SusLalnable producuon of sago palm

and lLs uullzauon for sLrengLhenlng

food securlLy
Plroshl Lhara
CraduaLe School of 8loresources,
Mle unlverslLy, !apan

Integrated Strategic-Project on Sustainable
Production of Sago Starch and Its Utilization for
Strengthening Food Security
Mie Univ.
Mie Univ.
Mie Univ.
Mie Univ.
Mie Univ.
Mie Univ.
Kurashiki Univ. of Sci. & The Arts
Tokyo Univ. of Agr. & Technol.
Univ. of the Ryukyus
Global Scale Issue-oriented International Research Network Project by MAAF, Japan:
Technical Development for Sustainable Production of Biomass and Its Utilization
Hiroshi Ehara (Plant Eco-physiology)
Makoto Hisamatsu (Applied Glyco-engineering)
Takashi Mishima (Applied Glyco-Science)
Akemi Itaya (Forest Informatics)
Tomohiro Uchiyama (Agricultural Economics)
Hitoshi Naito (Industrial Crop Science)
Masahiro Ohmi (Forest Chemistry)
Yoshihiro Nishimura (Development Management)
(Partners in Indonesia: Y.B.Pasolon, U.Rianse, Haluoleo Univ; A.Junaedi,
Titi, M.H.Bintoro, IPB; R.A.Suwgnyo, Munandar, Sriwijaya Univ)
The Madrid high-Level Meeting on Food Security for all

- Reducing by half the number of undernourished people by no later than

2015
- Challenges of Climate Change and Bio-energy
- Identification of financing gaps and the additional resources needed for
existing anti-famine mechanisms, including for food and nutrition
assistance and social protection programs
- Supporting smallholder agriculture
- Arrangements to coordinate the utilization of resources
- Consultations for the full range of stakeholders involved in agriculture, food
security and nutrition (including farmers organizations, civil society
organizations, womens organizations, private sector, developing country
governments, and both regional and international organisations
Requirements for Food Security for all
1) Policies for introducing investment to bring up able persons, researches
and infrastructure
2) Promotion of impartial access to bring employment and income, productive
resources and sources of revenue
3) Pursuit of trading policies promoting the economically sound and
sustainable utilization of resources that both producers and consumers
can use
4) Recognizing the importance of sustainable agriculture, forestry, fishery and
rural development
5) Realizing the necessity of urgency action against insect and pests, drought
and natural resource erosion
[Background]
Exhaustion of fossil energy and the worlds population increase.
A new competition in the production of bio-fuel and food has occurred in
recent years, prompting the need for developing and utilizing new plant
resources.
The increase in total area of arable lands all over the world is very slow in
this decade near to the limit.
The world agriculture area is almost same after 1995 according to
FAOSTAT.
The productivity of major crops looks to have peak already in 2006.
The production amount of cereals per head was maximum in 1987 and had
been decreasing after that.
Problem soils also should be utilized for biomass production.
ulsLrlbuuon of genus !"#$%&'(%)
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
PNG
!+ ,-./
Section Metroxylon
Federated States of
Micronesia
Marshall
Islands
Fiji
Samoa
Solomon
Islands
Vanuatu
!+ -012-$/0
!+ 314"),"
!+ 5-/(2%&11
!+ ,-(%0%)"),"
!+ 6-$7/$.11
Section Coelococcus
M. sagu
M. warburgii
M. amicarum
M. paulcoxii
M. vitiense
M. salomonense
AdvanLageous polnLs of sago
palm!"#$%&'(%) ,-./
1. Large amounL of sLarch sLorage ln Lhe Lrunk(300kg/palm)
2. AdapLauon ablllLy Lo varlous severe envlronmenLs
(swamp, peaLy soll, acld soll, bracklsh waLer)
3. SLable producuon (small eecL of cllmaLe change)
4. varlous uullzauon (food, feed, lndusLry, eLhanol)
3. Low producuon cosL (naLural foresL,
seml-culuvaLed, vegeLauve propagauon
6. SafeLy food (no agrlculLural chemlcals)
7. no compeuuon wlLh ma[or crops
no compeuuon wlLh currenL food
producuon when Lhe sLarch ls
converLed lnLo energy
Cne of Lhe oldesL crops
noL recognlzed as ma[or crops
Trunk
Pith: carbohydrate
Bulk: ligneous resource
Apical bud
Palm cabbage
Leaflet
Atap
Petiole
Building material
uullzauon of each
parL of sago palm
[lanL helghL20m]
[u8P43cm]
1 year - 2 years aer planung
SLarung clump formauon
Sucker emergence and
clump formauon
Sucker
no. 1
Sucker
no. 2
8 Lo 10 years aer planung
Sucker
conLrol
Conunuous
harvesL
ApproprlaLe conLrol of
clump slze
SLarch conLenL of plLh: 77
oLenual sLarch yleld:
310kg/palm
Palm age (y)
4 6 8 10 12
Y
i
e
l
d

