
Fig 9
Fig 10
Fig 11
Fig 12
Fig 13
Fig 14
Fig 15
Fig 16
Fig 17
Fig 18
Fig 19
Fig 20
Fig 21
Fig 22
Fig 23
Fig 24
Fig 25
Fig 26
Fig 27
Fig 28
Fig 29
Fig 30
TABLES
55 "C Rise Current Transformer Basic Loading Characteristics ....................................... 13
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Current Transformers for Metering Service .................... 20
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Voltage Transformers for Metering Service ..................... 21
Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-ratio C Class Current Transformers ....................... 25
Typical Primary Connections for Voltage Transformers ................................................... 27
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Compensated Current Comparator ................ 35
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Composite Current Comparator ..................... 35
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Composite Current Comparator
and Operational Amplifier ................................................................................................... 37
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with Current Comparator and
Standard Current Transformer ........................................................................................... 37
Accuracy Test with Direct-Null Network ........................................................................... 38
Accuracy Test with Standard Current Transformer (Direct
Comparison Network) .......................................................................................................... 39
Accuracy Test with Capacitance Divider Method (Direct-Null Network) ........................ 40
Accuracy Test with Current Comparator-Capacitance Ratio Method .............................. 41
Accuracy Test with Resistance Divider Method (Direct-Null Network) .......................... 42
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Pseudo-Bridge Method
(Direct-Null Network) ......................................................................................................... 42
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Comparative-Null Method ............................... 43
Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Current Transformer on Secondary N
Turns Base ........................................................................................................................... 44
Phasor Diagram of Fig 18 .................................................................................................... 44
Method 1: Circuit for Demagnetizing Current Transformers ............................................ 46
Method 2: Circuit for Demagnetizing Current Transformers ............................................ 47
Circuit for Measuring Impedance: Three-Voltmeter Method ............................................ 48
Circuit for Measuring Impedance: Wattmeter, Voltmeter, Ammeter Method .................. 49
Polarity by Inductive Kick .................................................................................................. 50
Polarity by Comparison with Transformer of Same Ratio and
Known Polarity .................................................................................................................... 51
Polarity by Comparison with Voltage Transformer of Same Ratio and
Known Polarity .................................................................................................................... 51
Polarity by Comparison of Winding Voltages ..................................................................... 51
Four-Terminal Network for Resistance Measurement ....................................................... 52
Measurement of Open-circuit Voltage of Current Transformers ...................................... 60
Typical Overcurrent .Ratio Curve ........................................................................................ 26
Circuit for Measuring Excitation Current and Loss .......................................................... 49
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Dielectric Strength Correction Factors for Altitudes Greater Than
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests ................................................... 14
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests for Current Transformers
with the Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers ..................... 15
1000 m (3300 ft) .............................................................................................................. 12
h
.
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
PAGE
Limits of Temperature Rise ............................................................................................ 16
Instrument Transformer Symbols ............................................................................. 17-18
Factor of Metered Load, Lagging) .................................................................................. 19
Standard Accuracy Class for Metering Service and Corresponding Limits
of Transformer Correction Factor (0.6 to 1.0 Percent Power
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for Current Transformers .......................................... 20
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for Current Transformers with
the Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers ............................. 21
Ratings for Current Transformers with One or Two Ratios .......................................... 22
Standard Burdens for Current Transformers with 5 A Secondaries ............................. 23
Ratings and Characteristics of Group 1 Voltage Transformers ..................................... 28
Ratings and Characteristics of Group 4 Voltage Transformers
Current Transformer Ratings, Multi-Ratio Type .......................................................... 22
(Figs 6B and 6D) ............................................................................................................. 31
Ratings and Characteristics of Group 5 Outdoor Voltage Transformers ....................... 31
Standard Burdens for Voltage Transformers ................................................................. 32
Full Voltage Duration for Induced Potential Tests ........................................................ 58
L
.
An American National Standard
1. Scope
a primary winding. This type of current trans-
former is for use with a fully insulated conductor
as the primary winding. A bushing-type current
transformer usually is used in equipment where
the Primary conductor is a component part of oth-
er apparatus.
1.1 This standard is intended for use as a basis
for performance, interchangeability, and safety of
equipment covered, and to assist in the proper
selection of such equipment.
1.2 This standard covers certain electrical, di-
mensional, and mechanical characteristics, and
takes into consideration certain safety features of
currrent and inductively coupled voltage trans-
formers of types generally used in the mea-
surement of electricity and the control of equip-
ment associated with the generation, trans-
mission, and distribution of alternating current.
I
cascade-type voltage transformer. An in-
sulated-neutral terminal type voltage transformer
with the primary winding distributed on several
cores with the cores electromagnetically coupled
by coupling windings. The secondary winding is
on the core at the neutral end of the high-voltage
winding. Each core of this type of transformer is
insulated from the other cores and is maintained
at a fixed voltage with respect to ground and the
line-to-ground voltage.
2. Definitions
continuous-thermal-current rating factor
(RF). The specified factor by which the rated pri-
mary current of a current transformer can be
rent that can be carried continuously without ex-
All definitions, except as specifically covered in
this standard, shall be in accordance with
trical and Electronics Terms.
IEEE 100-1977, Dictionary Of
multiplied to obtain the maximum primary cur-
bar-type current transformer. One that has a
fixed, insulated straight conductor in the form of
a bar, rod, or tube that is a single primary turn
passing through the magnetic circuit and that is
assembled to the secondary, core, and winding.
burden of an instrument transformer. That
property of the circuit connected to the secondary
winding that determines the active and reactive
power at the secondary terminals. The burden is
expressed either as total ohms impedance with the
effective resistance and reactance components, or
as the total volt-amperes and power factor at the
specified value of current or voltage, and frequen-
CY.
ceeding the limiting temperature rise from 30C
ambient air temperature. (When current trans-
formers are incorporated internally as parts of larger
transformers or power circuit breakers, they shall
meet allowable average winding and hot spot tem-
peratures under the specific conditions and require-
ments of the larger apparatus.)
current transformer. An instrument transformer
intended to have its primary winding connected in
series with the conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled. (In window type current
transformers, the primary winding is provided by the
line conductor and is not an integ~al part of the trans-
former.)
bushing-type current transformer. One that
has an annular core and a secondary winding in-
sulated from and permanently assembled on the
core but has no primary winding or insulation for
double-secondary current transformer. One
that has two secondary coils each on a separate mag-
netic circuit with both magnetic circuitsexcited by the
same primary winding.
-
9
ANSI /I EEE
(257.13-1978 I EEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
double-secondary voltage transformer. One
that has two secondary windings on the same magnet-
ic circuit insulated from each other and the primary.
former. The watts required to supply the energy nec-
essary to excite the transformer, which include the
instrument transformer and the power factor of
the primary circuit being measured.
'rhe phase angle correction factor is the factor that
corrects for the phase displacement of the secondary current
or voltage, or both, due to the instrument transformer phase
The measured watts or watt-hours in the secondary circuits
of' instrument transformers must be multiplied by the phase
angle correction factor and the true ratio to obtain the true
primary watts or watt-hours.
excitation losses for an instrument trans-
angles.
watts, the 'Ore and the watts in the
excited winding due to the excitation current.
fused-type voltage transformer. One that is pro-
vided with means for mounting one or more fuses as
integral parts of the transformer in series with the pri-
mary winding.
grounded-neutral terminal type voltage trans-
former. A voltage transformer that has the neutral
end of the high-voltage winding connected to the case
or mounting base.
instrument transformer. A transformer that is in-
tended to reproduce in its secondary circuit, in a defi-
nite and known proportion, the current or voltage of
its primary circuit with the phase relations substan-
tially preserved.
insulated-neutral terminal type voltage trans-
former. A voltage transformer that has the neutral
end of the high-voltage winding insulated from the
case or base and connected to a terminal that provides
insulation for a lower voltage than required for the
line terminal.
marked ratio. The ratio of the rated primary value
to the rated secondary value as stated on the
nameplate.
multiple-secondary current transformer.
One that has three or more secondary coils each
on a separate magnetic circuit with all magnetic
circuits excited by the same primary winding.
multi-ratio current transformer. One from
which more than one ratio can be obtained by the
use of taps on the secondary winding.
percent ratio. The true ratio expressed in per-
cent of the marked ratio.
percent ratio correction of an instrument
transformer. The difference between the ratio
correction factor and unity expressed in percent.
NOTE: The percent ratio correction is positive if the ratio cor-
rection factor is greater than unity. If the percent ratio correc-
tion is positive, the measured secondary current or voltage will
be less than the primary value divided by the marked ratio.
phase angle correction factor. The ratio of
the true power factor to the measured power fac-
tor. I t is a function of both the phase angles of the
phase angle of an instrument transformer.
The phase displacement, in minutes, between the
primary and secondary values.
NOTE: The phase angle ofa current transformer is designated
by the Greek letter beta (0) and is positive when the current
leaving the identified secondary terminal leads the current en-
tering the identified primary terminal.
The phase angle of a voltage transformer is designated by
the Greek letter gamma (7) and is positive when the secondary
voltage fromthe identified to the unidentified terminal leads
the corresponding primary voltage.
polarity. The designation of the relative in-
stantaneous directions of the currents entering the
primary terminals and leaving the secondary ter-
minals during most of each half cycle.
NOTE: Primary and secondary terminals are said to have the
same polarity when, at a given instant during most of each half
cycle, the current enters the identified, similarly marked pri-
mary lead and leaves the identified, similarly marked secon-
dary terminal in the same direction as though the two termi-
nals formed a continuous circuit.
rated current. The primary current selected for
the basis of performance specifications of a cur-
rent transformer.
rated secondary current. The rated current
divided by the marked ratio.
rated secondary voltage. The rated voltage
divided by the marked ratio.
rated voltage of a voltage transformer. The
primary voltage selected for the basis of perfor-
mance specifications of a voltage transformer.
ratio correction factor (RCF). The ratio of the
true ratio to the marked ratio. The primary cur-
rent or voltage is equal to the secondary current or
voltage multiplied by the marked ratio times the
ratio correction factor.
secondary winding of an instrument trans-
former. The winding that is intended to be con-
nected to the measuring or control devices.
thermal burden rating of a voltage trans-
former. The volt-ampere output that the trans-
former will supply continuously at rated secon-
dary voltage without causing the specified tem-
perature limitations to be exceeded.
10
I NSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
ANSI lI EEE
C57.13-1978
three-wire type current transformer, One
that has two primary windings, each completely
insulated for the rated insulation level of the
transformer. This type of current transformer is
for use on a three-wire, single-phase service.
NOTE: The primary windings and secondary windings are
permanently assembled on the core as an integral structure.
The secondary current is proportional to the phasor sum of the
primary currents.
transformer correction factor (TCF). The ra-
tio of true watts or watt-hours to the measured
watts or watt-hours, divided by the marked ratio.
NO'I'E: 'Thetransformer correction factor for a current or volt-
age transformer is the ratio correction factor multiplied by the
phase angle correction factor for a specified primary circuit
power lactor.
'Thetrue primary watts or watt-hours are equal to the watts
or watt-hours measured, multiplied by the transformer correc-
tion factor and the marked ratio.
The true primary watts or watt-hours, when measured using
both current and voltage transformers, are equal to the current
transformer correction factor times the voltage transformer
correction factor multiplied by the product of the marked ra-
tios of the current and voltage transformers multiplied by the
observed watts or watt-hours.
true ratio. The ratio of the root-mean-square
(rms) primary value to the rms secondary value
under specified conditions.
turn ratio of a current transformer. The ra-
tio of the secondary winding turns to the primary
winding turns.
turn ratio of a voltage transformer. The ra-
tio ofthe primary winding turns to the secondary
winding turns.
voltage transformer. An instrument trans-
former intended to have its primary winding con-
nected in shunt with a power supply circuit, the
voltage of which is to be measured or controlled.
window-type current transformer. One that
has a secondary winding insulated from and per-
manently assembled on the core, but has no pri-
mary winding as an integral part of the structure.
Complete insulation is provided for a primary
winding in the window through which one turn of
the line conductor can be passed to provide the
primary winding.
3. References
When the following American National Stan-
dards referred to in this standard are superseded
by revisions approved by the American National
Standards Institute, the revision shall apply.
[ 11ANSI / I EEE C37.20-1974, Switchgear As-
semblies Including Metal-Enclosed Bus.
121 IEEE Std 4-1978, Standard Techniques for
High-Voltage 'resting.
131 ANSI C37.04-1964(R1969), Rating Structure
for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
[4] ANSI / I EEE C57.12.00-1973, General Re-
quirements for Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers.
151ANSI /I EEE C57.12.90-1973, Test Code for
Distribution, Power, and Regulating Trans-
formers.
(61 ANSI /I EEE Std 21-1976, General Require-
ments and Test Procedures for Outdoor Ap-
paratus Bushings.
171 ANSI C37.09a-1970, Supplement to ANSI
C37.09-1964(R1969), Test Procedure for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
181 ANSI / I EEE C37.078-1972, Requirements
for External Insulation for Outdoor AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis.
191 ANSI C37.09-1964(R1969), Test Procedure
for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
110) ANSI / I EEE C37.074-1972, Requirements
for Switching-Impulse Voltage Insulation
Strength for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current
Basis (362 kV and Above).
4. General Requirements
4.1 Service Conditions
4.1.1 Usual Temperature and Altitude Ser-
vice Conditions. Usual temperature and altitude
service conditions apparatus conforming to this
standard shall be suitable for operation at its
thermal rating, provided that the altitude does not
exceed 3300 ft (1000 m).
4.1.1.1 30C Average Ambient Tempera-
ture. If air cooled, the temperature of the cooling
air (ambient temperature) does not exceed 40C
and the average temperature of the cooling air for
wound-type current transformer. One that
has a primary winding consisting of one or more
turns mechanically encircling the core or cores.
The primary and secondary windings are in-
sulated from each other and from the cords) and
are assembled as an integral structure.
any 24 h period does not exceed 30C'.
I I t is recommended that the average temperature of the
cooling air be calculated by averaging 24 consecutive hourly
readings. When the outdoor air is the cooling medium, the av-
erage ofthe maximum and minimum daily temperature may
be used. The value that is obtained in this manner is usually
higher than the true daily average by not more than %"C.
.
11
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
I EEE STANDARD REQUI REMENTS FOR
4.1.1.2 55C Ambient Temperature Inside
Enclosed Switchgear. Instrument transformers
may also be given ratings for operation in 55C
maximum ambient temperature inside enclosed
switch gear according to ANSI /I EEE C37.20-
1974, American National Standard Switchgear
Assemblies including Metal-Enclosed Bus.
4.1.2. Unusual Temperature and Altitude
Service Conditions. Instrument transformers may
be applied at higher altitudes or higher ambient
temperatures than specified in 4.1.1, but the per-
formance may be affected and special considera-
tion should be given to these applications. (See
4.4.)
4.1.3 Other Conditions That May Affect De-
sign and Application. Where unusual conditions
other than those discussed in 4.1.1 or 4.1.2 exist,
they should be brought to the attention of those
responsible for the design and application of in-
strument transformers. Examples of these condi-
tions are:
(1) Damaging fumes or vapors, excessive or
abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or gases,
steam, salt spray, excessive moisture or dripping
water, etc
( 2) Abnormal vibrations, shocks, or tilting
( 3 ) Ambient temperatures above 55C or
below -30C
(4) Unusual transportation or storage condi-
tions
(5) Unusual space limitations or restricted
ventilation
(6) Unusual duty, frequency of operation, dif-
ficulty of maintenance, poor wave form, un-
balanced voltage, special insulation requirements,
etc
(7) Applications in switchgear assemblies in-
cluding metal enclosed bus 14)
(8) Applications with high voltage power
circuit breakers [ 31
(9) Applications with power transformers [4]
(10) Applications with outdoor bushings 161
4.2 Effect of Air Density on Sparkover
Voltage. The effect of the decreased air density
due to high altitude is to decrease the sparkover
voltage for a given sparkover distance. See I EEE
Std 4-1978, for use of a correction factor with
sphere gaps.
The dielectric strength of air decreases as
altitude increases. Dielectric strength that de-
pends on air should be multiplied by the proper
altitude correction factor to obtain the dielectric
strength at the required altitude (see Table 1).
4.3 Frequency. Instrument Transformers shall
be designed for operation at a frequency of 60 Hz.
4.4 Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise
and Effect of Ambient Temperature on Per-
missible Loading
4.4.1 Loading of Current Transformers at
Less Than Rated Current at High Altitudes. Cur-
rent transformers may be operated at altitudes
greater than 1000 m without exceeding estab-
lished temperature limits provided the current is
reduced below rated (or below rated times con-
tinuous thermal current factor) by 0.3 percent for
each 100 m that the altitude exceeds 1000 m.
4.4.2 Operation of Current Transformers at
Other Than 30"CAmbient. Current transformers
designed for 55C temperature rise above 30C
ambient air temperature may be loaded in ac-
cordance with the curves of Fig 1 for any given
average cooling air temperature and continuous-
thermal-current rating factor. The percent of
rated primary current that can be carried con-
tinuously without causing established tem-
perature limitations to be exceeded is given by the
curves. For example, a transformer with a
continuous-thermal-current rating factor (RF) of
2.0 at 30'C ambient can be used at approximately
150 percent of rated current at an ambient tem-
perature of 55C.
4.4.3 Loading of Voltage Transformers at
Higher Al t i t udes or Higher Ambi ent Tem-
peratures. Voltage transformers can be safely op-
erated at higher altitudes or higher ambient tem-
Tabl e 1
Dielectric Strength Correction Factors for
Altitudes Greater Than 1000 m (3300 ft)
Altitude Correction
Factor for
Dielectric Strength A 1 tit u d e
(ft) (m)
3300 1000 1.00
4000 1200 0.98
5000 1500 0.95
6000 1800 0.92
7000 2100 0.89
ROO0 2400 0.86
9000 2700 0.83
10 000- 3000 0.80
12 000 3600 0.75
14 000 4200 0.70
15 000 4500 0.67
Note: Altitude of 15 000 ft is considered a maximumfor in-
strument transformers conforming to this standard.
-.
12
50C
4 5c
40C
35c
c
z
W
a
U
2 300
*
a
a
I
a
a 250
n
&
+ 200
W
a
LL
0
z
W
0
a
W
a
I 50
100
50
ANSI /I EEE
C67.13-1978
0
AVERAGE COOLING AIR TEMPERATURE FOR 24 h PERIOD, DEGREES C
(MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE MUST NOT EXCEED AVERAGE BY MORE THAN IOo C)
Fig 1
55C Rise Current Transformer Basic Loading Characteristics
peratures only after consultation with the manu- 4.5 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels,
facturer because a large percentage of the tem- Dielectric Tests, and Outdoor Instrument
perature rise may be due to iron loss, which varies Transformer Creepage Distance and Wet
widely with design. Tests. An instrument transformer shall be as-
r-
13
ANSI/IEEE
(257.13-1978
Table 2
Basic Impulse Insulation
Levels and Dielectric Tests
See Table 3 for current transformers with the same dielectric test requirements as power circuit breakers.
See Section 8 for test methods.
~~ ~~~
Chopped Wave
BIL* and Minimum Applied Wet 60 Hz Minimum
Full Wave Time to Potential 10 8 Creepage
Crest Crest Flashover Test Withstand Distance
(kV) t (kV) ( U6) (kV rms) (kV rms)** (in)
10
30
45
60
75
95
110
125
150
200
250
350
450
550
650
750
900
1050
1300
1800
2050
12
36
54
69
88
110
130
145
175
230
290
400
520
630
750
865
1035
1210
1500
2070
2360
-
1
1.25
1.6
1.6
1.8
2
2.25
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
10
15
19
26
34
34
40
50
70
95
140
185
230
275
325
395
460
575
800
920
36 4
70
95
120
175
190
230
275
315
385
445
555tt
750tt
850
11
15
17
26
35
48
66
79
92
114
135
170
205
318
442
~~
*There is no BIL requirement on the neutral terminal of grounded-neutral or insulated-neutral terminal type
voltage transformers.
tThe selection of the lower BIL for a given nominal systemvoltage in Table 7, or for a marked ratio in Tables
12-16, also reduces other requirements as tabulated above. The acceptability of these reduced requirements
should be evaluated for the specific instrument transformer design and application.
