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Biomass and Bioenergy 26 (2004) 361 - 375
Global potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted
rops
and rop residues
#eungdo $im% Brue &' (ale
)
(epartment o! *hemial &ngineering + ,aterials #iene% -oom 2527 &ngineering Building% ,ihigan #tate
.ni/ersity%
&ast 0ansing% ,1 42224-1226% .#3
-eei/ed 1 3pril 20034 reei/ed in re/ised !orm 31 5uly 20034 aepted 5 3ugust 2003
3bstrat
6he global annual potential bioethanol prodution !rom the ma7or rops% orn% barley% oat% rie% "heat% sorghum%
and sugar
ane% is estimated' 6o a/oid on8its bet"een human !ood use and industrial use o! rops% only the "asted
rop% "hih is
de0ned as rop lost in distribution% is onsidered as !eedsto9' 0ignoellulosi biomass suh as rop residues and
sugar ane
bagasse are inluded in !eedsto9 !or produing bioethanol as "ell' 6here are about 73:; 6g o!dry "asted rops in
the "orld
that ould potentially produe 4;:1 G0 year
<1
o!bioethanol' 3bout 1 :5 =g year
<1
o!dry lignoellulosi biomass
!rom these
se/en rops is also a/ailable !or on/ersion to bioethanol' 0ignoellulosi biomass ould produe up to 442
G0 year
<1
o!
bioethanol' 6hus% the total potential bioethanol prodution !rom rop residues and "asted rops is 4;1 G0
year
<1
% about
16 times higher than the urrent "orld ethanol prodution' 6he potential bioethanol prodution ould
replae 353 G0 o!
gasoline (32> o! the global gasoline onsumption) "hen bioethanol is used in &25 !uel !or a midsi?e
passenger /ehile'
@urthermore% lignin-rih !ermentation residue% "hih is the oprodut o! bioethanol made !rom rop residues
and sugar ane
bagasse% an potentially generate both 452 6Ah o!eletriity (about 3'6> o!"orld eletriity prodution)
and 2 :6 &5 o!
steam' 3sia is the largest potential produer o!bioethanol !rom rop residues and "asted rops% and ould
produe up to
2;1 G0 year
<1
o! bioethanol' -ie stra"% "heat stra"% and orn sto/er are the most !a/orable bioethanol
!eedsto9s in 3sia'
6he neBt highest potential region is &urope (6;:2 G0 o!bioethanol)% in "hih most bioethanol omes !rom
"heat stra"'
*orn sto/er is the main !eedsto9 in Corth 3meria% !rom "hih about 32:4 G0 year
<1
o!bioethanol an
potentially be
produed' Globally rie stra" an produe 205 G0 o! bioethanol% "hih is the largest amount !rom single biomass
!eedsto9'
6he neBt highest potential !eedsto9 is "heat stra"% "hih an produe 104 G0 o! bioethanol' 6his paper is
intended to gi/e
some perspeti/e on the si?e o!the bioethanol !eedsto9 resoure% globally and by region% and to summari?e
rele/ant data
that "e belie/e others "ill 0nd use!ul% !or eBample% those "ho are interested in produing biobased produts
suh as lati
aid% rather than ethanol% !rom rops and "astes' 6he paper does not attempt to indiate ho" muh% i!any%
o!this "aste
material ould atually be on/erted to bioethanol'
D 2003 &lse/ier 0td' 3ll rights reser/ed'
$ey"ords: Biomass energy4 Bioethanol prodution4 &25 !uel4 0ignoellulosi biomass4 #tarh rop
1' 1ntrodution
)
*orresponding author'
&-mail addresses: 9imseunEmsu'edu (#' $im)%
bdaleEegr'msu'edu (B'&' (ale)'
Biomass energy urrently ontributes ; -13> o!the
global energy supplyFaounting !or 45 G 10
&5 per
year H1I' Biomass energy inludes both traditional
uses
0;61-;5348J - see !ront matter D 2003 &lse/ier 0td' 3ll rights
reser/ed' doi:10'101687'biombioe'2003'02'002
362 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass
and
(e'g'% 0ring !or oo9ing and heating) and modern
uses
(e'g'% produing eletriity and steam% and
liKuid bio-
!uels)' .se o! biomass energy in modern "ays is
esti-
mated at 7 &5 a year% "hile the remainder is in
tradi-
tional uses' Biomass energy is deri/ed !rom
rene"able
resoures' Aith proper management and
tehnologies%
biomass !eedsto9s an be produed sustainably'
&thanol deri/ed !rom biomass% one o! the
modern
!orms o! biomass energy% has the potential to
be a
sustainable transportation !uel% as "ell as a !uel
oBy-
genate that an replae gasoline H2I' #hapouri
et al'
H3%4I onluded that the energy ontent o!ethanol