(
k
g
/
p
a
l
m
)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Total carbohydrate
Starch
Total sugar
SLarch and sugar yleld of sago palm
lanung space 10x10m, 30 palms/ha harvesL from Lhe 7
Lh
year
1oLal carbohydraLe yleld from Lhe 9
Lh
year: 10 - 1St]ha
noLe: Avarage yleld of ma[or sLarch crops ln Lhe Lroplcs
Cassava 9.2L, SweeL poLaLo 9.2L, 1aro 3.4L, ?am 9.8L, 8anana 12.3L
rocess of sago exLracuon
lLh 8asplng
(braklng lnLo
small peaces)
Mesh lLer WaLer pump
for lLerlng
assage of
exLracLed sLarch
Seullng Lank
lLh resldue aer sLarch
exLracuon
Sample

SLarch

()
Cellulose

()
Pemlcellulose

()
Llgnln

()
WaLer

()
owder
resldue

31.3 13.7 8.8 8.0 18.0
llbre resldue

21.2 44.9 6.4 13.3 14.0
Composluon of sago resldue
owder resldue
llbre resldue
Crowlng area and sago producuon
Indonesia
Malaysia
PNG
k|au
8engku|u
Iohor
Sarawak
S.ka||mantan
S.L.Su|awes|
N.Su|awes|
na|mahera
Seram
Ambon
Ir|an Iaya
L.Sep|k
S.Su|awes|
Area
30,000ha
roducuon
30,000L/y
Culuv. 201,000ha
naLural 2,000,000ha
uullzlng half of naLural sLands
-> SLarch (13L/ha level) 16.3 ML
-> LLhanol 8.3 ML
LLhylene 4.2ML
-> over Lhe domesuc demand of
eLhylene and peLrochemlcals ln !apan
Province
Area (ha) Production (t)
norLh Sulawesl

-
-
CoronLalo

-
-
CenLral Sulawesl
7219 1328
SouLh Sulawesl
4077 1314
WesL Sulawesl
1832 333
SL Sulawesl
3484 3791
Sulawesl
18632 7186
Maluku