**Wet tests are type tests and may be made separately fromthe transformer. However, when a current
transformer is a part of the breaker structure the wet tests on the breaker shall include the current transformer.
For test procedures see ANSI /I EEE Std 21-1976, General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor
Apparatus Bushings. For B BILs see also ANSI/IEEE C37.078-1972, Requirements for External Insulation
for Outdoor AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
$These values are requirements for distribution transformer bushings in ANSIIIEEE C57.12.00-1973, Gen-
eral Requirements for Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.
ttTentative values.
14
ANSI /I EEE
(257.1 3-1 97 8
signed a basic impulse insulation level to indicate
the factory dielectric tests that the transformer is
capable of withstanding.
With the following exception, basic impulse in-
sulation voltages, applied potential test voltages
for primary windings, and creepage distances and
wet tests for outdoor instrument transformers are
listed in Tables 2 and 3:
(1) Applied potential tests for primary wind-
ings are not required on grounded-neutral-termi-
nal type voltage transformers.
(2) For insulated-neutral-terminal type volt-
age transformers, the applied potential test for
primary windings shall be 19 kV on outdoor types
and 10 kV on indoor types.
(3) The applied potential test for secondary
windings and between multiple-secondary wind-
ings shall be 2.5 kV.
(4) The applied potential test for auxiliary or
autotransformers for use in the secondary circuits
of instrument transformers shall be 2.5 kV.
Table 3
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests for Current Transformers with the
Same Dielectric Test Requirements as Power Circuit Breakers
(See ANSI C37.09-1964 (R1969), for impulse and applied potential test methods.)
Chopped Wave
Supplementary
Chopped Wave
BIL and Minimum
Full Wave Crest Time to Crest
- Crest*( kV) (kV) Flashover (kV)
(II 5 )
550B 632 3 710
650B 748 3 838
750B 862 3 968
900B 1040 3 1160
Minimum Applied
Time to Potential
Flashover Test (kV rms)
2 260
2 310
2 365
2 425
( U 8 )
Wet 60 Hz
10 8
Withstand
(kV rms)t
230
275
315
350
1300B 1500 3 1680 2
l8OOB 2070 3 2320 2
2050B 2360 3 2640 2
Minimum
Creepage
Distance
(in)
70
84
98
140
Wet
Switching
Surge Crest$
(kV)
555 825 209
860 1175 318
960 1425 442
tWet tests are type tests and may be made separately fromthe transformer. However, when a current transformer is a part of
the breaker structure the wet tests on the breaker shall include the current transformer. For test procedures see ANSIiIEEE Std
21-1976, and for B BILs see also ANSI/IEEE C37.078-1972.
$For wet switching surge test methods, see ANSI/ IEEE C37.074-1972.
*The letter B values have been established by ANSI C37 Committee for current transformers that have the same dielectric test
requirements as power circuit breakers.
15
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
Table 4
Limits of Temperature Rise+
30'C Ambient 66C Ambient
Average
Winding
Temperature
Rise
Type of Determined by
Instrument Resistance
Transformer Method ('C)
55C Rise 66 t
80C Rise Dry-Type 80
Average
Winding
Temperature
Hottest-Spot Rise
Temperature Resistance
Riee ('C)t Method ("C)
Winding Determined by
Hottest-Spot
Winding
Temperature
Rise ("C)t
66
110
30
65
40
85
*Temperature rise of current transformers that are a part of high-voltage power circuit breakers or power
transformers shall be in accord with ANSI C37.04-1964 (R1969), Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers, or ANSIiIEEE C57.12.00-1973, respectively.
tTemperature rise of other metallic parte shall not exceed these values.
f Temperature rise at t he top of the oil in sealed transformers shall not exceed these values.
4.6 Temperature Rise. The limits of ob-
servable temperature rise in instrument trans-
formers when tested in accordance with their rat-
ings shall be as given in Table 4, and the trans-
formers shall be designed so that the hottest-spot
winding temperature rise above ambient will not
exceed the values given in Table 4.
4.7 Tests
4.7.1 Instrument Transformer Tests. These
are the design and routine tests that are necessary
to assure that the design and construction of the
transformer are adequate to meet the specified re-
quirements. The method of making tests shall be
a5 described in Section 8, except as otherwise re-
quired in Table 3, or by equivalent alternate
methods. I n case of questions the method shall be
as described in Section 8, except as otherwise re-
quired in Table 3.
4.7.2 Minimum Routine Tests. Each instrument
transformer shall receive the following routine
tests at the factory. These tests shall be made on
the instrument transformer after complete as-
sembly, where feasible.
(1) Applied potential dielectric tests between
windings and between windings and ground (ex-
cept no primary insulation test for bushing type,
split-core, or any current transformer designed
with incomplete insulation for the primary con-
ductor)
(2) Induced potential tests
( 3) Accuracy tests
(4) Polarity check
4.8 Construction
4.8.1 Polarity and Terminal Marking. The
relative instantaneous polarity of terminals or
leads shall be clearly indicated by permanent
markings that cannot easily be obliterated.
When the polarity is indicated by letters, the let-
ter H shall be used to distinguish the leads or ter-
minals connected to the primary winding and the
letter X (also Y and Z, etc, if multiple secondary
windings are provided) shall be used to distin-
guish the leads or terminals connected to the sec-
ondary winding. I n addition, each lead shall be
numbered, for example, H1, H2, X1, X2. If more
than three secondary windings are provided they
shall be identified as X,Y, Z, and W for four wind-
ings; X,Y,Z, W, and V for five windings, X, Y, Z,
U, W, and V for six windings, etc. H1 and X1 (also
Y1 and Z1, etc, if provided) shall be of the same
polarity.
When multiple primary windings are provided,
the leads or terminals shall be designated by the
letter H together with consecutive pairs of num-
bers (Hl , H2, H3, H4, etc). The odd-numbered
leads or terminals shall be of the same polarity.
When taps or leads are provided on the secon-
dary winding or windings, the leads or terminals
shall be lettered as required above and numbered
X1, X2, X3, etc, or Y1, Y2,Y3, etc, the lowest and
highest numbers indicating the full winding and
intermediate numbers indicating the taps in their
relative order. When X1 is not in use, the lower
number of the two leads in use shall be the polari-
ty lead.
4.8.2 S.ym bok. Instrument transformer sym-
bols are given in Table 5.
16
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
Table 5
Instrument Transformer Symbols
Symbols Voltage Transformers Current Transformers
Ratio expression only, to show ratio to 1 between Ratio between primary and secondary amperes
(colon) primary and secondary voltages or between prima-
ry and tertiary voltages
Example: Current transformer with single prima-
ry winding and secondary winding
Example: Voltagetransformers with primary and
secondary winding 100:5 A
14 400 V
Ratio: 120:l
Current ratio
X Voltage ratings or ratios of transformer with a Current ratings of transformer with a winding in
(lower case) winding in two or more coils for series or multiple two or more coils for series or multiple connection
connection
Example: Current transformer with primary
Example: Voltage transformer with primary in
two coils for series or multiple connection for two
ratings Current ratio
2400 x 4800 V 100 x 200:5 A
Ratio: 20 x 40:l
winding in two coils for series or multiple connec-
tion for two ratios
I / (Not used)
(double
Ampere ratings of separate secondary windings
each having an independent core
slant line
or double
virgule) Current ratio
Example: Current transformer with two separate
secondary windings and two cores
100:5//5 A
Ampere ratings of separate primary windings on &
(ampersand) one core one core.
Voltage ratings or ratios of separate windings on
Example: Voltagetransformer for connection line-
to-ground, with three windings, primary, and two
(a) Transformer with two or more primary wind-
ings used individually
secondaries
14 400 (25 000 GrdY) V
Ratio: 120 & 200:l
Example: Current transformer with two primary
windings
Current ratio
100 & 600:5 A
(b) Totalizing transformer with two or more pri-
mary windings all used simultaneously and con-
nected in different circuits
Example: Totalizing current transformer with
three primary windings
Current ratio
5&5&5:5 A
(c) Transformer for 3- wire single-phase circuit
with two separate primary windings
Example: Current transformer for 3-wire single-
phase circuit
Current ratio
160&100:5 A
-_
(Continued on poge 18)
17
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-197 8
I EEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
?-
Table 6
Instrument Transformer Symbols
(Continued)
Symbols Voltage Transformers
(single
Two or more primary or secondary voltage ratings
obtained by taps in the secondary winding
slant line
or virgule)
Example: Voltage transformer with taps in the
secondary winding for additional ratios
8400/12 000/14 000 V
Ratio: 70/100/120:1
Example: Voltage transformer with a tap in the
secondary for additional secondary voltage ratings
69 000 for 115 000 GrdY
Ratio: 600/ 1'OOO:l
Current Transformers
Different primary current ratings obtained by
taps in the secondary winding
Example: Current transformer with taps in secon-
dary winding for additional ratios
Current Ratio
300/400/600:5 A
(. . . CrdY) Circuit voltage (line-to-line) to which a grounded-
neutral or insulated-neutral terminal type voltage
transformer can be connected fromline to ground
Example: Voltage transformer for connection line-
to-ground, with three windings, primary, and two
secondaries
14 000 (25 000 GrdY) V
Ratio: 120&200:1
(not used directly)
6. Accuracy Classes for
Metering Service
5.1 Basis For Accuracy Classes. Accuracy
classes for metering are based on the requirement
that the transformer correction factor (TCF) shall
be within specified limits when the power factor
(lagging) of the metered load has any value from
0.6 to 1.0, over specified ranges as follows:
(1) For current transformers, at the specified
standard burden (see 6.2 for standard burdens)
and at 100 percent of rated primary current (also
at the current corresponding to the RF if it is
greater than 1.0). At 10 percent rated current the
permissible error is twice as great as at 100 per-
cent rated current. The accuracy at a lower stan-
dard burden is not necessarily equal to that at the
specified standard burden.
(2) For voltage transformers, from any burden
in volt-amperes from zero to the specified stan-
dard burden, at the specified standard burden
power factor (see 7.2 for standard burdens) and at
any voltage from 90 to 110 percent of the rated
voltage. The accuracy at a lower standard burden
of different power factor is not necessarily equal
to that at the specified standard burden.
5.2 Expression for Transformer Correc-
tion Factor at 0.6 and 1.0 Power Factor of
Metered Load. From the definition in Section 2,
it can be shown* that TCF at 0.6 power factor
(lagging) of the metered load is:
(1) For voltage transformers,
TCF =RCF +7/2600
(2) For current transformers,
TCF =RCF - 0/2600
where
RCF =ratio correction factor
r,fl =phase angle in minutes, for voltage
transformers and current transform-
ers respectively.
* This is true for errors within the range of the standard
metering accuracy classes.
18
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
Table 6
Standard Accuracy Class for
Metering Service and Corresponding Limits of
Transformer Correction Factor
(0.6 to 1.0 Percent Power Factor of Metered Load, Lagging)
Voltage Transformers Current Transformere
(At 90 to 110 Percent
Metering Rated Voltage) At 100 Percent Rated Current* At 10 Percent Rated Current
Accuracy
Class Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
0.3 0.997 1.003 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006
0.6 0.994 1 .ON 0.994 1.006 0.988 1.012
1.2 0.988 1.012 0.988 1.012 0.976 1.024
*For current transformers the 100 percent rated current limit also applies at the current corresponding to the continuous-thermal-
current rating factor.
6.3 Standard Accuracy Classes. Standard
accuracy classes limits of transformer correction
factor in standard accuracy classes shall be as
shown in Table 6.
6.4 Limiting Values of Ratio Correction
Factor and Phase Angle for Standard Ac-
curacy Clarsee. The limiting values of RCF
must be the same as those for TCF (see 5.2). For
any known value of RCF for a given transformer
the limiting values3 of angle derived from the ex-
pression in 5.2) are given by:
=2600 (TCF-RCF)
-
(1) For voltage transformers,
( 2 ) For current transformers,
P =2600 ( RCF- TCF)
in which TCF is taken as the maximum and min-
imum values given in Table 6 for the specified ac-
curacy class.
These relations are conveniently shown graph-
ically in Fig 2 for current and in Fig 3 for voltage
transformers.
6. Current Transformers
6.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Ex-
pressed. The rating of a current transformer
shall include:
(1) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of
full wave test voltage (see Tables 7 and 8)
(2) Nominal system voltage, or maximum sys-
tem voltage (see Tables 7 and 8) -
)This is true of errors within the range of the standard
metering accuracy classes.
(3) Frequency (60 Hz)
(4) Rated primary and secondary currents
(Tables 9 and 10)
(5) Accuracy classes at standard burdens
(Tables 6 and 11, under 6.3 and 6.4)
(6) Continuous-thermal-current rating factor
based on 30C ambient air temperature (see 6.5)
(7) Short-time mechanical current rating and
short-time thermal current rating (see 6.6)
6.2 Standard Burdens. Standard burdens for
current transformers with 5 A rated secondary
current shall have resistance and inductance ac-
cording to Table 11.
6.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings for
Metering Service
6.3.1 A current transformer for metering ser-
vice shall be given an accuracy rating for each
standard burden for which it is designed. For ex-
ample, the accuracy classes assigned to a current
transformer might be 0.3 B-0.1 and B-0.2, 0.6
6.3.2 Tapped Secondary or Multiple-Ratio
Current Transformer Accuracy Rating. The
metering accuracy rating applies to the full secon-
dary winding, unless otherwise specified.
6.4 Accuracy Classes for Relaying. A cur-
rent transformer for relaying service shall be giv-
en an accuracy rating according to 6.4.1.
6.4.1 Busis for Relaying Accuracy Classes. A
relaying accuracy class shall be designated by two
symbols that effectively describe the steady state
performance as follows:
(1) "("' or "T" Classification. C classification
covers current transformers in which the leakage
B-0.5.
19
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
5'4-30 - 20 -10 0 +IO +20 +3O
0 t20 +4 0 +60 - 40 - 20 - - 60
Fig 2
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Current
Transformers for Metering Service
NOTE: The accuracy requirements for 100 percent rated current also apply at the continuous-thermal-current
rating of the transformer.
Table 7
Basic Impulse Insulation
Levels for Current Transformers
(See Table 8 for current transformers with the same dielectric test requirements as power circuit breakers.)
Nominal System Maximum Line-to-
Voltage (kV) Ground Voltage (kV)
BIL and Full
Wave Crest kV
0.6
2.4
4.8
8.32
13.8
25.0
34.5
46.0
69.0
115.0
138.0
161.0
230.0
0.38
1.53
3.06
5.29
8.9
16.0
22.0
29.0
44.0
73.0
88.0
102.0
146.0
10
45
60
75
110 or 95
150 or 125
200 or 150
250
350
550 or 450
650 or 550
750 or 650
1050 or 900
20
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Fig 3
Limits of Accuracy Classes for Voltage
Transformers for Metering Service
ANSI/IEEE
(367.1 3-1978
1.012 1.006
LO06 1.003
b
2
z
P
I-
a a
$ 1.000
8
0
2 0.994 0997
0.988 0.994
I T
& - -15 - 10 -5 0 t 5 +I O t 15
- 20 -10 0 +IO t20 t30
0 t40 t60
LEADING ---o
\p.___, -60 -40 - 20 t eo
PHASE ANGLE-MINUTES c- LAGGING
NOTE: The transformer characteristics shall lie within the limits of the parallelogramfor all voltages between
90 percent and 110 percent of rated voltage.
Table 8
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for
Current Transformers with the
Same Dielectric Test Requirements as
Power Circuit Breakers
Maximum
Maximum System Line-to-Ground BIL and Full
Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Wave Crest (kV)
121 70 550B
145 84 650B
169 98 750B
242 140 900B
362 209 1300B
550 318 1800B
800 462 2050B
NOTE: The letter B BILs and corresponding systemvolt-
ages have been established by the ANSI C37 Committee.
21
ANSI /I EEE
(367.1 3-1978
Table 8
Ratingr for Current
Tranrformerr with One or Two Ratior
Single Ratio
10:5 800: s
15:5 12005
25:s 1500:5
40:6 20005
505 30005
75:s 40005
100:s 5000:5
2005 6000:5
3005 80005
4005 12 000:6
600:s
Current Ratings (A)
Double Ratio With Double Ratio with
Primary Winding Secondary Winding
25 X 60:6 25/50:5
60 X 100:s 50/ 100:5
100 x 200:s 100/200:5
200 X 400:6 200/400:5
400 x 800:6 300/600:5
600 X 1200:s 400/ 800:5
lo00 X 20005 600/1200:5
ZOO0 X 4000:6 1000/ 2000:5
1500/ 3000: 5
2000/4000:5
Series-Parallel Taps in
Table 10
Current Transformer Ratings,
Multi-Ratio Type
Current Ratings Secondary Current Ratings Secondary
( A) Taps (A) Taps
50:5
100:5
150:5
200:5
2505
300:5
400:5
450:5
500:5
600:5
100:5
200:5
300:5
400:5
500:5
600:5
R00:5
900:5
1000: 5
1200:5
300:5
400:5
500:5
800:5
1100:5
1200:5
1500:5
1600:5
2000:5
600:5
1200:5
2000:5
x2- x3
x1- x2
x 1- x3
x4 - x5
x3 - x4
x2- x4
x1- x4
x3 - x5
x2- x5
x1- x5
x2- x3
x1 - x2
x1- x3
x4 - x5
x3 - x4
x2- x4
x1 - x4
x3 - x5
x2- x5
x 1- x5
x3 - x4
x 1- x2
x4 - x5
x2- x3
x2- x4
x1 - x3
x 1- x4
x2- x5
x1- x5
300:5
500:5
800:5
1000:5
1200:5
1500:5
2000: 5
2200:5
2500:5
3000:5
500:5
1000:5
1500:5
2000:5
2500:5
3000:5
3500:5
4000:5
500:5
1000:5
1500:5
2000:5
2500:5
3000:5
3500:5
4000:5
5000:5
3000:5
x3 - x4
x4- x5
x3 - x5
x1 - x2
x2- x3
x2- x4
x2~ x5
x1 - x3
x1 ~ x4
x1 - x5
4000:5
x1 - x2
x3 ~ x4
x2- x3
X 1 ~ x3
x2- x4
x1 - x4
x2- x5
x1 ~ x5
5000:5
x2 - x3
x4-- x5
XI - x2
x3 - x4
x2~ x4
x3 ~ x5
x2~ x5
x1 ~ x4
x1 x5
,
22
ANSI /I EEE
(257.13-1978
flux in the core of the transformer does not have
an appreciable effect on the ratio or ratios within
the limits of current and burden outlined in 6.4.1
(2), so that the ratio can be calculated in ac-
cordance with 8.1.10.
T classification covers current transformers in
which the leakage flux in the core of the trans-
former has an appreciable effect on the ratio
within the limits specified in 6.4.1 (2).
An appreciable effect is defined as a 1 percent
difference between the actual ratio correction and
the ratio correction calculated in accordance with
8.1.10.
(2) Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating. This
is the voltage the transformer will deliver to a
standard burden at 20 times rated secondary cur-
rent without exceeding 10 percent ratio correc-
tion. Furthermore, the ratio correction must be
limited to 10 percent at any current from 1 to 20
times rated secondary current at the standard
burden or any lower standard burden used for
secondary terminal voltage ratings in the follow-
ing table. For example, relay accuracy class ClOO
means that the ratio can be calculated and that
the ratio correction will not exceed 10 percent at
any current from 1 to 20 times rated secondary
current with a standard 1.0.Q burden(l.O s1 times
5 A times 20 times rated secondary current equals
100 V).
Secondary terminal voltage ratings are based
on a rated secondary current of five A (100 A at 20
times rated) and standard burdens. The voltage
ratings and their associated burdens are as fol-
lows:
Secondary
Terminal
Voltage
Standard
Burden
(Table 11)
10
20
50
100
200
400
800
B-0.1
B-0.2
B-0.5
B-1
B-2
B-4
B-8
If a current transformer is rated at other than
5 A, appropriate voltage rating values may be de-
rived by multiplying the standard voltage rating
values by 5/ (amperes rating). For such trans-
formers, the burden will be derived as in Table 11
and the secondary terminal voltage rating will be
the resulting value at 20 times rated secondary
current. For example, if the rated secondary cur-
rent is l A, the burden corresponding to 3-2.0 will
be 2.0 times 25, or 50 i2 (at 0.5 power factor); and
the corresponding secondary terminal voltage rat-
ing will be 50 times 20 times 1 =1000 V.
