CALCULATIONS

For relay B,
Fault Current

A
Plug setting (P.S) A
Plug Multiplier Setting (PMS) =

Time Multiplier Settings (TMS) = 0.5
Operating time (t) =

= 1.258 s
Therefore operating time at A = 1.258 + delay = 1.258+0.4 = 1.658 s
For relay A,
Fault current =

= 25 A
PMS =

= 10
Operating time (t) =

1.658 =

TMS = 0.558














OBSERVATION SHEET

NAME : M.N.K.M Dayarathna
INDEX NO : 110095D
DEPARTMENT : EE
PRACTICAL GROUP : G-4
DATE OF PEFORMENCE : 28-05-2014
INSTRUCTED BY : Mr. U.A.N.B Undugoda

a) When TMS = 0.5 and Plug Settings (P.S) = 2.5
Pick up current = 2.4 A

Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 17.150
4 7.395
5 5.035
6 4.096
7 3.529
8 3.171
9 2.899
10 2.694

b) When TMS = 0.7 and Plug Settings (P.S) = 2.5
Pick up current = 2.4 A










Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 21.44
4 10.13
5 7.209
6 5.722
7 5.047
8 4.481
9 4.096
10 3.808

c) When TMS = 0.55 and Plug Settings (P.S) = 2.5





























Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 18.62
4 8.229
5 5.680
6 4.389
7 3.866
8 3.484
9 3.195
10 2.929

DISCUSSION
i. The deviation of practical values from theoretical values may be because of following reasons.

Uncertainty of the operating time (the accuracy of the operating time may range from 5
to 7.5 % of the nominal operating time.
Errors due to the difference between calculated TMS and practically obtained TMS
value.
Errors caused due to measuring instruments
Errors due to instrument reading errors
Different adjusting errors in the relay
Errors due to the delay of mechanical parts in the relays
Electrical resistance in wires, relays and measuring instruments cause errors.

ii. Minimum number of relay should operate to a single fault. In relay coordination, downstream
devices (breakers/fuses) activate before upstream devices. That is it has time lag. This
minimizes the portion of the system affected by a fault or other disturbance. At the substation
level, feeder breakers should trip before the main. Relay coordination have following
advantages.
Avoid nuisance tripping
Reduce unnecessary downtime
Provide recommended settings for adjustable trip circuit breakers and relays
Increase selectivity between devices
Easy to identify fault area
Because of above advantages relay coordination is very important for proper fault isolation.
iii. Over current relays can be classified into three groups.
Definite current
Definite time
Inverse time

Definite current relays operate instantaneously when the current reaches a
predetermined value. Its operating criterion is only current magnitude. There is no time delay.


In definite time relays, settings can be changed or varied to cope up with current of
different levels using different operating times. For operation of this kind of relays, the fault
current must exceed the setting value and the fault must continue at least a time equal to the
time setting of the relay.

Inverse time relays operate in a time that is inversely proportional to the fault. They are
generally classified in accordance with their characteristics curve which would indicate the
speed of the operation. They are usually defined as normal inverse, very inverse and extreme
inverse. The operating time of an over current relay can be moved up by adjusting the time dial
settings.


























0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e
(
s
)

Current (A)
Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.5)



0
5
10
15
20
25
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e
(
s
)


Current (A)
Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.7)


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e
(
s
)

Current (A)
Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.55)


0
5
10
15
20
25
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e
(
s
)

Current (A)
Current Vs Operating Time(For Each TMS Values)
TMS= 0.5 TMS= 0.7 TMS= 0.55

Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.5)
Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 17.150
4 7.395
5 5.035
6 4.096
7 3.529
8 3.171
9 2.899
10 2.694






















Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.7)




























Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 21.44
4 10.13
5 7.209
6 5.722
7 5.047
8 4.481
9 4.096
10 3.808

Current Vs Operating Time (TMS=0.55)


Current (A) Operating Time (s)
3 18.62
4 8.229
5 5.680
6 4.389
7 3.866
8 3.484
9 3.195
10 2.929