-
-
norLh Maluku
1832 1189
apua
492 399
WesL apua

-
-
Maluku & apua
2344 1388
lndonesla
100616 93162
Province
Area (ha) Production (t)
Aceh
8367 5192
North Sumatra
- -
West Sumatra
- -
Riu
59058 71061
Islands in Riau 5567 4141
Jambi
- -
South Sumatra
- -
Bengkulu
- -
Lampung
- -
Sumatra
72992 80394
WesL kallmanLan
1367 36
CenLral kallmanLan
- -
SouLh kallmanLan
3263 3921
LasL kallmanLan
16 17
kallmanLan
6648 3994
Area and producuon of sago ln lndonesla (1ree Crop LsLaLe SLausucs 2011)
ClsL of 8esearch lan
(1) new crop developmenL for
securlng enough amounL of
blomass producuon
(2) roduclng blomass even ln
problem solls
(3) uevelopmenL of economlc and
eecuve converslon sysLem
(4) Maklng resldues lnLo resourceful
maLerlals
(3) lmprovemenL of new planL
resource and hlgher uullzauon
[roblems / sub[ecLs]
1 . 8lomass producuon
(1) ClS, remoLe senslng analysls
1) Lsumaung amounL of sago resource
2) LxLracung poLenual lands for sago palm
culuvauon area
(2) lloL farm Lrlal
1) Comparlson of growLh beLween seedllngs
and vege-propagaLed palms
2) lleld level experlmenL of growLh response
of seedllngs agalnsL salL and acld pP
sLress.
[SLruggles of Consoruum]
2 . 8lomass uullzauon
(1) Llquld sugar producuon from plLh resldue
(2) uslng LlnLnerlzed-llke sLarch from resldue
(3) lmprovemenL of sLarch exLracuon
3 . Merchandlslng
(1) Lsumaung poLenual developmenL of
sLarch and sugar producuon
(2) Maklng clear an lmpacL of sago uullzauon
Sago growlng area
ln kendarl, SouLheasL Sulawesl,
lndonesla
Mle unlv
Lxamlnlng slLe
ClS,
8emoLe senslng analysls
Lxamlnlng slLe:
Surroundlng Lake SenLanl
(126km
2
)
apua, lndonesla
!ayapura
Area examlned
L. SenLanl
n
SaLelllLe lmagery
CeoLye-1 SaLelllLe lmage
(8esoluuon:0.Sm, 8and: kG8NIk, 13,00 21 Aug 2010)
n
Shape of sago pa|m
Zoom
Maklng sample daLe by
vlsual lnvesugauon
Analysls sLep
Comparlng radlance
beLween dlerenL
land uses
Selecuon of
approprlaLe radlance
Lo exLracL LargeL
1993
8 G k NIk
R NIR
R NIR
NDVI
+
!
=
normallzed ulerence
vegeLauon lndex

nuvl

CharacLerlsucs of wavelengLh
lanL specles and specLrum
CeoLye-1 lmage
lanL
Soll
WaLer
Soll surface
WaLer surface
8eecLance()
WavelengLh (!m)
Crass
lne
8lrch
llr
A
8
C
u L

unsupervlsed
classlcauon
LxLracuon of sago
growlng area
CeoLye-1 lmage
Cb[ecL base lmage
analysls
Cb[ecL base
lxel base
ulerence ln lmage analysls
unsupervlsed classlcauon
ASago palm
88roadleaf Lrees
C
u
L
SelecLed radlance
8adlance of 8and A
8
a
n
d

8

Comparlson of nuvl beLween dlerenL vegeLauons

1

-1
! vegeLauon and land use can be classled by nuvl
n
lmage of easL slde
)=1023
Sago
CLher Laller Lrees
ShorLer Lrees
8are land
! 1here are dlerences
ln nl8 and C beLween
sago and Lhe oLhers
lmage
Comparlson of nl8, 8, C, 8 beLween dlerenL vegeLauons
n
Sago
1aller
Lrees
ShorLer
Lrees
8are Sago
1aller
Lrees
ShorLer
Lrees
8are
nl8 8
8
G
LxLracuon of sago foresL uslng nuvl, C and nl8
n
Sago palm populauon
Sago palms mlx
ln broadleaf
Lrees
Sago palm ls
domlnanL
specles
! Sago palm ls dlsLrlbuLed ln Lhe shore
and lowland
Sago palm growlng area
Survlval percenLage ln Lhe nursery
vege-propaged palms (suckers): 30, Seedllngs: over 93
Sucker appearance
vege-propagaLed young palms, 40 - 30cm planL lengLh, showed rsL sucker appearance
Leang raLe
vege-propagaLed palms: 1.0 /monLh, Seedllngs: 1.3 /monLh
||ot farm CermlnaLed planLs
CrowLh survey ln Lhe plloL farm
CrowLh survey ln Lhe plloL farm
!
"!
#!
$!
%!
&!!
&"!
" $ ' &! && &" & "

!
"
#
$

"
$
!
"
#
$
%
&!
&"
" $ ' &! && &" & "

"

"
$
!
"!
#!
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%!
&!
'!
( "! "" "#
!
"
#
$

#
'
!"!
!"$
%"!
%"$
&"!
' %! %% %& % &

"

&
(
lanL lengLh (cm)
Creen leaf number
SAu)
Sucker number
lanLed
ln leb
(ralny season)
ln !une
(dry season)
MonLh
MonLh
MonLh
MonLh
CrowLh survey ln Lhe naCl LreaLmenL ploL
16 planLs were LransplanLed ln Lhe naCl LreaLmenL ploL (14m
2
).
210L 1.7 naCl soluuon was supplled.
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
! " #

"
!"