6.4.2 Tapped Secondary or Multi-Ratio Cur-
rent Transformer. The relay accuracy class ap-
plies only to the full winding, unless otherwise
specified. If transformers have C classification on
Table 11
Standard Burdens for Current
Transformere with 6 A Secondaries*
Volt-
Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Amperes Power
Designationt ( n> (mH) (n) (at 5 A) Factor
Metering Burdens
B-0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 2.5 0.9
B-0.2 0.18 0.232 0.2 5.0 0.9
B-0.5 0.45 0.580 0.5 12.5 0.9
B-0.9 0.81 1.04 0.9 22.5 0.9
B-1.8 1.62 2.08 1.8 45.0 0.9
Relaying Burdens
B-1 0.5 2.3 1 .o 25 0.5
B-2 1.0 4.6 2.0 50 0.5
B-4 2.0 9.2 4.0 100 0.5
B-8 4.0 18.4 8.0 200 0.5
~~
*If a current transformer is rated at other than 5 A, ohmic burdens for specification i nd rating may be
derived by multiplying the resistance and inductance of the table by [5/(ampere rating)] , the VA at rated
current and the power fador remaining the same.
fTheee standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
23
ANSI/IEEE
257.13-1978
the full winding, all tapped sections shall be so
arranged that the ratio can be calculated in ac-
cordance with 8.1.10 [see 6.4.1 (1) 1.
6.6 Continuoue-Thermal-Current Rating
Factore Based on 30C Ambient Air Tem-
perature. The rating factors shall be 1.0, 1.33,
1.5, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0.
6.6 Short-Time Current Ratinge
6.6.1 Mechanical Current Rating. The short-
time mechanical current rating shall be the rms
value of the ac component of a completely dis-
placed (asymmetrical) primary current wave that
the transformer is capable of withstanding with
the secondary short-circuited. Capable of
withstanding shall be interpreted to mean that if
subjected to this duty, the current transformer
shall show no damage and shall be capable of
meeting the other applicable requirements of this
standard.
6.6.2 Short-Time Thermal Current Rating.
The 1 s thermal current rating of a current trans-
former is the rms symmetrical primary current
that can be carried for 1 s with the secondary
winding short-circuited without exceeding in any
winding the limiting temperature. The tem-
perature of a conductor in the windings of a cur-
rent transformer shall be determined from calcu-
lation using methods specified in 8.6.2.
For 55C rise transformers, the limiting tem-
perature shall be 250C
For 80C rise transformers, the limiting tem-
perature shall be 350C.
The short-time thermal current rating for any
time up to 5 s may be determined from the 1 s
rating by dividing the current for 1 s by the square
root of the specified number of seconds. For ex-
ample, the 3 s thermal current rating is equal to
the 1 s thermal current rating divided by fl or to
58 percent of the 1 s rating.
6.6.3 Short-Time and Continuous Current
Ratings of Window- or Bushing-Type Current
Transformers. Such current transformers, in
which the primary conductor is not an integral
part of the current transformer, shall be rated in
terms of primary current, even though the short-
time mechanical and thermal limitations and the
continuous thermal limitations are those of the
secondary winding only. Such ratings specified
for current transformers of this construction
should not be considered to be applicable to the
conductor used for the primary of these trans-
formers, as such conductor may be a component
part of other apparatus or bus work having dif-
ferent limitations.
24
I EEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
6.7 Secondary Winding Induced Voltages
6.7.1 Operation with Secondary Circuit
Open. Current transformers should never be oper-
ated with the secondary circuit open because haz-
ardous crest voltages, may result. Transformers
conforming to this standard shall be capable of
operating under emergency conditions for 1 min
with rated primary current times the rating factor
with the secondary circuit open provided the
open-circuit voltage does not exceed 3500 V crest.
6.7.2 Induced Potential Test. (Not required
for 0.6 kV currrent transformers rated 600 A and
below). The 1 min test voltage applied to the sec-
ondary terminals with the primary open shall be
twice the relay rated voltage given in 6.4.1 (2).
Transformers with no relay voltage classification
shall be tested at 200 V. If a frequency higher
than 60 Hz is necessary to avoid excessive exciting
current, see 8.8.4 for reduced time of application.
If the voltage cannot be induced by rated current
even at 400 Hz, complete the test by circulating
rated current at 400 Hz in the secondary winding.
6.8 Nameplatee. Nameplates shall include, as
a minimum, the following:
(1) Manufacturers name or trademark
(2) Manufacturers type
(3) Manufacturers serial number (SER)
(4) Rated primary and secondary current
(5) Nominal system voltage (NSV) or max-
imum system voltage (MSV). (None for bushing
CTs)
(6) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL -kV.)
(None for bushing CTs)
(7) Rated frequency (Hz)
(8) Continuous-thermal-current rating factor
(9) Accuracy rating
(RF)
(a) Metering accuracy class at specified
standard burdens: as a minimum, the burdens at
which the transformer is rated 0.3 accuracy class
(b) Relaying accuracy class on transformers
intended primarily for relaying applications
NOTE: Items 7, 8, and 9 are not required on nameplates of
bushing-type current transformers intended for use inside oth-
er apparatus in an ambient other than air.
6.9 Terminals. Primary terminals of wound-
and bar-type current transformers, secondary ter-
minals, and voltage terminals (where supplied)
shall be suitable for use with aluminum as well as
copper conductors.
6.10 Application Data. The following charac-
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
teristic data suitable for portraying or calculating
performance shall be made available.
6.10.1 Application Data for Metering Service.
This shall consist of the following:
(1) Typical ratio correction factor and phase
angle curves, for the standard burdens for which
metering accuracy ratings are assigned, plotted
over the range of current from 0.1 times rated cur-
rent to the maximum continuous-thermal-current
rating. These curves shall be plotted on rec-
tangular coordinate paper and need not be drawn
where the errors exceed the limits of the 1.2 ac-
curacy class.
(2) Short-time mechanical and short-time
thermal current ratings as defined in 6.6.1 and
6.6.2 respectively.
6.10.2 Application Data for Relaying Service.
This shall consist of the following:
( 1) Relaying accuracy classification, as de-
fined in 6.4
(2) Short-time mechanical and short-time
thermal current ratings, as defined in 6.6.1 and
6.6.2, respectively.
(3) Resistance of the secondary winding be-
tween the secondary terminals at a specified tem-
perature given in such a way that the value for
each published ratio may be determined
(4) For C class transformers, typical excitation
curves on log-log coordination paper, with square
decades, plotted between excitation current and
voltages applied to the secondary terminals, for
each published ratio, extending from one percent
of the accuracy class secondary terminal voltage
to a voltage that will cause an excitation current of
five times rated secondary current.
Curves shall also show the knee of the curve,
defined as the point where the tangent is at 45" to
the abscissa. The maximum tolerance of excita-
tion values above and below the knee shall be as
shown. (See Fig 4.)
Fig 4
Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-Ratio C Class Current Transformers
WILL NOT BE LESS THAN
CURVE VALUE
BELOW THIS LINE THE
EXCITING CURRENT FOR
GIVEN VOLTAGE FOR AN
UNIT WILL NOT EXCEED
0.001 0.01 0.1 I .o IO 100
SECONDARY RMS EXCITING AMPS -le
25
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-197 8 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
*-
(5) For T class transformers, typical overpur-
rent ratio curves on rectangular coordinate paper
plotted between primary and secondary current
over the range from 1 to 22 times rated primary
current for all the standard burdens4 up to the
standard burden which causes a ratio correction
of 50 percent. (See Fig 5.)
6.11 Routine Accuracy Tests. Tests for cur-
rent transformers with metering accuracy ratings
shall be made on each transformer, and shall con-
sist of measurement of ratio and phase angle at
100 percent and at 10 percent of rated current,
when energized at rated frequency. The burden
shall be the maximum standard burden for which
the transformer is rated at its best accuracy class.
Routine accuracy tests for current transformers
with only a relaying accuracy class shall be made
on each transformer and shall consist of a turns
ratio check and a measurement of exciting cur-
rent at the voltage at which the typical excitation
curve (Fig 4) has a 45" slope. The exciting current
shall not exceed 125 percent of the typical curve
value.
7. Voltage Transformers
7.1 Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Ex-
pressed
(1) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of
full wave test voltage. Refer to Tables 12 through
16 and Fig 6.
(2) Rated primary voltage and ratio. Refer to
Tables 12 through 16 and Fig 6
(3) Frequency (60 Hz)
(4) Accuracy ratings according to 5.3
(5) Thermal burden rating according to 7.4
7.2 Standard Burdens
7.2.1 Standard Burdens for Rating Purposes.
Standard burdens for voltage transformers for
rating purposes shall be expressed in volt-am-
peres at a specified power factor as listed in Table
17 at one of the voltages given in 7.2.2.
7.2.2 Voltages on Which Standard Burdens
Are Based. Standard burdens are based on two
secondary voltages: 120 V and 69.3 V.
The burden designation and the same physical
burdens are used in applying accuracy ratings to
Except B =0.9 and B = 1.8.
22
20
18
W
e 16
3 0
14
P 12
!
v)
a
0 z
-1 IO
f e
$ 6
z
I-
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 I6 18 20 22
TIMES NORMAL PRIMARY CURRENT
Fig 5
Typical Overcurrent
Ratio Curve
voltage transformers irrespective of the exact sec-
ondary voltage ratings resulting from the primary
voltages and ratios. For example, for those trans-
formers having ratios that result in secondary
voltage ratings of 115 V or 66.4 V, the actual volt-
amperes at rated voltage for a designated stan-
dard burden are reduced to 91.8 percent of the
values listed in Table 17.
7.3 Assignment of Accuracy Ratings
7.3.1 A voltage transformer shall be assigned
an accuracy rating for each of the standard
burdens for which it is designed. For example, an
accuracy rating might be 0.3W and X, 0.6Y, 1.22.
7.3.2 Accuracy Classification for Voltage
Transformers with Two Secondaries. The burden
on one secondary affects the voltage on the other.
The error limits apply to both secondaries and the
burden in volt-amperes for a given accuracy clas-
sification may be divided between the secondaries
in any desired manner.
7.4 Thermal Burden Ratings. The thermal
burden rating of a voltage transformer shall be
specified in terms of the maximum burden in
volt-amperes that the transformer can carry at
rated secondary voltage without exceeding the
temperature rise given in Table 4.
If no thermal burden in volt-amperes rating is
given, the thermal burden rating in volt-amperes
26
c
I
2400 V
GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED
NOMINAL 3-PHASE SYSTEMS
I
I
I t
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
GROUP I - 2400/ 4l 6OY
THE ABOVE
c E E%'I'IE%D
LI NE TO LI NE ON
A 2400 V SYSTEM
c-
t,
OR
4160 V SYSTEM -
NEUTRAL
GROUNDEDOR
4 WIRE
4 4 4 2c
+ + L
4160V 4160 V
+ f ic
4160 V 2400V 2400V
t ? I
t
2400 V
4l 60V 4160 V
4160 V 2400V 2400V
I
2400 V
IL
+
GROUP 2- 2
LI NE TO NEUTRAL
ON A 4160 V
SYSTEM
400/2400 Y
THE ABOVE
TRANSFORMERS
MAY BE CONNECTED
LI NE TO LINE ON
A 2400 V SYSTEM
\ c- BUT BY INSULATION ARE LIMITED
2400 V 2400 V
2400 V
2400V SYSTEM- p p $ ( C )
NEUTRAL
GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED
69000 V
SYSTEM -
NEUTRAL
GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED
1 -
L- 3 t-
TO
4 + L
LI NE TO NEUTRAL
CONNECTION ON
( 2400)
2400 V
2400 V THE SAME VOLTAGE
T
-L
GROUP 3- 40 250 FOR 69 000 GRDY
I
I
(E)
E
E
s
ONE PRIMARY
TERMINAL OF EACH
TRANS FORM ER
IS NOT FULLY
INSULATED AND
MUST BE CONNECTED
TO GROUND
Fig 6
Typical Primary Connections for Voltage Transformers
27
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
Table 12
Ratings and Characteristics of
Group 1 Voltage Transformers
Group 1 voltage transformers are for application with 100 percent of
rated primary voltage acroaa the primary winding when connected line-to-
line or line-to-ground. (For typical connections, see Figs 6A and 6B.)
Group 1 transformers shall be capable of operation at 126 percent of
rated voltage on an emergency basis, provided the burden, in volt-amperes
at rated voltage, does not exceed 64 percent of the thermal burden rating,
without exceeding 75/"/C temperature riee. (This will result in a reduction of
normal life expectancy at the rate of 0.2 percent per day.) The manufacturer
may be consulted for information about a possible higher rating. Group 1
transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent of
rated voltage provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does not
exceed the thermal burden rating.
Rated Primary Voltage for
Rated Voltage Line-to-Line Marked Insulation Level
Basic Impulse
(VI Ratio (kV Crest)
120 for 208Y 1:l 10
240 for 416Y 2:l 10
300 for 520Y 2.5:l 10
120 for 208Y 1:l 30
240 for 416Y 2:l 30
300 for 520T 2.5:l 30
480 for 832Y 4: 1 30
600 for 1040Y 5:1 30
2400 for 4160Y 20:l 60
4200 for 7280Y 35: 1 75
4800 for 8320Y 40: 1 75
60:l 110 or 95
110 or 95
7200 for 12 470Y
8400 for 14 560Y 70:l
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded
system cannot be considered to be ground& trandormers and must not be
operated with the secondaries in cloeed delta because excessive currenta
.may flow in the delta.
shall be the same as the maximum standard
burden for which an accuracy rating is given.
Each winding, including the primary winding,
of a multiple-secondary transformer shall be giv-
en a thermal burden rating. If only one thermal
burden rating is specified, it must be applicable to
any distribution of secondary volt-amperes, in-
cluding the use of taps.
(4) Rated primary voltage (PRI)
(5) Ratio or ratios
( 6) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL - kV)
(7) Rated frequency (Hz)
(8) Thermal burden rating or ratings at am-
bient temperature or temperatures, in VA at "C
(9) Accuracy rating: maximum standard
burden at which the accuracy rating is 0.3 class,
as a minimum
7*5 "Itage transformers be 7.6 TerminalB, Terminals shall be electrically
provided with nameplates that shall include, as a
minimum, the following information:
and mechanically suitable for use with
as well as copper conductors.
( 1) Manufacturer's name or trademark
L
(2) Manufacturer's type
(3) Manufacturer's serial number (SER)
7.7 Short-circuit Capability. Voltage trans-
formers shall be capable of withstanding for 1 s
28
ANSI /I EEE
(357.13-1978
Table 13
Group 2 voltage transformers are primarily for line-to-line service, and may be
applied line-to-ground or line-to-neutral at a winding voltage equal to the primary
voltage rating divided by fl. (For typical connections, see Fi g 6C and 6D.)
Group 2 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent
rated voltage, provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does not exceed
the thermal burden rating.
Rated Voltage Line-to-Line Marked Insulation Level
Basic Impulse
(VI Ratio (kV Crest)
120 for 120Y 1:l 10
240 for 240Y 2:l 10
300 for 300Y 2.5:l 10
480 for 480Y 4: 1 10
600 for 600Y 5: 1 10
2400 for 2400Y 20: 1 45
4800 for 4800Y 40: 1 60
7200 for 7200Y 60:l 75
110 or 95 12 000 for 12 OOOY
110 or 95 14 400 for 14 400Y
24 000 for 24 OOOY 200:l 150 or 125
34 500 for 34 500Y 300: 1 200 or 150
46 000 for 46 OOOY 400:l 250
69 000 for 69 OOOY 600:l 350
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system
cannot be conaidered to be grounding transformers and must not be operated with
the secondaries in closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
100:l
120:l
the mechanical and thermal stresses resulting
from a short circuit on the secondary terminals
with full voltage maintained on the primary ter-
minals. Capable of withstanding shall be in-
terpreted to mean that, if subjected to this duty,
the voltage transformer shall show no damage and
shall be capable of meeting the other applicable
requirements of this standard. The temperature
of the conductors in the windings of voltage trans-
formers under short-circuit conditions shall be
determined from calculations using the methods
specified in 8.6.4. The maximum permissible
temperature for 55C rise transformers shall be
250C. The maximum permissible temperature
for 80C rise transformers shall be 350C.
7.8 Application Data. Characteristic data
shall be made available by the manufacturer as
follows:
(1) Typical ratio correction factor and phase
angle curves for rated primary voltage, plotted for
the standard burdens from zero volt-amperes to
the volt-amperes of the burden, and also plotted
for unity power factor burden from zero volt-am-
peres to the volt-amperes of the largest standard
burden plotted. Ratio correction factor and phase
angle data for other burdens may be calculated by
methods outlined in Section 8.
(2) Accuracy ratings for all standard burdens
up to and including the maximum standard
burden rating of the transformer
7.9 Induced Potential Test. The test voltage
shall be as follows:
(1) For transformers with two fully insulated
primary terminals, the test voltage shall be twice
the rated voltage of the windings.
(2) For insulated-neutral or grounded-neutral-
29
ANSI/IEEE
(267.13-1978
Table 14
Group 3 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only and have two secondaries. They may
be insulated-neutral- or grounded-neutral-terminal type.
Ratings through 92 OOO for 161 OOO Gnd Y shall be capable of times rated voltage for 1 min without
exceeding 175C temperature rise. Ratings 138 OOO for 230 OOO Gnd Y and above shall be capable of operation
at 140 percent of rated voltage with the same limitation of time and temperature. (For typical connections, see
Fig 6E.) Group 3 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent of rated voltage,
provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does not exceed the thermal burden rating.
Rated Primary Voltagefor
Rated VoltageLine-to-Line
(V)
Marked
Ratio
14 400 for 25 OOO Gnd Y
20 125 for 34 500 Gnd Y
40 250 for 69 000 Gnd Y
69 000 for 115 000 Gnd Y
92 OOO for 161 OOO Gnd Y
207 OOO for 362 OOO Gnd Y *
287 500 for 550 OOO Gnd Y*
431 250 for 800 000 Gnd Y*
120/200 and 120/200:1
175/300 and 175/300:1
2401400 and 240/400:1
360/800 and 360/600:1
600/1000 and 600/1000:1
700/1200 and 700/1200:1
800/1400 and 800/1400:1
1200/2000 and 1200/2000:1
1800/3000 and 1800/3000:1
2500/4500 and 2500/4500:1
3750/6250 and 3750/6250:1
Basic Impulse
Insulation Level
(kV Crest)
150 or 125
200
250
350
550 or 450
650 or 550
760 or 650
1050 or 900
1300 or 1175
1800 or 1675
2050
* The higher figures 362 OOO, 560 OOO, and 800OOO are the maximum rated primary voltage values as
designated for use with extra-high-voltage systems by the ANSI C92 Committee.
NOTES:
(1) The double voltage ratio is usually achieved by a tap in the secondary; in such cases the nonpolarity
terminal of the winding shall bethe common terminal.
(2) Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded systemcannot be considered to be
grounding transformers and mast not beoperated with the secondaries in cl od delta because excessive
currents may flow in the delta.
terminal type transformers, the test voltage shall
be equal to the applied potential test kV specified
in Table 2 for the BIL. (If the routine factory ap-
plied potential test on insulated-neutral-terminal
type transformers is made at the applied potential
test kV specified in Table 2 for the BIL, then the
induced potential test shall be at twice the rated
voltage of the windings.)
7.10 Routine Accuracy Test. These tests shall
be made on each transformer and shall consist of
ratio and phase angle tests at 100 percent of rated
primary voltage at rated frequency with zero
burden, and with the maximum standard burden
for which the transformer is rated at its best ac-
curacy class.
8. Test Code
This section describes methods for performing
tests specified in the other sections of this stan-
dard.
The test methods covered herein are as follows:
1. Measurement and calculation of ratio and
2. Demagnetization (see 8.2)
3. Impedance and excitation measurements
4. Polarity (see 8.4)
5. Resistance measurements (see 8.5)
6. Short-time characteristics (see 8.6).
7. Temperature rise tests (see 8.7).
8. Dielectric tests (see 8.8)
9. Measurement of open-circuit voltage of cur-
rent transformers (see 8.9)
Many of the tests called for in this section in-
volve high voltage and, therefore, should be per-
formed only by experienced personnel familiar
with any peculiarities or dangers that may exist in
the test setups and test procedures. While some
dangers are specifically pointed out herein, it is
impractical to list all necessary precautions.
phase angle (see 8.1)
(see 8.3)
30
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
Table 15
Group 4 Indoor Voltage Transformers
(Figs 6B and 6D)
Group 4 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only. They may be insulated-neutral- or grounded-neutral-termi-
nal type. (For typical connections of Group 4A, me Fig 6B. For typical connections of Group 4B, see Fig 6D.)
Group 4 voltage transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110 percent of rated voltage, provided the burden, in
volt-amperes at this voltage, does not exceed the thermal burden rating. Group 4A voltage transformers shall be capable of operation
at 125 percent of rated voltage on an emergency basis, provided the burden, in Volt-amperes at rated voltage, does not exceed 64
percent of the thermal burden rating, without exceeding 76-C temperature rise. (This will result in a reduction of normal life
expectancy at the rate of 0.2 percent per day.) The manufacturer may be consulted for information about a possible higher rating.
~~ ~
Rated Voltage Line-to-Line
(V)
Marked
Ratio
Basic Impulse
Insulation Level
(kV Crest)
Group 4A: For Operation at Approximately
100 percent of Rated Voltage (Fig 6B)
2400 for 4160 Gnd Y
4200 for 7200 Gnd Y
4800 for 8320 Gnd Y
7200 for 12 470 Gnd Y
8400 for 14 560 Gnd Y
20: 1
35: 1
40 1
60: 1
70: 1
60
75
75
110 or 95
110 or 95
Group 4B: For Operation at Approximately
68 percent or Rated Voltage (Fig 6D)
4200 for 4160 Gnd Y
4800 for 4800 Gnd Y
7200 for 7200 Gnd Y
12 OOO for 12 000 Gnd Y
14 400 for 14 400 Gnd Y
35:l
40: 1
60: 1
100: 1
120: 1
60
60
75
110 or 95
110 or 95
NOTE: Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system cannot be considered to be grounding transformers
and must not be operated with the secondaries in closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
Table 16
Group 5 Outdoor Voltage Transformers
Group 5 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only, and are for
use outdoors on grounded systems. They may be insulated-neutral- or grounded-
neutral-terminal type. They shall be capable of operation at 140 percent of r&d
voltage for 1 min without exceeding 175C temperature rise. (For typical connec-
tions see Fig 6E.)
Group 5 voltage transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110
percent of rated voltage, provided the burden, in volt-amperes at this voltage, does
not exceed the thermal burden rating.
Rated Voltage Line-to-Line
(VI
7200 for 12 470 Gnd Y
8400 for 14 560 Gnd Y
12 OOO for 20 800 Gnd Y
14 400 for 25 000 Gnd Y
20 125 for 34 500 Gnd Y
Marked
Ratio
60:l
70:l
100:l
120: 1
175:l
Basic Impulse
Insulation Level
(kV Crest)
110
110
150 or 125
150 or 125
200 or 150
31
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978 I EEE STANDARD REQUI REMENTS FOR
Table 17
Standard Burdens for
Voltage Transformers
Characteristics on Characteristics on Characteristics on
Standard Burdens* 120 V Basis 69.3 v Basis
Volt-
Designation Amperes
Power
Factor
Resistance
cn,
Inductance
(HI
Impedance Resistance
( a ) ( a ,
W 12.5
X 25
Y 75
Z 200
zz 400
M 35
0.10
0.70
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.20
115.2
403.2
163.2
61.2
30.6
82.3
3.04
1.09
0.268
0.101
0.0503
1.07
1152 38.4
576 134.4
192 54.4
72 20.4
36 10.2
411 27.4
Inductance Impedance
(HI (In )
1.01 384
0.364 192
0.0894 64
0.0335 24
0.0168 12
0.356 137
*These burden designations have no significance except at 60 Hz.
NOTE: Standard metering accuracy claaees for voltage transformers establish limits from 90 percent to 110 percent of rated voltage,
which often corresponds to 120 or 115 secondary volts. When a voltage transformer is operated at 58 percent of rated voltage, the
accuracy will bedifferent than at 100 percent. The standard burdens in Table 17 have different impedances at 120 and 69.3
secondary volts. Therefore a transformer will have much different errors at 69.3 V than at 120 V using the standard burdens
established in Table 17. I f the burden impedance at 58 percent excitation is the same as at 100 percent excitation, a condition that
may occur in practice but is not covered by standard burdens, accuracy changes are much less.
8.1 Measurement and Calculation of Ratio
and Phase Angle
8.1.1 Classification of Methods with Respect
to Precision. The various test and calculation
methods may be classified as listed below on the
basis of the precision required in the metering and
nonmetering applications. I n selecting the method
to use from those listed below, consideration
should be given to the precision required by the
tio. The small quantity a is the correction to the
nominal ratio of the phasors and b is the phase
angle (in radians) between them, being positive
when the secondary phasor leads the primary.
The expression in Cartesian form is closely enough
Q1
Q~ - = N ( l + a - - j b )
application. I n many applications requiring in-
dicating instruments for relaying, load control, or
similar applications, sufficient accuracy is ob-
tainable with nonprecise methods.
(1) The test methods for revenue metering ap-
plications shall give results correct to within 0.1
percent in ratio and 3' in phase angle.
(2) The test methods for applications other
than revenue metering applications shall give re-
sults correct to within 1.0 percent in ratio and 1"
in phase angle.
where (1 +a ) is identified as the ratio correction
factor. If the transformer is to be used for meter-
ing it must be calibrated and the method of
calibration must permit the determination of both
the ratio and phase angle to the accuracy pre-
scribed by the application. If the transformer is
used in relaying, only the ratio need be de-
termined, and this may be achieved either ex-
perimentally or by computation.
8.1.3 Special Considerations. I n calibration
for metering purposes certain precautions must
_ _ ~
8.1.2 General. Instrument transformers con-
sidered herein are designed either for metering or
for relaying applications. The ratio of a trans-
former can be described by the expression
1 Q =N (1 + a ) e - j b
Q2
where Q1 and Qz are the primary and secondary
phasors, respectively, and N is their nominal ra-
be taken, commensurate with the accuracy re-
quired in the measurement.
The circuit should be so arranged as to avoid or
minimize spurious magnetic coupling and the
consequent introduction of unknown voltages.
Thus the measuring network should be as far re-
moved as is practical from conductors carrying
large currents and a twisted bifilar or coaxial ar-
rangement of leads should be used to minimize ef-
fects from loops.
32
Proper location of grounds and the proper use
of electrostatic shielding and guarding networks
are governed by the type of circuit and cannot be
uniquely prescribed. The criterion, however, is
that they be arranged so that spurious capaci-
tance currents cannot indiscriminately enter or
leave the measuring circuit. The arrangement
must eliminate these leakage paths or otherwise
control them so that the capacitance effects are
adequately calculable.
The error of an instrument transformer is a
function of current (or voltage), burden, and fre-
quency. Thus for the maximum useful accuracy
the calibration must be made under the same con-
ditions the transformer will encounter in service.
This requirement, however, is appreciably more
stringent for current transformers since the ex-
citation of the core varies over wide limits. I n the
normal operation of voltage transformers, how-
ever, the line voltage is nearly constant, so that
the transformer excitation varies over a limited
range. Also, the error of a voltage transformer at a
given voltage can be readily computed for any
burden at any power factor if the errors are
known for no-load and for another load at known
power factor.
The effect of waveform on the ratio and phase
angle of instrument transformers has received lit-
tle experimental attention and essentially none in
recent years. I t is probable that uncertainties
from waveform distortion are negligible under test
conditions.
The errors of a current transformer may be
further influenced by the location and orientation
relative to the transformer of high-current con-
ductors. To achieve reproducible results the ar-
rangement of conductors during calibration
should be such as to minimize this effect.
To further ensure meaningful results, the cur-
rent transformer must be demagnetized prior to
calibration. Even after demagnetization, stray
direct currents present in the test circuit, result-
ing from accidents such as the rectifying action of
oxidized contacts, may remagnetize the trans-
former and introduce errors that will not permit
reproducible results.
The error of a voltage transformer that is not
completely enclosed within a shielded structure,
such as a metal tank, can be influenced by the
proximity of nearby objects. Except in high pre-
cision laboratory measurements this effect is usu-
ally negligible.
Heating effects are also of particular im-
portance in accuracy testing of current trans-
-
ANSI/IEEE
C57. 13-1978
formers. Where relatively high magnitudes of pri-
mary or secondary current, or both, are involved,
the test equipment should have sufficient thermal
capacity to permit making the necessary mea-
surements. I n making overcurrent accuracy tests,
such as for relaying service, care should be ex-
ercised to insure that the short-time thermal cur-
rent rating of the transformer under test is not ex-
ceeded, and that the heating resulting from the
time required to make the measurements does not
materially alter the characteristics being mea-
sured.
8.1.4 Classification of Methods and Their
Recommended Use. Calibration methods for
metering purposes divide into two groups: direct
methods and comparative methods. Each group
may be further divided into the subgroups null
and deflection.
Null methods make use of networks in which
appropriate phasor quantities are balanced
against each other or in which their small dif-
ferences are compensated by the injection of an
appropriate and measurable voltage or current.
The phasor quantities may be either the currents
(or voltages) of the transformer (or transformers)
involved, or parameters that are known functions
of these. The condition of balance or compensa-
tion is indicated by a detector null.
Deflection methods make use of the deflections
of suitable instruments to measure quantities re-
lated to the phasors under consideration or to
their difference. Most deflection methods are
quite simple and straightforward but lack the
high accuracy capability of the null methods and
often impose serious restrictions on the test condi-
tions. For these reasons deflection methods are
not recommended; however, they may be useful,
provided the method chosen yields the desired ac-
curacy.
Either the direct-null or the comparative-null
method is recommended. Numerous methods of
calibration are available for each and a partial
but adequate list is given in the references. Sever-
al methods, arranged essentially in the order of
maximum available accuracy, are set forth in
8.1.5 for current transformers and in 8.1.6 for
voltage transformers. Although the choice of
method depends primarily on the measurement
and accuracy required, it is recommended that a
laboratory select a method that will lead to an im-
provement in its measurement capability.
I n the direct-null method the ratio and phase
relation of the primary and secondary phasors
(current or voltage) are determined primarily
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13- 197 8
from the impedances of the measuring network,
whose associated voltages (or currents) are precise
functions of the primary and secondary quantities
being considered.
I n the comparative-null method, the trans-
former under test is compared with a ratio stan-
dard through an impedance network. A reference
transformer serves as the ratio standard in the
test of a voltage transformer while either a trans-
former or current comparator may play a com-
parable role in the test of a current transformer.
I n any case, the ratio and phase angle of the refer-
ence standard must be known, in addition to the
values of the critical impedance parameters.
8.1.5 Methods for Current Transformers. A
comparative-null method that measures (either
directly or indirectly through its magnetic effect)
the small difference current between the output of
a ratio standard and that of a test transformer of-
fers the highest accuracy in the measurement of
ratio and phase angle. This must be qualified,
however, if the ratio standard lacks sufficient sta-
bility or has had its parameters measured by a
method of lesser accuracy. A current comparator
(ampere-turn balance), when properly designed,
is the most stable and accurately known ratio
standard with its errors reducible to less than one
part per million (1 ppm)5 (see [7]-[11]6). Hence,
the difference method with a current com-
parator as the standard provides the highest
measurement accuracy. If current transformers
of comparable stability and accuracy were avail-
able, they would serve equally well and the dif-
ference method would yield the equivalent high
accuracy.
The initial design of a current comparator
measuring system is generally in the province of
the national laboratory, but this does not preclude
its duplication in other laboratories if maximum
advantage of the method is desired. However, test
sets are commercially available that duplicate
very nearly the prototypes of the national labora-
tories with little degradation in measurement ac-
curacy. These are recommended on the basis of
accuracy, ease of operation, and flexibility.
Direct-null methods, wherein the ratio and
phase angle are determined from impedances, are
limited to a maximum accuracy of 100 ppm under
the most favorable conditions, and 200 ppm un-
In this text, designation of ppm is identical to micro-
6Numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references
radians when referring to phase angle.
listed in the Bibliography, Section 9 of this standard.
34
IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
der ordinary conditions. A comparable limitation
exists in a comparative-null method where the
outputs of the ratio standard and test transformer
are compared through impedances inserted in
their respective secondary circuits. These meth-
ods and those of commercial test sets of com-
parable or lesser capability are useful when the
measurement need justifies the lower accuracy.
8.1.5.1 Current Comparator Method (Dif-
ference Network). This method, or its equivalent,
can easily yield a measurement accuracy of 1 to
20 ppm in ratio and phase angle, depending on the
magnitude of the errors being measured. The cur-
rent comparator serves as the standard whose out-
put looks into that of the transformer under test
while a parallel branch carries the difference cur-
rent between the two outputs.
The current comparator, unlike the current
transformer, operates under the condition of
ampere-turn balance and hence with zero average
flux in its magnetic core. Hence the principal
source of error inherent in the current trans-
former is essentially eliminated in the current
comparator. Two types of current comparators
with simple measuring networks are indicated in
the circuits of Figs 7 and 8.
The comparator in Fig 7 is identified as a com-
pensated current comparator [8]. A toroidal core
of high permeability carries a uniformly dis-
tributed detection winding d that adequately
samples the flux condition of the core and in-
dicates its zero state through a detector connected
across the winding terminals. Omitting the elec-
trostatic shielding, the detection winding is fol-
lowed by a compensation winding c uniformly dis-
tributed on the core; and the composite array is
nested within a magnetic shield of suitable
dimensions. Secondary and primary windings are
placed over the shield, thereby enclosing both
core and shield. The shield may be regarded as a
second magnetic core that together with the pri-
mary and secondary windings forms a current
transformer that becomes the first stage of a two-
stage electromagnetic network with power-
transfer capability. The compensation winding,
located inside the shield, carries the same number
of turns as the secondary and when connected
across the secondary branch (with its burden)
provides a path for the error current of the first
stage. Thus when the comparator is properly de-
signed, the summation of ampere turns applied to
the core is zero and the detector indicates null. I n
addition, the two-stage combination appears es-
sentially as a short circuit to the secondary of the
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
1 1
CURRENT
TEST CT
P 4 I
S--b
SHIELD 6
C N
d 6
Fig 7
Current Tranrformer Accuracy Tert with
Cornpenrated Current Comparator
I
AUXILIARY CURRENT
I TRANSFORMER COMPARATOR i TEST CT
0
0 ,
i - 0 o -
C O M P O S ~ T E ~
I
L-
CURRENT :
C 0 M PA RATOR
a
- 0
I
Fig 8
Current Transformer Accuracy Tert with
Comporite Current Comparator
35
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
current transformer connected across its termi-
nals and thus imposes no burden on the trans-
former under test. With the secondary of the
transformer thus connected and with its primary
in series with that of the comparator, ampere-turn
balance is maintained if the transformer under
test has zero error; otherwise, its error current en-
ters the comparator and upsets the balance. The
resistor capacitor (RC) network, arranged to
carry the difference or error current (injected
by way of a small voltage available from either or
both resistors), is adjusted to restore balance. Un-
der these conditions, the error7 of the current
transformer under test is given by
where the real term, is the error in ratio and the
imaginary term that of phase angle. If the com-
parator exhibits an error es, this must be in-
cluded; however, as stated earlier, one that is
properly designed will generally have errors less
than 1 ppm. Connection of the RC network to
points a or b permit measurement of both positive
and negative errors.
The current comparator in Fig 8 is relatively
simple to construct and offers greater flexibility in
its application [lo]. The comparator in combina-
tion with an auxiliary transformer of the same
nominal ratio operates on the same principle as
that of the compensated current comparator. The
auxiliary transformer replaces, in effect, the first
stage of the compensated comparator (the trans-
former section) and provides for the transfer of
power. I ts ratio and phase angle need not be
known to better than one percent. The three
current-carrying windings lie outside a shield
whose sole function is to shield the core and sens-
ing elements from extraneous magnetic fields.
The balancing procedure and equations are the
same as those indicated for the circuit of Fig 7.
Fig 9 emphasizes a second mode of operation
for the current comparator of Fig 8 in conjunction
with another type of measuring network. The
comparator is made self-balancing by using an
operational amplifier to supply the current in its
error winding. The measuring network includes,
in addition to the familiar RC branch, a simple
current comparator of adjustable ratio for sensing
the error current I , of the test transformer. The
7 The error of a transformer, rather than the correction, ap-
pears in much of the literature. It is the negative of the correc-
tion and is ascribed to the ratio I z / f l .
detector, originally located at the detection wind-
ing of the standard, occupies a comparable posi-
tion in the measuring comparator.
8.1.5.2 Standard Current Transformer
(Difference Network). The accuracy of this meth-
od is governed by the current transformer that
serves as the ratio standard. The method may,
however, yield an accuracy comparable to that
described in 8.1.5.1, provided the standard is suf-
ficiently stable and has been calibrated to the re-
quired accuracy.
The difference circuit indicated in Fig 10 is
cited as an example of the method because of its
versatility and the ease with which high accuracy
is obtained in the difference measurement [lo].
(An equivalent circuit might, for example, employ
electrical coupling between the transformer sec-
ondaries and provide a path for the error current
and circuitry for making the difference meas-
urement.)
The circuit of Fig 10 incorporates a simple and
easily constructed current comparator that mag-
netically links the two secondary circuits and
forms part of the measuring network. With the
primary windings of the transformers in series,
the secondary of the standard is connected in
series with a comparator winding of n, turns
through a resistor 2r tapped at its midpoint, while
the secondary of the test transformer is connected
in series with a second comparator winding of n,
turns. The comparator windings are oriented so
that their ampere-turns act in opposition on the
comparator core and their respective turns satisfy
the relation
I , ns =Isx nx
where Issand Isx are the nominal secondary cur-
rents of the standard and test transformers, re-
spectively. An error winding of ne turns dis-
tributed on the comparator core is connected
across either or both of the r segments (depending
on the relative errors of the two transformers)
through an RC network, and null balance is ob-
tained on the comparators detection winding by
adjusting R and C. The error of the transformer
under test is given by
where E , is the error of the standard current trans-
former. The self-balancing feature and measuring
network of Fig 9 are equally applicable. The com-
parator required for this method is a simple,
36
ANSI/IEEE
C57. 13-197 8
AUXILIARY CURRENT
TRANSFORMER COMPARATOR CT
*=
0-
- MEASU'RING
CIRCUIT
Fig 8
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with
Composite Current Comparator and Operational Amplifier
STAPJ J ARD TEST CT
I
bl
I
CURRENT *e
COMPARATOR *=
Is,
n,
0-
I
"s
" e
Fig 10
Current Transformer Accuracy Test with
Current Comparator and Standard Current Transformer
37
ANSI lI EEE
single-stage arrangement with the detection wind-
ing enclosed in a thin magnetic shield. Unlike
many equivalent methods, the standard and test
transformers need not have the same nominal ra-
tio. Furthermore, the comparator can be designed
so that a transformer can be calibrated up to four
times rated current against a standard operating
at rated current.