)*+,
!
"!
#!
$!
%!
&!!
! & "

!
"
#
$
!$

'()*
!
"!!
#!!
$!!
%!!
&!!!
&"!!
&#!!
&$!!
&%!!
!
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
"!'(
#!'(
)*+,"!'(
)*+,#!'(
na
+
concenLrauon ln soll soluuon was hlgher
aL 20cm under from soll surface Lhan aL 40cm.
CrowLh ln planL lengLh was aecLed from 1
monLh. 1he dlerence was 10cm aer 1
monLh, 20cm aer 2 monLhs from Lhe
beglnnlng of Lhe LreaLmenL
naCl LreaLmenL acceleraLed leaf senescence.
ConL.
1reaL.
ConL.


1reaL.
ConL.


1reaL.
MonLhs
MonLhs
durlng LreaLmenL
na
+
(ppm)
lanL lengLh (cm)
Creen leaf no.
CrowLh survey ln Lhe pP LreaLmenL ploL
16 planLs were LransplanLed ln Lhe naCl LreaLmenL ploL (14m
2
).
3kg CaCC
3
was applled ln Lhe hlgher pP ploL Lo lncrease soll pP.
ConLrol ploL : pP 6.0
1reaLed ploL: pP 4.8

1here were no apparenL dlerences ln
planL lengLh, green leaf number and Lhe
oLher growLh parameLers for Lwo monLhs
durlng Lhe LreaLmenL.
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
! " #

"
!"

!
"!
#!
$!
%!
&!!
! & "

!
"
#
$
!$

!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
!
"
#!*+
%!*+
#!*+
%!*+
ConL.


1reaL.
ConL.


1reaL.
MonLhs
MonLhs
durlng LreaLmenL
pP
lanL lengLh (cm)
Creen leaf no.
ConL.

1reaL.
Corn
Selecuon
Separauon of germ
Crlnd
SLarch, proLeln separauon
SLeep
Separauon of bre
Wash ln waLer
SLarch mllk
Sago palm
uebark
LxLracuon/Separauon
8esldue
8asplng
Separauon of
8esldue and
gelaunlzed llquld
Celaunlzauon

Llquefacuon
Saccharlcauon
8enery
ConcenLrauon

lsomerlsauon

8enery
ConcenLrauon
lsomerlsed sugar
Celaunlzauon
Llquefacuon
Saccharlcauon
8eneryConcenLrauon
lsomerlsauon
8eneryConcenLrauon
lsomerlsed sugar
(hlgh frucLose corn syrup)

Clucose
Clucose
ulerence ln Lhe process of llquld sugar producuon
beLween corn sLarch and sago resldue

SLarch
mllk
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 3 10 13 20 23 30
?leld of sLarch from Lhe resldue
uslng heaung baLh
60 of sLarch ln Lhe resldue
was recovered
8efore recovery Aer recovery

?
l
e
l
d

Peaung ume (mln)

Llquefacuon was noL found ln case of
sago resldue
- lnhlblLor(s) exlsLed (?)
Change ln reduclng sugar concenLrauon
durlng Lhe llquefacuon process of sLarch
and sago resldue
70
70 uslng CrlsLarse (Amano Lnzyme, !apan)
Corn sLarch, Soluble sLarch, 8ened sLarch,
Sago sLarch wlLhouL resldue,
Sago resldue lncludlng llgno-cellulose
8
e
d
u
c
l
n
g

s
u
g
a
r

(
m
g
/
m
l
)

8eacuon ume (mln)

SLarch granule was noL found ln Lhe
secondary resldue aer Lhe recovery
0
10
20
30
40
30
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.884 8.84 88.4

o
l
y
m
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

d
e
g
r
e
e

8
e
d
u
c
l
n
g

s
u
g
a
r

(
m
g
/
m
l
)

AmounL of enzyme addluon (u)