8.1.6.3 Two-Impedance Method (Direct-
Null Network) [ 121-[ 14] . The method as in-
dicated in Fig 11 serves solely as an example of
the various direct-null networks available [ 12). Al-
ternative methods may employ, for example, two
resistors and an adjustable capacitor or, again,
two mutual inductors with a small resistance for
quadrature balance. I n all these, however, the
maximum available accuracy is about 100 ppm.
This limit is set primarily by the difficulty en-
countered in designing stable impedance elements
and in measuring their characteristics to suffi-
cient accuracy.
Referring to Fig 11, the primary of the trans-
former is connected in series with a four-terminal
noninductive resistor R 1, which must carry the
large primary current without incurring excessive
changes from self-heating. (With published de-
signs the current limit is about 2500 A.) The sec-
ondary winding is connected in series with anoth-
er four-terminal resistor R2 and the primary
winding of a mutual inductor M. The potential
terminals of the resistors are connected in voltage
opposition through a suitable detector in series
with the secondary of the mutual inductor. The
adjustable parameters in the secondary circuit
must have sufficient resolution and R2 must be
designed so that its resistance as seen by the sec-
ondary remains constant while its four-terminal
resistance as seen by the detector is adjustable.
Balance is obtained by adjusting R2 and M for a
null on the detector. The equations of balance for
ratio and phase angle are to a first approximation
and
+0 - 0 (in radians)
p = - CdM
R2
where R and R are the ac values of the resistors,
and and &are their phase angles. (The above
equation for can be stated in minutes by using
the conversion: 1'=291 pradians).
To achieve maximum accuracy, special designs
are required for the resistors and inductor. For ex-
ample, the construction of the resistors must as-
sure a stable resistance, a negligible or small but
known phase angle, negligible skin effect, and
freedom from external magnetic fields; and the
inductor, being small in value, must be astatic.
(Suitable designs are described in papers listed in
the Bibliography, Section 9.) It is to be noted that
K 2 and the primary of M impose a minimum limit
to the burden on the secondary of the trans-
former.
8.1.6.4 Standard Current Transformer
Method (Direct Comparison Network) (See [ 121
and 1151). A typical circuit for this method, in-
dicated in Fig 12, closely resembles the one de-
scribed in 8.1.5.3, the difference being that re-
sistor RI of Fig 11is replaced by the standard
Fig 11
Accuracy Test with Direct-Null Network
38
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
_-
i
Fig 12
Accuracy Test with Standard Current Transformer
(Direct-Comparison Network)
transformer and its four-terminal resistor R3
(see (12)). If the standard has been calibrated by
one of the more accurate methods, the maximum
accuracy available from this method is very near-
ly the same as that given in 8.1.5.3. The balancing
procedure is identical to that described in 8.1.5.3.
The ratio and phase angle equations are to a first
approximation
R2
N = N , -
R3
and
UM
R2
f l = p , + - + 0 3 - e 2 (inradians)
where N, and p, are the ratio and phase angle
of the standard and O 2 is the phase angle of R2
and 0 is the phase angle of R3.
I t is important to note that the ratio of the stan-
dard need not match that of the transformer un-
der test. Also, as stated in 8.1.5.3, other ap-
propriate impedances can be used in place of
those shown in Fig 12.
8.1.6 Methods f or Voltage Transformers.
Direct-null methods in which precision capacitors
are the principal elements have greater inherent
accuracy and accommodate a wider range of volt-
ages. These methods may be divided into two
groups. I n group one the two capacitors are con-
nected in series as a voltage divider to accom-
modate the voltages of the primary and secondary
windings, which may be connected in either the
additive or subtractive mode. A detector properly
located between the two points of nearly equal
-
potential is brought to null by adjusting or inject-
ing suitable and measurable parameters. I n group
two each capacitor is connected in series with a
winding of a current comparator and energized
separately from the respective grounded trans-
former windings. Ratio balance is made by ad-
justing turns on one or both of the comparator
windings while an injection network operating
into a third winding provides the adjustment for
phase angle. The maximum accuracy for these
methods is about 2 to 20 ppm for ratio and phase
angle, depending on the ratio and voltage of the
test transformer.
Direct-null methods that use resistive dividers
rather than the capacitive type are limited to an
upper accuracy of about 100 ppm in both ratio
and phase angle and to a maximum voltage of
about 30 kV. A fourth group that may be accept-
able utilizes a pseudo-bridge circuit. This network
is similar in form to that of group two except that
the current comparator is omitted and its two
main windings replaced, in most instances, by ad-
justable RC networks. The null detector occupies
its usual position between corresponding points of
nearly equal potential. I n general, the accuracy of
this method is about 100 ppm in ratio and phase
angle; however, with refinements and careful
measurements the accuracy has been extended to
about 30 ppm.
The two types of comparative networks (the
difference and direct comparison circuits) may
yield accuracies that range from 100 ppm to 1
ppm, excluding the uncertainties in the parame-
ters of the standard.
39
ANSVIEEE
C5 7.1 3-1 9 7 8 IEEE STANDARD REQUI REMENTS FOR
In all cases, complete and proper shielding is
required to realize the maximum measurement
accuracy.
8.1.6.1 Capaci t ance Di vi der Met hod
(Direct-Null Network) (See [ 5] and I l S] ) . A sug-
gested circuit that can yield an accuracy of about
20 ppm in ratio and phase angle is indicated in
Fig 13 (see 1161). The transformer windings are
connected in the additive mode with capacitors
C1 and C2accommodating, respectively, the pri-
mary and secondary voltages. Adjustments for ra-
tio and phase angle balance are provided by two
inductive voltage dividers. Divider B is used for
the ratio balance while the quadrature balance is
obtained from divider A by injecting a small cur-
rent through the high resistance R. Measurement
of both positive and negative errors is made pos-
sible by extending the adjustment above unity on
B and below zero on A. The ratio is given by
c 2
N = - n b
C1
and the phase angle by
' Y = n a R j j 2 (in radians)
where na and nb are the ratios of the respec-
tive dividers.
The accuracy of measurement depends prima-
rily on the adequacy of the shielding and on the
accuracy to which the capacitance ratio is known.
The capacitance ratio can be determined to the
highest accuracy by using a transformer-ratio-
arm bridge. I t should be determined at the time of
the transformer calibration unless it has been
demonstrated previously to have sufficient stabil-
ity for the calibration at hand. Particular atten-
tion must be given capacitor C1 when calibrating
transformers of large ratio. I t must be able to ac-
cept the high voltage of the primary winding
without exhibiting instability or an unduly large
voltage coefficient. These factors and others that
govern the accuracy of a transformer calibration
are treated in the literature listed in the Biblio-
graphy, Section 9.
8.1.6.2 Current Comparator-Capacitance
Ratio Method (See [5], 1171, and [18]). This meth-
has been used to an assured accuracy of 20 ppm
up to 325 kV and more recent developments and
refi nements have extended i ts accuracy
capabilities to about 2 ppm. The method offers a
further advantage since the circuit can be used to
measure the ratio of the two principal capacitors
(at low voltage) at the time of the transformer
calibration. The basic circuit for the calibration of
a transformer is indicated in Fig 14. Capacitors
C1 and C2 accommodate the respective voltages of
the primary and secondary windings, which are
connected in the subtractive mode. The current
comparator is shown as a single magnetic core
with four windings. The winding of n2 turns is ad-
justable in coarse steps while that of n1 turns pro-
vides the fine adjustment for ratio balance. An
operational amplifier supplies a small current
that enters a third winding of the comparator,
which is mechanically linked with the adjustable
winding nl so that the two always have the same
Fig 13
Accuracy Teet with Capacitance Divider Method
(Direct-Null Network)
I
CI
c2
P
I I I
40
'
Fig 14
Accuracy Test with Current Comparator-
Capacitance Ratio Method
number of turns. Adjustment of this injected cur-
rent provides the quadrature balance. Balance of
the ampere-turns threading the magnetic core is
indicated by the null detector connected across
the sensing winding. The balance equations for
ratio and phase angle are to a first approximation
v1 - c2 - n2
v, c1 n1
and
(in radians)
y = RwCi
Full advantage of this method may be better re-
alized in a national laboratory, but this does not
preclude its use in other measurements labora-
tories, since details are available from the liter-
ature.
8.1.6.3 Resistance Divider Method (Direct-
Null Network) (See 111, 1191, and [20]). A resistive
divider network is limited to an upper accuracy of
about, 100 ppm and at this level of accuracy can-
not be used much above 30 kV. These limits arise
principally from the effects of self-heating within
the elements and from capacitance currents that
bypass portions of the resistance chain. The one
can be minimized by measuring the resistance ra-
tio immediately following measurement of the
-
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13- 19 78
transformer ratio and the other by providing the
resistance elements with shields maintained at
proper potentials by a parallel guard chain. An
example of this type of network, without the
guard chain, is shown in Fig 15 (see 111). The re-
sistance chain in series with the primary winding
of the mutual inductor M is connected across the
high voltage winding. A voltage equal and op-
posite to that across the secondary winding of the
transformer is provided by adjusting M and the
resistance r for a null on the detector. The equa-
tions for ratio and phase angle are to a first ap-
proximation
v, = E
vs r
and
=d- &' (in radians)
r R
where L' takes account of the phase angle of R
and the self-inductance of the primary of the
mutual i nductor. Shielding and guarding
networks and means of measuring the divider ra-
tio are described in the literature.
8.1.6.4 Pseudo-Bridge Method (Direct-
Null Network) (See 1191, 1211, and [ ZZ] ) . Although
an accuracy of 30 ppm at a primary voltage of
41
ANSI /I EEE
I
I
I
BURDEN
L
Fig 16
Accuracy Test with Resistance Divider Method
Fig 16
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Test with Pseudo-Bridge Method
4001 ,f3 kV has been reported for this method, it
is more appropriate to assign the practical limit at
100 ppm. An example of the method is indicated
by the simplified circuit of Fig 16 (seel211). With
the bridge as shown, balance is obtained by ad-
justing capacitances C3 and C2, and the equations
for ratio and phase angle are
-- V P - 5 R4
vs c1R3
and
y =w [R3 (C1 +C3 ) - R4 (C2 +C4 ) J in radians.
Since all parameters enter the equations and are
of first order, the accuracy is expected to be rela-
tively poor. However, the situation can be
markedly improved if the relation among the pa-
rameters (as they appear in Fig 16) is first de-
termined in a Schering bridge, then followed by
the transformer measurement with the two RC
networks interchanged. I n the first instance, the
ratio R4/ R3 is set equal to where N is the ratio
of'the transformer to be calibrated, and balance is
obtained by adjusting C2 and C3.With C1 and R3
constant and the settings on Cz and C3 unchanged,
42
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
the network is switched to that of Fig 16 except
that the C4R4 and C3R3 branches are inter-
changed. Balance is obtained by adjusting C4 and
R4. The more important advantage from this
technique ia that the ratio dealt withia mr ather
than N. Again, proper shielding and maintenance
of correct shield potentials are required for max-
imum accuracy.
8.1.6.6 Compamtiue-Null Methods. These
methods determine the ratio and phase angle of a
transformer by comparing ita performance with
that of a standard or reference transformer whose
parameters are known. The primary windings of
the two transformers are connected in parallel to
a common source and the measurements are
made at the secondary voltage level. The common
terminals of all four windings are maintained at
ground potential. The circuitry of most of the
methods heretofore considered could be adapted
to this measurement and the measurement, ex-
cluding the uncertainties in the ratio and phase
angle of the standard, would carry essentially the
same accuracy. However, if comparative methods
are to be used, it is recommended that either a
difference method (counterpart of the one for cur-
rent transformers) be chosen or one in which the
components of the measuring circuit are extreme-
ly stable and easily measured to the required ac-
curacy.
The circuit indicated in Fig 17 typifies the lat-
ter [23]. The accuracy of measurement is within 2
ppm for ratio and within 10 ppm for phase angle
at 60 and 400 Hz and ratios ranging from %i to 4
times that of the standard can be measured. A
high-impedance inductive voltage divider with a
6-dial resolution is connected across the secon-
dary of the transformer under test. The in-phase
voltage balance is obtained by adjusting the out-
put of the divider and the quadrature balance is
realized by adjusting either R or C. If the secon-
dary voltage of the test transformer leads that of
the reference transformer, resistor R has the posi-
tion shown. For lagging angles the positions of R
and the detector are interchanged. The equations
of balance for the circuit shown are
1
N, =Ns -
Nd
yx =Os +OCR, in radians
where N, and N, are the ratios of the unknown
and standard transformers, reepedively, and Nd is
the ratio of the inductive voltage divider.
8.1.7 Accuracy Calculations for Current
Transformers. The true ratio and the phase angle
may be calculated, but precise results are not ob-
tainable by calculation from the open-circuit
characteristics of a current transformer. However,
for certain types of current transformers adequate
calculating methods are available for the de-
termination of errors for nonmetering applica-
tions, such as relaying performance and relaying
accuracy ratings, if suitable constants for their
equivalent circuits can be estimated or de-
termined.
For C types of current transformers with negli-
gible leakage fluxes, it is possible to arrive at a
Fig 17
Voltage Transformer Accuracy Teet with
Comparative-Null Method
STANDARD
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
DIVIDER
-
43
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978 IEEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
suitable equivalent circuit for calculations (see
Figs 18 and 19). The bushing type current trans-
former with secondary winding appropriately dis-
tributed around the core, and with throughough
primary conductor symmetrically located in the
opening, is one type of current transformer in
which the leakage fluxes of its secondary and
through primary conductors can be neglected in
computations. An equivalent circuit can be used
to represent these and similar types of current
transformers for accuracy calculations, provided
the stray fluxes from return conductor or other
external sources entering the core remain negli-
gible.
For a T type current transformer that has ap-
preciable leakage or stray fluxes from its own
windings entering the core, it is not practical to
represent the transformer by an equivalent
circuit. These types of current transformers do
not lend themselves to simple calculations for
demonstrating their accuracy; instead, typical
design test data are used for this purpose.
8.1.8 Calculation of Current Transformer
Performance from Excitation Data and Equiu-
alent Circuits. Several methods are available for
calculating current transformer performance
from excitation characteristics, secondary wind-
ing constants, and burden data with sufficient ac-
curacy for relaying service, if the construction of
the transformer is such that leakage fluxes can be
neglected. These calculating methods, whether al-
gebraic, current phasor, graphical, or admittance
phasor, are based, fundamentally, on the addition
of the secondary burden currents and the trans-
former excitation currents. The determination of
phase angle is unnecessary for most relay applica-
tions.
The algebraic addition of these currents is ade-
quate for most relay applications because for the
lower power factor burdens, such as 0.5 lag, the
burden and excitation currents are approximately
in phase over a considerable range of burdens and
currents. When the burden and excitation cur-
rents are not in phase, the calculated ratio error is
greater than that which would have been obtained
by the phasor addition of currents.
8.1.9 Application of Calculating Methods to
Ty pe C Relaying Accuracy Current Trans-
formers. As the calculating methods are primarily
applicable to bushing-type current transformers
for relaying service, which are generally multi-
ratio, the most useful form in which the open-
circuit transformer excitation characteristics may
be given is a family of curves similar to Fig 4
zt
Fig 18
Simplified Equivalent
Circuit of Current Transformer on
Secondary N Turns Base
se
Fig 19
Phasor Diagram of Fig 18
showing the excitation voltage and currents on the
secondary turns base for each ratio. These curves
are usually determined from test data taken on a
typical unit of a given design by the method cov-
ered in 8.3.2.
8.1.10 Calculation of Current Transformer
Ratio by the Algebraic Method. The current
transformer standards covering relaying accuracy
and application data for relaying service have
been written on the basis of utilizing the advan-
tages and simplicity of excitation data and calcu-
lating methods where applicable. The following
method should be used for calculating the relay-
ing performance and accuracy ratings of type C
relaying accuracy rated current transformers.
This method is based on the assumption that
the burden and excitation currents are in phase.
I t also assumes a single-turn primary such as in
bushing, window, or bar-type transformers, so
constructed that the effect of leakage fluxes on its
performance is negligible. The equivalent circuit
and -phasor diagram for such transformers are
shown in Figs 18 and 19. Tht ratio correction fac-
44
ANSI/IEEE
C57. 13-1978
tor values obtained by test will not exceed the val-
ues calculated by this method within the stated
limitations.
The following definitions and equations ap-
ply to Figs 18 and 19:
N =secondary turns on transformer for
ratio on which transformer error is to
be calculated - from data sheet or ex-
citation curve sheet (see Fig 4 and
typical curves)
R, =resistance of transformer secondary
winding - from data sheet or excita-
tation curve sheet (see Fig 4)
Rb =resistance of secondary burden includ-
ing secondary leads
xb =reactance of secondary burden
=secondary circuit impedance
zt =d ( R , +Rb) 2 +X b 2 =
(Eq 1)
=power factor angle of secondary cir-
cuit (Eq 2)
I S
E, e
z e
=assumed value of secondary current at
which transformer ratio is to be cal-
culated
=I,Zt
=excitation voltage required to obtain
I S (Eq 3)
=Es e l I e
=excitation impedance of transformer
on secondary N turns base for any
specific value of le obtained from ex-
citation curve. The value of Ze is not
required in the calculation, but is
shown in the equivalent circuit, Fig
18 (Eq 4)
I ,
=excitation current required to obtain
a specific value of E,,, obtained from
excitation curve
I s t =I , + I e
=primary current on secondary N turns
base (Eq 5)
I , =NI &
=primary current required to obtain I ,
I in secondary (Eq 6)
(Eq 7)
True ratio =Ip /I, =NI,t/I,
Marked ratio = rated primary currentlrated
Ratio correction factor =RCF =
secondary current
true ratiolmarked ratio
Percent ratio =RCF X 100
Percent ratio =percent ratio - 100
Correction =100 (RCF - 1)
If marked ratio and secondary turns, N, are
equal :
RCF =I s t / I ,
Percent ratio =( I s t / I s ) X 100
Percent ratio error 2 ( I , /I,) X 100
(Eq 8 )
(Eq 9)
(Eq 10)
8.1.11 Accuracy Calculations for Voltage Trans-
formers. Both the true ratio and the phase angle of
a voltage transformer give practically straight
lines when plotted against secondary current at a
given voltage, burden power factor, and frequen-
CY.
Several methods for calculating the accuracy of
potential transformers at different burdens are
available. Those methods utilizing winding im-
pedances and core excitation characteristics are
subject to some limitations and give results hav-
ing less precision than those methods that employ
a combination of test and calculation. The latter
methods, using measured values of true ratio and
phase angle at zero burden and one other burden
within the maximum standard burden rating of
the transformer, yield results having a high degree
of precision.
The more precise method for determining true
ratio and phase angle from known accuracy data
is covered in 8.1.12.
8.1.12 Calculation of Voltage Transformer
Ratio and Phase Angle f rom Known Zero and
Hated Burden Data. I n this method the true ratio
and phase angle of a voltage transformer are
known at both zero burden and one other burden,
usually a rated standard burden, for a given volt-
age and frequency. At the same voltage and fre-
quency, the accuracy for any other burden and
power factor may be calculated from the following
equations:
Bo, Bt and B, =(1) zero burden for which
RCF and y are known, (2)
a burden for which RCF
and y are known, and ( 3)
the burden for which RCF
and y are to be calculated,
respectively
45
ANSI lI EEE
C57.13-1978
et and e, =power factor angles of bur-
dens Bt and B,, respective-
ly (degrees)
NOTE: et and 8 , are positive angles for lagging power
factors.
RCFo, RCFt , and RCF, =transformer ratio
correction factors
for burdens Bo,
Bt, and B,, respec-
tively
=transformer phase angles in
minutes for burdens Bo,
B,, and B, , respectively
yo, 7, and y,
NOTE: y is considered positive when the secondary
voltage leads the primary voltage.
RCFd =RCFt - RCFo
=difference between the transformer
ratio correction factors for burdens
B, and Bo (Eq 11)
Y d =Y t - 70
=difference between the transformer
phase angles burdens Bt and Bo (Eq 12)
NOTE: These equations provide an analytical determi-
nation of voltage transformer accuracy. Also, it has
been shown that graphical solutions of these equations
by means of special scaled polar coordinate paper and a
protractor are as accurate, and are faster and less tedi-
ous than the analytical solutions [ 161.
- 3438 RCFd sin ( e t - 8
)]
(Eq 14)
where
3438 =minutes of angle in one radian, and
1
0.000291 =-
3438
Equations 13 and 14 reduce to the following
simpler form in the case where the burden for
which the RCF and y are known is a unity
power factor burden.
- 0.000291 y d sin e,]
(Eq 15)
where
Bt =a unity power factor burden
For burdens up to maximum standard burden
for metering accuracy, the foregoing calculating
methods will fall into the same precision classi-
fication as the test methods used for obtaining the
known values of ratio and phase angle.
Where these calculating methods are used for
determining performance at burdens in excess of
the maximum standard burden for metering ac-
curacy, such as for the thermal burden rating, a
lower degree of precision will be obtained. Con-
sideration should be given to the effects of the in-
creased heating due to the heavier burdens.
8.2 Demagnetization. The following methods
are recommended for demagnetizing current
transformers.
Connect the current transformer in the test
circuit as shown in Fig 20. Apply enough current
to the high-turn winding (usually Xl-X2) to
saturate the core of the transformer as de-
termined by the ammeter and voltmeter readings,
then slowly reduce the current to zero. Rated cur-
rent of the transformer must not be exceedec
Fig 20
Method 1: Circuit for
Demagnetizing Current Transformers
HIGH TURN
WINDING
WINDING
TRANSFORMER TO
BE DEMAGNETIZED
_--
LOW TURN
WINDING
: 8 : a F 6 : T \ # r q R 60 Hz
TURN
WINDING
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER TO
BE DEMAGNETIZED
Fig 21
Method 2: Circuit for
Demagnetizing Current Transformers
Connect the current transformer in the test
circuit as shown in Fig 21. Pass rated current
through the low-turn winding, (usually Hl-H2).
Increase the resistance R in the high-turn wind-
ing, (usually Xl-X2), circuit until the transformer
core is saturated; then slowly reduce resistance to
zero and disconnect the current source. Satura-
tion of the core is indicated by a reduction of cur-
rent in the high-turn winding circuit.
WARNING A continuously variable resist-
ance must be used to avoid opening the high-
turn-winding circuit when resistance values ore
changed.
As the resistance is increased, the voltage
across the resistance will approach open circuit
value.
8.3 Impedance and Excitation Measure-
ments
8.3.1 Impedance Measurements8
8.3.1.1 Impedance Voltage. The voltage re-
quired to circulate the rated current of the trans-
former under short-circuit conditions is the im-
pedance voltage of the transformer as viewed
from the terminals of the excited winding.
The impedance voltage is comprised of an
equivalent resistance component and a reactive
component. It is not practical to measure these
components separately, but after the loss and the
impedance voltage are measured, the components
may be separated by calculation.
I t is sufficient to measure and adjust the cur-
rent in the excited winding only, because the cur-
--.
8 8.3.1.1 uses terminology typically used for power and dis-
tribution transformers. 8.3.1.2 and 8.3.1.3 use terrninology
typically used for instrument transformers.
~
47
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
rent in the short circuited winding will be the cor-
rect value (except for a negligible excitation cur-
rent) when the current in the excited winding is
correct. To introduce current measuring equip-
ment in series with the short-circuited winding
may introduce large errors in the impedance
measurements.
For two-winding transformers, one of the wind-
ings (either the high-turn or the low-turn) is short-
circuited, and voltage at rated frequency is ap-
plied to the other winding and adjusted to
circulate rated current in the winding.
For transformers having more than two wind-
ings, the impedance voltage is a function of the
test connections used. When making tests on
multiple-winding transformers, the windings
should be connected in such a manner as to pro-
vide the correct impedance data for the purpose
intended.
Resistive and reactive components of the im-
pedance voltage are determined by the use of the
following equations:
pz
E =-
, I
where
E, =voltage, in-phase component
E, =voltage, quadrature component
E, =impedance voltage
P, =power in watts
I =current in amperes in excited winding
The I2 R losses of the two windings shall be cal-
culated from the ohmic resistance measurements
(corrected to the temperature at which the im-
pedance test was made) and the currents that
were used in the impedance measurement. These
12R losses subtracted from the impedance loss
give the stray losses of the transformer.
The temperature of the windings shall be taken
immediately before and after the impedance
measurements in a manner similar to that de-
scribed in 8.5. The average shall be taken as the
true temperature.
8.3.1.2 Current Transformer Short-Circuit
Impedance Measurements. The measured short-
circuit impedance of a current transformer is the
sum of the primary and secondary impedance.
Since the secondary impedance cannot be de-
termined from this information alone. the data
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
obtained is of little value in the calculation of ra-
tio and phase angle characteristics. However, it is
of value in determining the burden imposed on
main transformers by auxiliary transformers.
The quantities measured, other than current, in
making impedance measurements on current
transformers, are extremely small and great care
must be exercised in order to obtain accurate re-
sults.
For the purpose of impedance measurements,
current transformers can be divided into the three
following types according to their physical details.
Type 1: Bushing, window, or bar-type, with
turns well distributed about the core. I n current
transformers of this type, the leakage reactance is
extremely small and the impedance may be con-
sidered to be the resistance of the whole winding
or that part to be used if it is well distributed. The
manufacturer should be consulted if the winding
distribution is not known.
Type 2: Wound type in which the high-current
(primary) terminals are at opposite ends of the
transformer. Transformers of this type should be
excited from the high-current winding with the
low-current winding short circuited because a
short circuit on the high-current winding will in-
troduce appreciable error in the measurement
due to the added impedance of the short-circuit-
ing connections.
I t is recommended that the three-voltmeter
method, as described in 8.3.1.3, be used for im-
pedance measurement on this type of trans-
former.
Type 3: Wound type in which the high-current
(primary) leads are brought out parallel to each
other through a single bushing. Current trans-
formers of this type may be excited from either
the high-current or the low-current winding with
the other winding short circuited.
Either the three-voltmeter method or the watt-
meter, voltmeter, ammeter method can be used
for impedance measurements on transformers of
this type depending on which winding is excited.
8.3.1.3 Voltage Transformer Short-Circuit
Impedance Measurements. Voltage transformers
operate at high magnetic flux densities in normal
service. Although short-circuit impedance meas-
urements are necessarily made at low magnetic
flux densities the components of impedance thus
obtained are of value for the computation of
transformer ratio and phase angle.
The short-circuit characteristics are also of val-
ue in selection of fuses.
The short-circuit impedance can be measured
SUPPLY
I 6 0 Hz L
RSH
SHUNT
RMS
AMMETER
NOTE: VI and V, voltmeter impedance must be high com-
pared to shunt and transformer.
Fig 22
Circuit for
Measuring Impedance:
Three-Voltmeter Method
by the three-voltmeter method or the wattmeter,
voltmeter, ammeter method.
The circuit shown in Fig 22 illustrates the
three-voltmeter methods. From the data ob-
tained, the equivalent resistance and reactance
can be calculated from:
where
RE, =equivalent resistance
XEQ =equivalent resistance
The circuit shown in Fig 23 illustrates the watt-
meter, voltmeter, ammeter method. The meas-
ured values must be corrected for instrument
tare.
8.3.2 Exciting Current Measurements. The
circuit connection for the measurement of excit-
ing current shall be as shown in Fig 24. The same
precautions must be taken for exciting current
measurements that are taken for excitation loss
measurements.
Current transformer cores should be demag-
netized, prior to exciting current measurements,
by one of the methods outlined under 8.2.
r-
48
-
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
RMS
AMMETER
NOTE: I t is recommended that the low-voltagewinding be ex-
cited and the high-voltage winding beshort circuited.
Fig 23
Circuit for Measuring
Impedance: Wattmeter,
Voltmeter, Ammeter Method
c
V =rms voltmeter
AVG =average reading voltmeter
Fig 24
Circuit for Measuring
Excitation Current and Loss
Simultaneous readings are taken on the am-
meter, rms voltmeter, and average-voltage9 volt-
meter calibrated in rms. The voltage meas-
urement shall, when necessary, be corrected to a
sine-wave basis.
Two exciting current curves can be drawn from
the data obtained: average-voltage voltmeter ver-
sus rms ammeter readings and rms voltmeter ver-
sus rms ammeter readings. Differences in these
The average-voltage method utilizes an average-voltage
voltmeter consisting of a dArsonval instrument in series with
curves indicate departure from a sine-wave volt-
age. When the supply voltage wave shape departs
appreciably from a sine wave, the rms current will
be higher using the average-voltage voltmeter
readings as a base, and lower when using the rms
voltmeter reading as a base. If the two curves are
within two percent of each other, no correction is
necessary. If the voltages read from the two
curves differ by more than two percent and less
than 10 percent, the average of the curves shall be
taken as the excitation current on a sine-wave
basis. If the voltages read from the two curves
vary by more than 10 percent, very serious volt-
age waveform distortion is indicated and ap-
propriate circuit changes must be made.
8.3.3 Excitation Loss. The excitation loss of a
transformer includes the dielectric loss and core
loss.
The excitation loss determination shall be
based on a sine-wave voltage applied to the termi-
nals of the transformer.
Peaked voltage waves (form factor greater than
l.ll), resulting generally from the distorted char-
acter of the excitation load of the transformer on
the test source, give smaller excitation losses than
a sine-wave voltage. Flat-topped voltage waves,
rarely encountered in such tests, give larger ex-
citation losses.
NOTE: Current transformer cores should be demagnetized
just prior to excitation loss measurements and all meas-
urements should be made on the low-current winding with all
other windings open-circuited.
8.3.4 Measurements for High Magnetic
Flux Densities. Measurements on voltage trans-
formers and curent transformers under overcur-
rent conditions shall be made using the average-
voltage voltmeter. The average value of the test
voltage applied shall be the same as the average
value of the desired sine wave of voltage at the
proper frequency. Under this condition, the hys-
teresis component of the loss will be correct.
I t is recommended that the test be made on the
low-voltage winding with all other windings open-
circuited.
When the low-voltage winding is excited, full
voltage will appear across the high-voltage wind-
ing and safety precautions must be taken.
Low-voltage windings must be grounded at a
a lull-wave rectifier. These instruments are generally marked
and calibrated to givethe same numerical indication as an rms
voltmeter on sine-wave voltage.
Thetemperature error of an average-reading voltmeter util-
izing a rectifier (especially instruments for less than 75 V) is
likely to be greater than that of rms voltmeters; therefore, the
temperature characteristic of such an instrument should be
ascertained for dependable results.
single point. ~
shown in Fig 24.
dicated by the average-voltage
The instrument and circuit arrangement is
Adjust the voltage to the desired value as in-
the simultaneous values of rms voltage, power,
-
Record
49
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
and current. Then disconnect the transformer un-
der test and read the tare on the wattmeter, which
represents the losses of the connected instruments
and which is to be subtracted from the earlier
wattmeter reading to obtain the excitation loss of
the transformer under test.
Exciting current measurements will be ob-
tained at the same time that loss measurements
are made. I n order to obtain the correct exciting
current measurement, the tare on the ammeter,
which represents the current taken by the voltage
elements of the wattmeter and voltmeters, must
be measured and subtracted vectorially from the
previous current measurements. If the readings of
voltage as indicated on the rms voltmeter and the
average-voltage voltmeter differ by more than two
percent, the measurements must also be corrected
for waveform. (See 8.3.2.)
WARNING This circuit may result in ab-
normally high voltages at the high-voltage ter-
minals and abnormally low currents i n the ex-
citation circuit of high-ratio potential trans-
8.4 Polarity. (Aleo See Section 2.) The
lead polarity of a transformer is a designation of
the relative instantaneous directions of currents
in its leads. Primary and secondary leads are said
to have the same polarity when at a given instant
the current enters the primary lead in question
and leaves the secondary lead in question in the
same direction as though the two leads formed a
continuous circuit.
There are three methods in common use for de-
termining the polarity of instrument trans-
formers. These are: inductive kick with direct
current; comparison with a transformer of known
polarity and same ratio; and the comparison of
winding voltages.
8.4.1 Inductive Kick with Direct Current,
Current, and Voltage Transformers. (See Fig 25.)
(1) Connect terminal 1 of the high-turn winding
to terminal 1 of the low-turn winding. In most
cases, the high-turn winding of a current trans-
former is the X1-X2 winding, and the high-turn
winding of a voltage transformer is the H1-H2
winding.
(2) Connect a dc voltmeter across the high-turn
winding.
(3) Connect a battery across the high-turn
winding so that the voltmeter will read up scale.
(4) Disconnect the voltmeter from terminal 2 of
-P
I 1
HIGH TURN
.
I Q+ I
Fig 25
Polarity by Inductive Kick
the high-turn winding and connect it to terminal 2
of the low-turn winding.
(5) Break the battery circuit and observe the
direction of kick on the voltmeter. If the voltmeter
kicks down scale, terminal 1 of the high-turn
winding and terminal 1 of the low-turn winding
are of the same polarity.
(6) The results may be checked by remaking
and breaking the battery circuit. If terminals 1
are of the same polarity, the voltmeter will kick
up scale on make and down scale on break.
WARNING I t is preferable to apply the bat-
tery voltage to the high-turn winding i n order to
minimize high inductive kicks that might in-
iure personnel or equipment.
- - - -
I
All current transformers should be demagne-
tized to eliminate residual magnetism in the core,
and must be demagnetized after the application of
direct current. This is necessary because the level
of magnetism may remain high enough to affect
ratio and phase angle, and at the severe overloads
of fault conditions the ratio may be enough in er-
ror to affect relay schemes. See 8.2.
0.4.2 Comparison with Transformer of Same
Ratio and Known Polarity
8.4.2.1 Current Transformers. (See Fig 26.)
(1) Connect the transformers as shown in Fig
26.
( 2) Energize the circuit from a controlled cur-
rent source so that the test current flows in the
H1-H2 windings as shown in Fig 26.
( 3) If the ammeter reads the sum of the cur-
rents in the high-turn windings, the polarity of the
unknown transformer is reversed. If the ammeter
reads zero, the polarity of the unknown trans-
former is as marked.
50
-.
HI H2 HI H2
F
XI vx* p x l q x 2
b
Fig 20
Polarity by Comparieon with
Traneformer of Same
60 Hz
I SOURCE I
I KNOWN I , ,
Fig 27
Polarity by Comparison with
Voltage Traneformer of Same
8.4.2.2 Voltage Transformers. (See Fig 27.)
(1) Connect the high-turn windings of the two
transformers in parallel as shown by connecting
H1 of the known transformer to H1 of the un-
known transformer and H2 of the known trans-
former to H2 of the unknown transformer.
(2) Connect the low-turn windings through a
voltmeter as shown by connecting X1 of the
known transformer to X1 of the unknown trans-
former and X2 of the known transformer to one
voltmeter terminal and X2 of the unknown trans-
former to the other voltmeter terminal.
(3) Energize the circuit at terminals H1-
H2 from a controlled 60 Hz voltage source.
(4) If the voltmeter reads zero, the polarity of
the unknown transformer is as marked. If the
voltmeter reads the sum of the voltages of the low-
turn windings, the polarity of the unknown trans-
CAUTION: High voltages will be present on the high-voltage
terminals of both transformers.
-. former is reversed.
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
8.4.3 Comparison of Winding Voltages. (See Fig
28.)
(1) Connect the high-turn and low-turn wind-
ings as shown in Fig 28. I n most cases, the
high-turn winding of a current transformer is
X1-X2 and that of a voltage transformer is H1-
H2.
(2) Energize the circuit from a controlled volt-
age source at the terminals of the high-turn wind-
ing AB.
(3) Read the value of the voltage across AB and
the voltage across BD.
(4) If the voltage across BD is less than the volt-
age across AB, the polarity is as marked. If the
voltage across BD is greater than the voltage
across AB, the polarity is reversed.
-
WARNING The source voltage should always
be impressed across the high-turn winding;
otherwise, dangerously high voltages might be
encountered.
This method is applicable only to instrument
transformers of low ratio. On high-ratio trans-
formers, the difference in voltages cannot be
determined with certainty.
8.6 Resistance Meaeuremente. These meas-
urements are made on instrument transformers
for the following reasons:
(1) For the calculation of the dc 12R losses used
in determining the short-time thermal rating
(2) To establish the winding resistance at a
known temperature for use in temperature rise
tests
(3) For the calculation of winding tem-
peratures and temperature rises at the completion
of temperature rise tests
Fig 28
Polarity by Comparieon of
Winding Voltages
--
SOURCE I I
,POLAR1
MARKS
ITY
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-197 8 I EEE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR
(4) I n the case of voltage transformers, to per-
mit calculation of ratios under load conditions
A transformer winding other than the one
whose resistance is being measured should be
short circuited. This is important both as a safety
measure to prevent the induction of high voltages
and to reduce the time required for the direct cur-
rent to stabilize.
A resistance can be measured either as a two-
terminal network or as a four-terminal network.
In a two-terminal measurement, the resistance
network is connected to the measuring circuit
through one pair of leads. Thus both contact re-
sistance at the points of connection and lead re-
sistance become part of the resistance being meas-
ured and to the extent they are unknown, the two-
terminal resistance is indefinite.
If, however, a resistance network is made four-
terminal, its resistance can be defined precisely
and measured by four-terminal techniques. One
pair of terminals (current terminals) is located
outside a second pair (potential terminals) as
shown in Fig 29.
The resistance is defined as the open-circuit
voltage across the potential terminals divided by
the current entering and leaving the current ter-
minals. Thus, for example, if the resistance of a
winding between two points a and b is needed, the
potential leads would be connected to the winding
at these points, while terminals corresponding to
C1 and C2 of the figure would be located to the
outside.
There is no precise rule that governs the selec-
tion of a four-terminal measurement over a two-
terminal one. The choice depends primarily on
the magnitude of the resistance and on the ac-
curacy to which it is to be measured. However,
either contact resistance or uncertainties in lead
resistance may be as much as 0.01 a. If these are
an appreciable part of the resistance to be mea-
sured, a four-terminal measurement is dictated.
Fig 29
Four-Terminal Network for
Resistance Measurement
cw PI P2
Current Terminals Cl-C2
Potential Terminals P1- P2
The methods recommended herein for making
either two- terminal or four-terminal resistance
measurements are (1) potentiometric methods
and (2) bridge methods.
8.6.1 Potentiometric methods. The poten-
tiometric method to be employed is described in
8.6.2 Bridge Methods. Two types of bridge
networks are recommended: (1) the Wheatstone
bridge when a two-terminal measurement is
adequate; and (2) the double-ratio arm (Kelvin)
bridge when four-terminal measurements are re-
quired. Both types are commercially available
and require minimum external equipment. The
Wheatstone bridge is a four-arm bridge, which
consists of a pair of ratio arms and an adjustable
resistance arm for achieving balance. The re-
sistance to be measured completes the bridge. In
the commercial version, the ratio arms are
equipped so that any one of several ratios can be
readily selected. Thus, resistances can be meas-
ured over a wide range with maximum resolution
available from the adjustable arm.
The double-ratio arm bridge is more complex in
both its design and its operation. Textbooks in
electrical measurements contain excellent dis-
cussions of the bridge and should be consulted.
Generally speaking, the bridge measures a four-
terminal resistance in such a way that its points of
attachment to the measuring circuit and its lead
resistances do not enter the measurement.
The highest measurement accuracy available
from either type of bridge can be obtained if a
substitution technique is employed. The techni-
que, however, requires a known standard whose
nominal value is the same as the resistance being
measured. The bridge is first balanced with the
standard in the unknown arm and is then re-
balanced with the standard replaced by the un-
known resistor. I n this way, only the small dif-
ference between the two is measured and since the
other arms of the bridge remain unchanged, their
values need not be known.