8educlng sugar concenLrauon and polymerlzauon
degree of sago resldue wlLh dlerenL enzyme
concenLrauons
Lxcess enzyme addluon lncreased reduclng
sugar - lnhlblLor(s) exlsLed (?)
Llquefacuon enzyme acuvlLy
wlLh acuvaLed carbon
Coco resldue powder, Coco resldue parucle,
8lLmlnous coal parucle (),
SawdusL LreaLed wlLh PCl, WlLhouL carbon,
lllLered wlLh coco acuvaLed carbon parucle

AcuvlLy was recovered by lLerlng

wlLh acuvaLed carbon
- lnhlblLor(s) mlghL be adsorbed
olymerlzauon degree
8educlng sugar
(Llquefacuon: 70, 120mln)
olyphenol lnhlblLs amylase acuvlLy ln
plneapple, chesLnuLs, berrles, Lea, acacla
WlLhouL carbon lllLered
wlLh carbon
WlLh carbon
( of sLarch wL)
Clucose concenLrauon by llquefacuon of sago sLarch and converslon raLe of sLarch
lnLo glucose

(Saccharled by dyzyme Ck, 30 aer llquefacuon aL 70 for 60
mln)
Lnzyme for
||quefacnon
keacnon nme
(h)
G|ucose
concentranon (mg]m|)
G|ucose
convers|on rate ()
CrlsLase 110S 10 6.96 32.3
24 10.32 81.2
1emamyl 121L 1ype L 10 7.43 39.4
24 9.78 74.6
Clucose concenLrauon by llquefacuon of sago resldue and converslon raLe of
sLarch lnLo glucose

(h) (mg]m|) ()
CrlsLase 110S 10 6.24 33.2
24 8.37 79.3
1emamyl 121L 1ype L 10 6.60 36.2
24 7.86 77.8
24 of sago resldue was converLed lnLo glucose
(corresponded Lo 48 of sLarch lncluded ln Lhe sago resldue)
lurLher sub[ecL: lmprovemenL of sLarch exLracuon emclency from Lhe resldue
ClS, remoLe senslng:
Lsumaung sago growlng area
lleld survey: opulauon
denslLy of adulL palm, yleld
componenLs
lloL farm experlmenL:
CrowLh raLe ln Lhe eld
8lomass uullzauon:
Maklng resldue lnLo new
resources
oLenual producuon of sago
sLarch and sugar
oLenual area of new
culuvauon

opulauon denslLy and yleld

LecLs of salL and pP
sLresses ln Lhe eld
lsomerlsed sugar
oLenual lncrease of sLarch
and sugar producuon
- Maklng a long-Lerm culuvauon calendar for susLalnable and sLable producuon
- lmprovemenL of producuvlLy aL lower producuon areas and creauon of lndusLry
(addluonal food maLerlal) aL hard developmenL areas
New concept un||zanon-techn|ques and d|str|bunon: Deve|opment as a reg|ona| resource
-- Strengthen|ng food secur|ty
-- Creanon of susta|nab|e soc|ety w|th |oca| |ndustry
Strateg|es and 1acnca| Approaches to Un||ze Sago kesource
l. Lco-physlologlcal sLudles for sLable supply of raw
maLerlal and expanslon of culuvauon area
- lormauon of long-Lerm
culuvauon calendar
- lmprovemenL of producuvlLy
aL lower producuon areas
- Creauon of lndusLry aL hard
developmenL areas

- Crasp of physlologlcal feaLures:
8esponse agalnsL envlronmenLal sLress
- Ceographlc lnformauon sysLem
ll. Maklng agrlculLural resldues as resource:
1echnlcal developmenL and dlsLrlbuuon
- uullzauon of maLerlals ln plLh resldue
(Maklng resldue lnLo a new resource)
- Merchandlslng: Channel of dlsLrlbuuon,
Creauon of markeL
- SecurlLy of addluonal food
maLerlal
- oLenual : alLernauve energy,
blo-degradable plasuc
- SusLalnable producuon of a new bloresource
- SLrengLhenlng food securlLy:
Soluuon of compeuuon beLween food and energy
- Creauon of susLalnable socleLy wlLh local lndusLry
uevelopmenL
as
a reglonal
resource
Laslly exLracLable
sLarch -> lood
8emalnlng sLarch (30)
ln plLh resldue