8.5.3 Reference Tempemture Measurements.
The reference temperature of the winding shall be
determined accurately when measuring the wind-
ing resistance for use in temperature rise tests.
The temperature of the winding shall not be as-
sumed to be the same as the surrounding air.
For dry-type transformers, the winding re-
sistance measurements shall be made at a time
when the transformer and surrounding air are at
constant and substantially equal temperatures,
and only after the transformer has been unexcited
2.2 of ANSI /I EEE (257.12.90-1973.
52
and has had no current in its windings for a period
of from 3 to 8 h, depending on the size of the trans-
former. They shall not be made when the trans-
former is located in drafts or in an area in which
the temperature is fluctuating rapidly.
For dry-type, self-cooled transformers, the
temperature of the windings shall be recorded as
the average of the readings of several thermo-
couples or thermometers placed in contact with
the external surface of the transformer as close as
possible to the windings.
For liquid-immersed, self-cooled transformers,
the temperature of the windings and liquid shall
be assumed to be the same. The temperature shall
be recorded as the average of the readings of sev-
eral thermometers immersed in the liquid as close
to the coils as practical or as the average of the
readings of several thermocouples or thermom-
eters placed in contact with the external surface of
the transformer as close as possible to the wind-
ings.
8.8 Short-Time Characteristics
8.8.1 Short-Time Mechanical Rating Tests.
The test to demonstrate the short-time mechani-
cal current rating of a current transformer shall
be made by subjecting the current transformer,
with the secondary winding short circuited, to two
cycles (four crests) of a symmetrical primary-cur-
rent wave having a crest value equal to 2.83 times
the short-time mechanical current rating.
The test to demonstrate the mechanical short-
circuit capability of a voltage transformer shall be
made with rated voltage maintained on the pri-
mary for 1 s with the secondary terminals short
circuited.
8.8.2 Thermal Short-Time Rating Calcu-
lations. The calculation of temperature rise of a
winding under short-time conditions is based on
the assumption that all of the energy developed in
the winding during the period of the short circuit
(5 s or less) is stored as heat in the winding.
It is further assumed that the starting tem-
perature of the winding when the short circuit oc-
curs is the maximum hottest-spot temperature of
the winding at 30C ambient temperature under
continuous loading at (1) the continuous-thermal-
current rating for a current transformer or (2) the
maximum rated standard burden and 110 percent
of rated voltage for a voltage transformer. Where
this hottest-spot winding temperature is not es-
tablished by test, the limits of hottest-spot tem-
perature rise (specified in Table 4) for 30 "C am-
bient shall be used.
The maximum temperature attained by the
-
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
winding during the short circuit shall not exceed
the limits specified in 6.6.2 for a current trans-
former or in 7.7 for a voltage transformer.
The general equation of winding temperature
under short-circuit conditions is most convenient-
ly expressed and used as the current density that
will produce the maximum permissible tem-
perature in the winding under the conditions spec-
ified above. Thus,
A/in2
(Eq 19)
where
I
A
C
=short-circuit current, in amperes
=conductor cross-section, in in2
=average thermal capacitance per unit
volume, in wattseconds/(degree C X
in3 )
p 2 0 =specific resistance at 20C in ohm-
inches
t =duration of short circuit, in seconds
T =234.5"C for copper
8 =starting temperature, in degrees C
8, =maximum temperature, in degrees C
K =rati o of all stray conductor loss to
the dc P R loss of the winding at the
starting temperature, 8
e =base of natural logarithms, 2.718
This general equation may be simplified for
most practical applications since short-time
thermal ratings are based on a short-circuit
duration of 1 s and, except for large current
transformer primary bars, K is usually negli-
gible.
p20 =0.679 X 10-6 ohm-inch
C =58.6 Ws/("C X in3)
T =234.5"C
and, for the above conditions,
225C for aluminum
For copper (100 percent IACS) :
or
I
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
For aluminum (EC, 62 percent IACS) :
p z O =1095 X 10- 6 ohm-inch
C =43.1 Ws/("C X in3)
T =225C
and, for the above conditions,
- Z =69 500 J log, (,25 225 ++ e s ") A/in2
A
or
-=IO770 A Z J log, (225 225+e , + ") A/cm2
(Eq 21)
If Om is taken as 250 'C for 55 "C rise types and
as 350 'C for 80 'C rise types (see 6.6.2), and if Os
is taken as 95 'C for 55 'C rise types and 140 'C for
SOT rise types (see Table 4), then:
For copper:
I/ A =92 000 A/in2 (or 14 260 A/cm2) for
Z/A =98 900 A/in2 (or 15 330 A/cm2) for
55C rise transformers (Eq 22)
For aluminum:
Z/A =61 600 A/in2 (9550 A/cm2) for
I / A =66 300 A/in2 (or 10 270 A/cm2) for
8.6.3 Short-Time Thermal Rating of Current
Transformers. The short-time thermal rating as-
signed to a current transformer shall be such that
the permissible current density, as determined by
the applicable equation of 8.6.2, will not be ex-
ceeded in any winding.
For current transformers, the major portion of
the stray conductor loss, if any, is normally in the
primary winding and K should be applied to the
calculations of the temperature rise in the prima-
ry winding only. The ratio of stray conductor loss
to I2R loss, K, may be determined from the equa-
tion:
K =( Pz - 12R) / ( Zp2Rp)
(Eq 26)
where
P R
I," R,
pz
=total dc loss for both windings
=dc loss for primary winding only
=watts measured in impedance test
(see 8.3.1.1)
The value of K at the prescribed starting
temperature may be determined from the stray
loss ratio, K,, at some other temperature 8 a by
the following equations:
For copper:
2
234.5 +e a
=Ka (234.5 +13,)
For aluminum:
For the calculation of permissible current den-
sity in the secondary winding, K may be con-
sidered negligible and the simplified Equations 22
through 25 used.
In a current transformer, under the conditions
prescribed for the calculation of temperature rise,
due to saturation of the core the actual secondary
current will normally be less than that indicated
by the marked ratio of the transformer. Where ac-
tual secondary current under the overload condi-
tion has been established by test or calculation,
the actual secondary current density may be used
rather than that indicated by the marked ratio.
8.6.4 Short-circuit Thermal Capability of
Voltage Transformers. To demonstrate the ability
of a voltage transformer to meet the temperature
limitations of 7.7, the short-circuit current in each
winding is calculated for the condition of rated
voltage applied to the primary terminals and the
secondary winding short circuited at its terminals.
The current density, Z/A, is then calculated by
dividing the short-circuit current by the cross sec-
tion of the conductor. The value of current density
so obtained for each winding must not exceed the
applicable value of Equations 22 through 25, the
stray conductor loss ratio K being considered neg-
ligible for voltage transformers.
For the purpose of calculating the short-
circuit current of the above, the reactance
X, and the resistance R, may be determined by
any of the methods described in 8.3, but the re-
sistance must be corrected to a temperature that
is the average of the initial and maximum tem-
peratures. For any winding:
(Eq 29)
where
Z =short-circuit current
E =rated voltage of the winding
54
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-1978
X= reactance, referred to that winding
R= resistance, referred to that winding at
The value of R may be determined from the
resistance, R,, at a temperature e a by one of
the following relations.
the average temperature
For copper :
234.5 +( e , +em 112
234.5 +e a
R =R,
For aluminum:
225 +(e, +e, )/2
225 + e a
R = R a
In a voltage transformer under short-circuit
conditions, the current, and therefore the current
density, will decrease during the short circuit due
to the change of resistance with the temperature
of the winding; and the value of short-circuit cur-
rent as determined by the above paragraph there-
fore represents an average value during the short-
circuit period. However, this approximation intro-
duces negligible error in the calculation of tem-
perature rise within the prescribed limits.
8.7 Temperature Rise Tests
8.7.1 General. All temperature rise tests shall
be made under the normal conditions of the
means, or method, of cooling.
All temperature rise tests shall be made with
the transformer under test in the attitude and un-
der the conditions for which it is designed to oper-
ate. If the transformer is designed for use in any
one of several attitudes, or under several possible
conditions, the test shall be made in the attitude
and condition that is considered to result in the
greatest temperature rise. The transformer shall
be mounted in a normal manner. Mounted in a
normal manner shall be interpreted to mean that
the heat dissipation due to conduction and radi-
ation shall not be substantially influenced by ab-
normal heat transfer to, or from, surrounding ob-
jects. Transformers shall be completely as-
sembled with normal finish, and if liquid-im-
mersed, they shall be filled to the recommended
level.
Temperature rise tests shall be made in an area
as free from drafts as practicable.
8.7.2 Ambient or Cooling Air Temperature.
The ambient temperature shall be the tem-
perature of the air surrounding the transformer
under test.
--.
The ambient temperature shall be not less than
10C nor more than 40C during a temperature
rise test.
The preferred method of measuring the am-
bient temperature is by using an idle identical
transformer, or one having similar thermal-time
characteristics, and measuring the temperature
by the resistance method. The idle transformer
shall be located so as to respond to ambient tem-
perature changes in the same manner as the
transformer under test. (See 8.5.3.)
When an identical transformer is not available,
the temperature of the cooling air shall be de-
termined from the average of the readings of sev-
eral thermometers or thermocouples (one may be
used for small transformers) placed around and
approximately at the same level as the center of
the maximum vertical heat-dissipating surface of
the transformer, at a horizontal distance adequate
to prevent the transformer under test from in-
fluencing the readings ( 3 ft to 6 ft is usually suffi-
cient).
To reduce to a minimum the errors due to time
lag between the temperature of the transformers
and the variations in the ambient temperature,
the thermocouples, or thermometers, shall be
placed in suitable containers and shall have such
proportions as will require not less than two hours
for the indicated temperature within the con-
tainer to change 6.3 C if suddenly placed in air
that has a temperature 10C higher, or lower,
than the previous steady-state indicated tem-
perature within the container.
When the ambient temperature, based on the
average readings of the thermometers or thermo-
couples during one observation period, is not
30C, the winding losses will not be the same as
the values that would have been obtained at 30 C
ambient conditions, If the temperature rise values
obtained are close to the limiting values for the
insulation used in the transformer, a correction
shall be applied to that part of the temperature
rise due to the winding losses.
The corrected temperature rise for current
transformers shall be obtained by multiplying the
total measured temperature rise by the applicable
factor.
- 234.5
-
Factor for copper windings
234.5 +0,
Factor for aluminum windings
- 255
-
225 +0,
where
ea =ambient temperature at the termination
of the temperature rise test
55
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
The temperature rise of voltage transformers
depends on both the winding losses and the core
losses. Only that part of the temperature rise due
to the winding losses is affected by the ambient
temperature, as the core losses are not ap-
preciably changed over the temperature range in
which instrument transformers normally operate.
The part of the temperature rise due to the
winding losses shall be corrected by using the ap-
plicable factor covered above. To obtain the part
of the temperature rise due to winding losses, a
temperature rise test shall be made with the volt-
age transformer secondary open-circuited and the
values so obtained subtracted from the tem-
perature rise values that were obtained under the
corresponding condition specified by 8.7.9.
8.7.3 Temperature Rise Measurements. Pro-
vision shall be made to measure the surface tem-
perature of all metal parts surrounding, or adja-
cent to, the outlet leads or terminals carrying
large currents.
When possible the top liquid temperature of
liquid-immersed transformers shall be measured
by a thermocouple or spirit thermometer im-
mersed to approximately 2 in below the top liquid
surface.
The bulbs of the spirit thermometer or other
temperature-reading means used for taking tem-
peratures of the transformer surfaces in air shall
be covered by small felt pads, or the equivalent,
cemented to the transformer. If thermocouples
are used, the leads shall be so arranged that ex-
cessive heat is not conducted to or from the junc-
tion.
The ultimate average temperature rise of the
windings shall be determined by the resistance
method whenever practical.
To avoid errors due to the time required for the
bridge current to become constant, the time re-
quired shall be determined during the meas-
urement of the winding resistance reference tem-
perature and an equal or slightly longer time shall
be allowed when making ultimate and cooling rate
temperature measurements.
Measurements of temperature rise by the re-
sistance method shall not include contact re-
sistances. This may be accomplished by using the
double bridge method.
The temperature rise shall be considered con-
stant when all temperatures that can be measured
without shutdown at intervals of not less than 30
min show three consecutive readings within 1 "C.
Temperature rise tests shall not be made by any
method that requires shutting off the power for
more than 2 min in any 2 h to establish that a
constant temperature has been reached.
8.7.4 Determination of Winding Temperature
at Ti me of Shutdown. A correction shall be made
for the cooling that occurs from the time that the
power is shut off to the time that the hot re-
sistance is measured.
The recommended method of determining the
temperature of the winding at the time of shut-
down shall be by measuring the resistance of the
windings, as the transformer cools, immediately
after shutdown and extrapolating to the time of
shutdown. At least four measurements shall be
made at intervals of not more than 3 min but not
less than the time required for the measuring cur-
rent to stabilize. If the current does not exceed 15
percent of the rated current of the winding, it may
be maintained during the entire period.
8.7.6 Determination of Average Temperature
by the Resistance Method. The average tem-
perature of a winding shall be determined by
either of the following equations:
(Eq 33)
where
T for copper =234. 5
T for aluminum =225
0
=temperature in "C corresponding to the
resistance of the winding at time of
shutdown
f3o =temperature in "C corresponding to the
reference resistance of the winding
Rt =resistance of the winding at time of
shutdown
Ro =reference resistance of the winding
8.7.6 Determination of Temperature Rise
f r om Temperature Measurements. The tem-
perature rise is the corrected total temperature
minus the ambient temperature at the time the
observations were made.
8.7.7 Correction of Observed Temperature
Rise for Variation in Altitude. When tests are
made at an altitude not exceeding 3300 ft (1000
m) above sea level, no altitude correction shall be
applied to the temperature rise.
When tests are made at an altitude that is more
than 3300 ft (1000 m) above sea level, the tem-
ANSI lI EEE
C57.13-1978
--
perature rise shall be corrected to 30C conditions
by the following method:
( A - 3300)
(330)
where.
e r
0
A
=temperature rise with standard condi-
=measured temperature rise corrected to
=altitude in feet above sea level
tions
30C conditions
or
er =em [ 1 - 0.005 (h-120j
where
h =altitude in meters above sea level
8.7.8 Current Transformer Temperature Rise
Tests. Tests on current transformers shall be
made at maximum rated continuous current and
at rated frequency.
All terminals and joints shall be clean and tight
and shall provide good electrical contact.
Current transformers that are rated for meter-
ing use may only be tested with the secondary
short circuited.
Current transformers with a relay accuracy rat-
ing shiill be tested with the maximum burden
Cl for which the transformer relay rating is pub-
lished. The power factor of the burden is not im-
portant for this test.
Current transformers that have been magnet-
ized by measuring the resistance of the winding
shall be demagnetized after the completion of
temperature rise tests. (The method of de-
magnetizing is covered by 8.2.)
I n order that the bus bar or cable connected to
the current transformer will not represent an un-
duly large heat sink or source, the bar or cable
shall have a current-carrying capacity equivalent
to the maximum continuous-current rating of the
current transformer and shall extend a minimum
of 4 ft beyond the ends of each primary terminal.
I n making temperature tests on window-type
current transformers the primary conductor used
in the test shall have a continous-current capacity
in the configuration used and according to recog-
nized authority, not less than the test current. If
more than one primary turn is used, the clearance
between the turns and the transformer body
around the outside shall be at least 12 in. For 55C
rise transformers the continuous-current capacity
of primary bus shall be based on a temperature
rise of 50C or less, and the continuous-current ca-
pacity of primary cable shall be based on a max-
imum conductor temperature of 75 "C.
8.7.9 Voltage Transformer Temperature Rise
Tests. Temperature rise tests shall be made at
rated frequency. The power factor of the burden
used during temperature rise tests is not impor-
tant.
Temperature rise tests at thermal burden rat-
ing shall be made at rated primary voltage.
Transformers with two low-voltage windings
shall be tested with the rated thermal burden on
each secondary winding applied simultaneously.
Temperature rise tests, for normal operating
conditions, shall be made at 110 percent rated pri-
mary voltage and with the maximum standard
burden for which an accuracy class is published.
8.8 Dielectric Tests. These should be made
preferably with the transformer at room tem-
perature and unless otherwise specified the volt-
age should be measured in accordance with I EEE
Std 4-1978, with the following exception: for
transformers to be tested at 50 kV or less, it is
permissible to depend on the ratio of the supply
transformer to indicate the proper test voltage
provided it has been suitably calibrated for the
load conditions involved.
When tests are required on bushings or in-
sulators separately from the transformers, the
tests shal l be made i n accordance with
Current transformers listed in Table 3 are to be
tested in accordance with the applicable sections
of ANSI C37.09a-1970, Supplement to ANSI
8.8.1 Fact ory Di el ect ri c Test s. The
purpose of dielectric tests in the factory is to
check the insulation and workmanship and, when
required, to demonstrate that the transformer has
been designed to withstand the specified insula-
tion tests.
Impulse tests, when required, shall precede the
low-frequency tests.
8.8.2 Dielectric Tests in the Field. It is recog-
nized that dielectric tests impose a severe stress
on the insulation, and if applied frequently will
hasten breakdown or may cause breakdown. The
stress imposed, of course, is the more severe the
higher the value of the applied voltage. Hence, the
advisability of periodic testing may be question-
able.
ANSI /I EEE Std 21-1976.
C37.09-1964 (R1969).
57
ANSI I I EEE
I t is recommended that field tests of insulation
should not be in excess of 75 percent of the factory
test voltage; that for old apparatus rebuilt in the
field, tests should not be in excess of 75 percent of
the factory test voltage; and that periodic insula-
tion tests in the field should not he in excess of 65
percent of the factory test voltage. Tests made by
the user for design approval may be made at 100
percent. These recommendations relate to dielec-
tric tests applied between windings and ground
and to induced voltage tests.
Under some conditions transformers may be
subjected to periodic insulation test using direct
voltage from kenotron sets. In such cases, the test
direct voltage should not exceed the original fac-
tory test rms alternating voltage; for example, if
the factory test was 26 kV rms, then the routine
test direct voltage should not exceed 26 kV.
Periodic kenotron tests should not be applied to
transformers of higher than 34.5 kV voltage rat-
ing.
8.8.3 Applied Potential Tests. The terminal
ends and taps brought out of the case from the
winding under test shall all be joined together and
to the line terminal of the testing transformer. All
other terminals and parts (including tank and
core, if accessible) should be connected to ground
and to the other terminal of the testing trans-
former. The ground connection between the ap-
paratus being tested and the testing transformer
must be a substantial metallic circuit.
Wire of sufficient size and suitable arrange-
ment to prevent excessive corona at the test volt-
age should be used in connecting the respective
taps, line terminals, and the test transformer to-
gether. Care must be taken to keep the wire on the
high-voltage side well away from the ground. No
appreciable impedance should be placed between
the testing transformer and the one under test.
I t is recommended that a suitable current-sen-
sitive failure detection device be provided. The
reason for this is that the voltage change across
the test transformer at failure may not easily be
detected by observation of the input voltmeter.
As a safety precaution, a relief gap set at a volt-
age 10 to 20 percent in excess of the specified test
voltage should be connected during the applied
potential test. For instrument transformers to be
tested at 50 kV or less, it is permissible to omit the
relief' gap. (See 8.8)
The applied test voltage should be started at
one-third or less of full value and increased gradu-
ally to full value in not more than 15 s. After being
held for 1 min, it should be reduced gradually in
not more than 15 s to one-third of the maximum
value or less and the circuit opened.
Note that the applied potential test require-
ments for insulated-neutral-terminal types of
potential transformers are specified in 4.5.
A normal power frequency such as 60 Hz shall
be used.
8.8.4 Induced Potential Tests. These are
made by applying voltage to one winding with all
the other windings open. One end of each winding
shall be grounded during this test. Usually the
voltage is applied to the low-voltage winding.
When the voltage across any winding will exceed
50 kV during this test, some means, such as a gap,
should be provided to verify the voltage.
As this test, if made at rated frequency, overex-
cites the transformer under test, the frequency of
the applied potential should be such as to prevent
saturation of the core. Ordinarily this require-
ment necessitates the use of a frequency of 120 Hz
or more when exciting 60 Hz units. For those
types that have large distributed capacitance, the
excitation current increases with the frequency of
the applied voltage, making it necessary to guard
against an exciting current that will exceed 200
percent normal load current based on the thermal
rating. When frequencies higher than 120 Hz are
used, the severity of the test is abnormally in-
creased and for this reason the duration of the test
should be reduced in accordance with Table 18.
The voltage should be started at one-third or
less of the full value and be increased gradually to
full value in not more than 15 s. After being held
for the duration of time specified in Table 18, it
should be reduced gradually in not more than
15 s to one-third the maximum value, or less, and
the circuit opened.
Voltage transformers in polyphase metering
equipment may be tested with single-phase volt-
age. Usually the specified test voltage is applied to
Table 18
Full Voltage Duration for
Induced Potential Tests
Frequency
(Hzl
Duration
( d
120 and less
180
240
360
400
60
40
30
20
18
58
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
-
one of the windings on each core with the neutral
ends of the open windings grounded.
8.8.5 Impulse Tests. These tests consist of ap-
plying in the following order one reduced full
wave, two chopped waves, and one full wave. Im-
pulse tests are to be made without excitation.
8.8.5.1 The Wave to Be Used. The wave to
be used shall consist of a nominal 1.2 X 50~s
wave. Either, but not both, positive or negative
waves may be used. Waves of negative polarity for
liquid-immersed apparatus, and of positive
polarity for dry-type or compound-filled ap-
paratus, are recommended and shall be used un-
less otherwise specified. If in testing liquid-im-
mersed apparatus the atmospheric conditions at
the time of test are such that bushings will not
withstand the specified polarity wave, then a
wave of the opposite polarity may be used.
The voltage shall be measured and the oscillo-
gram scaled as specified in Section 2 of IEEE Std
8.8.5.2 Reduced Full- Wave Test. For this
test, the voltage wave shall have a crest value of
between 50 and 70 percent of the full-wave crest
given in Table 2.
8.8.5.3 Chopped- Wave Test. For this test,
the applied voltage wave shall be chopped by a
suitable air gap. It shall have a crest value and
time to flashover in accordance with Table 2.
To avoid recovery of insulation strength if fail-
ure has occurred during a previous impulse, the
time interval between application of the last
chopped wave and the final full wave should be
minimized and preferably should not exceed 5
min.
8.8.5.4 Full-Wave Test. For this test, the
voltage wave shall have a crest value in ac-
cordance with Table 2 and no flashover of the
bushing or test gap shall occur.
To avoid flashover of the bushing during ad-
verse conditions of humidity and air density, the
bushing flashover may be increased by ap-
propriate means. The time interval between ap-
plication of the last chopped wave and the final
full wave shall be minimized to avoid recovery of
insulation strength if a failure has occurred prior
to the final full wave.
All impulses applied to a transformer shall be
recorded if their crest values exceed 40 percent of
the crest of the full-wave value given in Table 2.
When reports require oscillograms, those of the
first reduced full wave, the last two chopped
waves, and the last full wave of voltage shall rep-
resent a record of the successful applications of
the impulse test to the transformer.
4-1978.
-
8.8.5.5 Current Transformer Connections
for Impulse Test. The impulse voltage shall be ap-
plied to all primary leads simultaneously with the
secondaries short circuited and grounded.
8.8.5.6 Voltage Transformer Connections
for Impulse Test. The specified test voltage shall
be applied to each primary terminal. In testing
transformers equipped with fuses, the fuses
should be short circuited. Test voltages shall be
applied to the polarity terminal of the high-volt-
age winding with the opposite lead grounded and
to the nonpolarity terminal with the polarity lead
grounded.
One terminal of the winding under test shall be
grounded directly or through a small resistance if
current measurements are to be made. The termi-
nals of each of the other windings may be
grounded directly or through a resistor. It is de-
sirable that the voltage on ungrounded terminals
of a winding not under test should not exceed 80
percent of the full-wave voltage for their insula-
tion class.
In some cases the inductance of the winding is
so low that the desired voltage magnitude and
duration of the 50 percent point on the tail of the
wave cannot be obtained with available equip-
ment. Low-inductance windings may be tested by
inserting a resistor of not more than 500 in the
grounded end of the winding. In all such cases
shorter waves may be used.
8.8.5.7 Detection of Failure During I m-
pulse Test. Any unexplained differences between
the reduced full wave and the final full wave de-
tected by superimposing the two voltage oscillo-
grams, or any such differences observed by com-
paring the chopped waves to each other and to the
full wave up to the time of flashover, are indica-
tions of failure. Deviations may be caus d by con-
former or by protective devices and should be
fully investigated.
Smoke bubbles rising through the liquid in the
transformer are definite evidence of failure. Clear
bubbles may or may not be evidence of trouble;
they may be due to entrapped air. They should be
investigated by repeating the test, or by reprocess-
ing the transformer and repeating the test to de-
termine whether a failure has occurred.
In making the chopped-wave test, failure of the
chopping gap, or any external part, to flashover,
although the voltage oscillograms show a chopped
wave, is a definite indication of a flashover either
within the transformer or in the test circuit.
Unusual noise within the transformer at the in-
ditions in the test circuit external to h t e trans-
59
ANSI /I EEE
stant of applying the impulse is an indication of
trouble.
When the ground current oscillogram method
of detection is used, impulse current in the
grounded end of the winding tested is measured
by means of a cathode-ray oscillograph connected
across a suitable shunt inserted between the nor-
mally grounded end of the winding and ground.
Any unexplained differences between the current
wave shapes obtained on reduced full waves and
full-wave tests detected by superimposing the two
current oscillograms may be an indication of fail-
ure. Deviations in the current wave shapes may
also be caused by conditions in the test circuit ex-
ternal to the transformers, or by built-in protec-
tive devices, and should be investigated fully. I t is
difficult to shield the measuring circuit complete-
ly from the influence of the high voltage of the
surge generator and some stray potentials are fre-
quently picked up that may produce an erratic
record for the first 1 or 2 PS. Such influences, if
they occur at the start of the current wave, should
be disregarded. The ground current method of de-
tection is not applicable for use with chopped-
wave tests.
When the induced-voltage oscillogram method
of detection is used, the voltage induced in the
secondary (low-voltage winding) is measured by
means of a cathode-ray oscillograph connected
across the secondary winding of the transformer
under test. Any unexplained difference between
the voltage wave shapes obtained on reduced full
waves, and full-wave tests detected by super-
imposing the two voltage oscillograms, may be an
indication of failure. Deviations in the voltage
wave shapes may also be caused by conditions in
the test circuit external to the transformer or
built-in protective devices and should be in-
vestigated fully. The induced-voltage method of
detection is not applicable for use with chopped-
wave tests.
8.9 Measurement of Open-circuit Volt-
age of Current Transformers. These are de-
sign tests to determine the open-circuit voltage.
The open-circuit voltage as measured will be
considerably reduced from the true value if the
impedance of the measuring circuit connected to
the secondary terminals is not extremely high or if
there is even minor variation from a pure si-
nusoidal wave of current. The measurement to de-
tect and correct for these possible conditions
should be made with a primary circuit as shown
AIR CORE
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
H2 X 2 OSCILLOSCOW
A
Switch no 1 Open
B
Oscilloscope Indication
C
Oscilloscope Indication Switch no 1 Closed
Fig 30
Mearurement 02 Open-circuit
Voltage of Current Tranrformerr-
in Fig 30A such that the ratio e3/e2 (see Fig 30B)
does not exceed 2.
(1) Measure the crest open-circuit secondary
voltage, el (Fig 30A), using a high-impedance
crest reading voltmeter, oscilloscope, or calibrated
gap. Increase the primary current gradually from
zero to the maximum continuous-current rating or
until the crest voltage reaches 3500 V, whichever
occurs first. If 3500 V crest is not exceeded by this
test, (2) should be followed.
(2) When the crest voltage in (1) does not ex-
ceed 3500 V, the observed open-circuit crest volt-
age must be corrected for deviation of the primary
current from sinusoidal wave shape.
NOTE: The values ofe 2 ande 3 need not becalibrated in V but
the sensitivity of the oscilloscope used to measure their value
must be the same for both measurements. I n many instances
e3 may beobtained simultaneously with e2by approximating
the crest of the fundamental under conditions of Fig 30B. Ip
must bethe same rms value when measuring e2and e3
60
ANSI/IEEE
C57.13-1978
- The correction using Fig 30A is:
-
0 . 5
(Eq 35)
e3
when - 2 2
e2
e, =el e)
where
e,
el
=true open-circuit crest voltage
=measured secondary crest voltage using
high impedance indicator (Switch 1
e2 =measured instantaneous voltage from
mutual inductance at the instance of
crest induced voltage in current trans-
former (oscilloscope indication at
minimum dip, Switch 1 open, Fig
30B)
e3 =measured crest voltage from mutual
inductance (Switch 1 closed, Fig 30C)
I , =rms primary current at the maximum
continuous-thermal-current rating
open)
9. Bibliography
The following is a list of the references used in
the preparation of Section 8.
(11 SILSBEE, F. B. A Shielded Resistor for
Voltage Transformer Testing. U.S. Bureau of
Standards Scientific Papers, vol20, 1926, pp
12) DAVIS, R. The Design and Construction of a
Shielded Resistor for High Voltages. Journal
of the IEE, vol69, 1931, pp 1028-1034.
131 PARK, J . J . Accuracy of High-Range Cur-
rent Transformers. US. Bureau of Stan-
dards Journal of Research, vol 14, 1935, pp
141 SILSBEE, F. B. Precautions Against Stray
Magnetic Fields in Measurements with
Large Alternating Currents. A IEE Trans-
actions, vol 48, Oct 1929, pp 1301-1306.
151 HARRIS, F. K., SZE, W. C., KUSTERS,
N. L., PETERSONS, O., and MOORE, W. J .
M. An International Comparison of Voltage-
Transformer Calibrations to 350 kV. IEEE
Transactions on Communication and Elec-
tronics, vol 83, J an 1964, pp 13-19.
161 PFUNTNER, R.A. The Accuracy of Cur-
rent Transformers Adjacent to High-Current
Buses. AI EE Transactions, vol 70, part 11,
171 KUSTERS, N. L. The Precise Measurement
of Current Ratios. IEEE Transactions on In-
489-5 14.
367-392.
- 1951, pp 1656-1662.
strumentation and Measurement, vol IM-13,
Dec 1964, pp 197-209.
(81 KUSTERS, N. L., and MOORE, W. J . M.
The Compensated Current Comparator; A
New Reference Standard for Current-Trans-
former Calibrations in I ndustry. I EEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and Meas-
urement, vol IM-13, J un/Sept 1964, pp 107
191 MILJ ANIC, P. N., KUSTERS, N. L., and
MOORE, W. J . M. The Application of Cur-
rent Comparators to the Calibration of Cur-
rent Transformers at Ratios up to 36 00015
Amperes. IEEE Transact i ons on I n-
strumentation and Measurement, vol I M-
-17, Sept 1968, pp 196-203.
1101 SOUDERS, T. M. A Wide Range Current
Comparator System for Calibrating Current
Transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-90, no 1,
J an/Feb 1971, pp 318-323.
111 J PETERSONS, 0. A Self-Balancing Current
Comparator. I EEE Transactions on I n-
strumentation and Measurement, vol IM-
15, nos 1 and 2, MarlJ un 1966, pp 62-71.
1121 SILSBEE, F. B., SMITH, R. L., FORMAN,
N. L., and PARK, J . H. Equipment for Tes-
ting Current Transformers. US. Bureau of
Standards Journal of Research, vol 11, J ul
1131 BROWNLEE, A. L. A Primary Method of
Measuring the Ratio and Phase Angle of
Current Transformers. AIEE Transactbns,
vol 69, part I, 1950, pp 459-460.
(141 ARNOLD, A. H. M. Precision Testing of
Current Transformers. Journal of the IEE,
vol 68, 1930, pp 898-905.
I151 ARNOLD, A. H. M. Current-Transformer
Testing. J o u ml of the IEE, vol 74, 1934, pp
116) CLOTHIER, W. K., and MEDINA, L. The
Absolute Calibration of Voltage Trans-
formers. Proceedings of the IEE, vol 104A,
J un 1957, pp 204-214.
1171 KUSTERS, N. L., and PETERSONS, 0. A.
Transformer-Ratio-Arm Bridge for High-
Voltage Capacitance Measurements. IEEE
Transactions on Communications and Elec-
tronics, no 69, Nov 1963, pp 606-611.
(181 PETERSONS, 0. A Self-Balancing High-
Voltage Capacitance Bridge. IEEE Trans-
act i ons on I nst rument at i on and Meas-
urement, vol IM-13, no 4, Dec 1964, pp 216
-114.
1933, pp 93-122.
424-444.
-224.
61
ANSI /I EEE
C57.13-197 8
119) BUCHANAN, J . H. Design, Construction,
and Testing of Voltage Transformers. Jour-
nal of the IEE, vol 78, Mar 1936, pp 292-
316.
(201 GLYNNE, A. The Use of a Simple AC
Potentiometer for the Precision Testing of
Instrument Transformers. Journal of the
ZEE, part 11, no 21, J un 1944, pp 177-181.
1211 BOUSMAN, H. W., and TEN BROECK,
R. L. A Capacitance Bridge for Determining
the Ratio and Phase Angle of Potential
Transformers, AZEE Transactions, vol 62,
122) ZINN, E. Fundamentale Bestimmung der
Fehler von Hochstspannungswandlern durch
ein Summierverfahren mittels Teilern aus
Kapazitat und Widerstand. Archi v f ur
Electrotechnik, vol 44, 1958-60, pp 147-156.
1231 SZE, W. C. Comparators for Voltage Trans-
former Calibrations at NBS. Journal of Re-
search of the U.S. Bureau of Standards, part
C, Engineering and Instrumentation, vol
69C, no 4, Oct/Dec 1965.
124) ARNOLD, A. H. M. Leakage Phenomena in
Ring-Type Current Transformers. Journal
of the IEE, vol 74, 1934, pp 413-423.
1251ARNOLD, A. H. M. The Effect of Capaci-
tance on the Design of Toroidal Current
Transformers. Proceedings of the IEE, vol
97, part 11, no 60, Dec 1950, pp 797-808.
1261ARNOLD, A. H. M. Dielectric Admittances
in Current Transformers. Proceedings of the
ZEE, vol97, part 11, no 60, Dec 1950, pp 727
-734.
127) MILJ ANIC, P. N. Capacitive Error in Cur-
rent Comparators. I EEE Transactions on Zn-
strumentation and Measurement, vol IM-13,
Dec 1964, pp 210-216.
1281 SILSBEE, F. B. A Study of the Inductance
of Four-Terminal Resistance Standard. US.
Bureau of Standards Scientific Papers, no
1291 SILSBEE, F. B. Notes on the Design of
Four-Terminal Resistance Standards for Al-
ternating Currents. U.S. Bureau of Stan-
dards Journal of Research, vol 4, J an 1930,
1301 WELLER, C. T. A 132 kV Shielded Poten-
tiometer for Determining the Accuracy of
Potential Transformers. AIEE Transactions,
1311FOLEY, A. H. A Direct Reading High-Volt-
age Capacitance Bridge. A I EE Transactions,
vol 69, part 11, 1950, pp 692-698.
Aug 1943, pp 541-545.
281, 1916, pp 375-422.
pp 73-107.
VOI 48, J ul 1929, pp 790-807.
32) MC GREGOR, M. C., HERSH, J . F.,
CUTKOSKY, R. D., HARRIS, F. K., and
KOTTER, F. R. New Apparatus at the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards for Absolute Ca-
pacitance Measurement. I RE Transactions
on Instrumentation, vol 1-7, nos 3 and 4,
Dec 1958, pp 253-261.
33) KUSTERS, N. L., and MOORE, W. J . M.
The Development and Performance of Cur-
rent Comparators for Audio Frequencies.
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement, vol IM-14, Dec 1965, pp 178
-190.
1341DUNFEE, B. L. The Design and Perfor-
mance of Multirange Current Transformer
Standards for Audio Frequencies. I EEE
urement, vol IM-14, Dec 1965, pp 190-204.
1351 DUNFEE, B. L., and MOORE, W. J . M. An
International Comparison of Current-Ratio
Standards at Audio Frequencies. I EEE
urement, vol IM-14, Dec 1965, pp 172-177.
1361 HAGUE, B. Inst rument Transformers-
Their Theory, Characteristics and Testing.
London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Inc.,
1936.
1371 HARRIS, F. K. Electrical Measurements.
New York: J ohn Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952.
The following additional sources constitute a
partial list of the large amount of useful material
covering instrument transformers that is avail-
able. These references are given for the conven-
ience of the user in obtaining more detailed in-
formation on the subject material covered in this
standard.
WOODS, C. A., J r., and BOTTONARI, S. A.
0 ver current Performance of Bushing-Type
Current Transformers. AZEE Transactions, vol
59, Sept 1940, pp 554-560.
AIEE Committee on Protective Devices, Current
Transformer Subcommittee. Current- and
Potential-Transformer Standardization. AI EE
Transactions, vol 61, Sept 1942, pp 698-706.
MORETON, S. D. A Simple Method for the De-
termination of Bushing-Current-Transformef
Characteristics. AZEE Transactions, vol 62,
Sept 1943, pp 581-585.
SETTLES, J . L., FARBER, W. R., and CON-
NER, E. E. The Analytical and Graphical De-
termination of Complete Potential Trans-
former Characteristics. AZEE Transactions,
part 111, 1960, pp 1213-1219.
62
ANSI C2
ANSI
C57.95-1955
ANSI/IEEE
430-1976
454-1973
C37.91-1985
C37.95-1973
C57.12.00-1980
C57.12.01-1979
C57.12.11-1980
C57.12.12-1980
C57.12.80-1978
C57.12.90-1980
C57.12.91-1979
C57.13-1978
C57.13.1-1981
C57.21-1981
C57.91-1981
C57.92-1981
C57.94-1982
C57.98-1968
C57.100-1974
C57.104-1978
C57.105-1978
C57.106-1977
IEEE Std
85-1973
259-1974
266-1969
346-1973
Title
National Electrical Safety Code, 1984 Edition
Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Step-Voltage and Induction-Voltage Regulators
(Appendix to ANSI C57.15-1968)
Procedures for the Measurement of Radio Noise from Overhead Power Lines
Recommended Practice for the Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharges
(Corona) During Dielectric Tests (Reaff 1979)
Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers (Reaff 1980)
Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections (Reaff
1980)
Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers (Revision of ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1973)
Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Trans-
formers
Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed Transformers (10 MVA and Larger,
69-287 kV Rating)
Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed EHV Transformers 345 kV and Above
Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers
Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers and Guide for Short-circuit Testing of Distribution and Power
Transformers
Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers (Revision of ANSI
Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers
Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Over
500 kVA
Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead and Pad-Mounted Distribu-
tion Transformers Rated 500 kVA and Less with 65 "C or 55 "C Average Wind-
ing Rise
Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Up to and Includ-
ing 100 MVA with 55 "C or 65 "C Winding Rise
Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance
of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers
Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests (Appendix to ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1980)
Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Trans-
formers
Guide for the Detection and Determination of Generated Gases in Oil-Immersed
Transformers and their Relation to the Serviceability of the Equipment
Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-phase Distribution
Systems
Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (Revision
C57.13-1968)
of IEEE Std 64-1969)
Test Procedure for Airborne Sound Measurements on Rotating Electric Ma-
chinery (Reaff 1980)
Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty Trans-
formers (Reaff 1980)
Test Procedure for Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Electronics Power Trans-
formers (Reaff 1975)
Definitions in Power Operations Terminology Including Terms for Reporting
and Analyzing Outages of Electrical Transmission and Distribution Facilities
and Interruptions to Customer Service
For a free catalog of IEEE Standards write
.-
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA

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