"as
higher than the energy reKuired to produe
ethanol'
$im and (ale H5I also estimated the total
energy
reKuirement !or produing ethanol !rom orn
grain
at 560 95 ,5
<1
o!ethanol% indiating that
ethanol
used as a liKuid transportation !uel ould
redue domesti onsumption o! !ossil !uels%
partiularly petroleum'
6he "orld ethanol prodution in 2001 "as
31 G0
H6I' 6he ma7or produers o!ethanol are Bra?il and
the
.#% "hih aount !or about 62> o! "orld
prodution'
6he ma7or !eedsto9 !or ethanol in Bra?il is sugar
ane%
"hile orn grain is the main !eedsto9 !or
ethanol in
the .#' &thanol an be produed !rom any
sugar or
starh rop' 3nother potential resoure !or
ethanol is
lignoellulosi biomass% "hih inludes materials
suh
as agriultural residues (e'g'% orn sto/er% rop
stra"%
sugar ane bagasse)% herbaeous rops (e'g'%
al!al!a%
s"ithgrass)% !orestry "astes% "astepaper% and
other
"astes H7I' 6he utili?ation oLignoellulosi
biomass
!or !uel ethanol is still under de/elopment'
6his study estimated ho" muh bioethanol an
po-
tentially be produed !rom starh% sugar
rops% and
agriultural residues' 6hese rops inlude orn%
bar-
ley% oat% rie% "heat% sorghum% and sugar
ane' 6o
a/oid on8its bet"een !ood use and industrial
uses
o!rops% only "asted rops are assumed to be
a/ail-
able !or produing ethanol' Aasted rops are
de0ned
as rops lost during the year at all stages bet"een
the
!arm and the household le/el during handling%
stor-
age% and transport' Aaste o!the edible and
inedible
parts o!the ommodity that ours a!ter the
om-
modity has entered the household and the
Kuantities
lost during proessing are not onsidered
here' 6he
agriultural residues inlude orn sto/er% rop
stra"s%
and sugar ane bagasse% generated during sugar
ane
proessing'
Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
2' (ata soure and data Kuality
6he data !or biomass (e'g'% rop prodution%
yield%
har/ested area% et') are obtained !rom @3M
statis-
tis (@3M#636) H2I' 3/erage /alues !rom 1;;7
to
2001 are used in this study' #ome nations are
se-
leted to ompare their national data !or rop
produ-
tion% a/ailable in their go/ernment "ebsites%
"ith the
data presented in @3M#636 !or those some ountries'
6he analysis points out that there are some
dispari-
ties bet"een the t"o datasets in some nations% as
pre-
sented in 6able 1' 3lthough large unertainties in
some
nations "ould be eBpeted% the /alues
pro/ided by
@3M#636 are used in this study "ithout any
modi0-
ation due to the !ollo"ing reasons: (1) there are
ur-
rently no o1ial data a/ailable but @3M#636% (2)
it
"ould be /ery di1ult to ollet the data !rom
e/ery
ountry' &Bept !or the ountry o! ,eBio and
eBept
!or rie as a rop% the national data and the @3M#636
data are atually Kuite onsistent% "hen national
data
are a/ailable'
3' *omposition o! rops and ethanol yield
6able 2 sho"s the omposition o!biomass
(arbo-
hydrates and lignin) and the !ration o! rop
residues
produed' 1t also presents the potential ethanol
yield'
*arbohydrates% "hih inlude starh% sugar%
ellulose%
and hemielluloses% are the main potential
!eedsto9s
!or produing bioethanol' 0ignin an be used to
gen-
erate eletriity and8or steam' *rop residues
are a
ma7or potential !eedsto9 !or bioethanol' @or
eBam-
ple% orn sto/er plays an important pro7eted
role in
lignoellulose-based bioethanol prodution H;I'
&thanol !rom grains is assumed to be produed
by
the dry milling proess% in "hih starh in
grain is
on/erted into deBtrose% and then ethanol is
produed
in !ermentation and separated in distillation'
&thanol
yield !rom grain is estimated based on its
starh
ontent H;I'
3 report published by the .# Cational
-ene"-
able &nergy 0aboratory (C-&0) H;I sho"ed
that
222-447 l o!ethanol per one dry ton o!orn
sto/er
ould be produed' &thanol yield in
lignoellulosi
!eedsto9s is estimated !rom the .#
(epartment
o!&nergy "ebsite% "hih pro/ides N6heoretial
&thanol Oield *alulatorP H10I% assuming that ethanol
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 363
6able 1
(iCerenes bet"een @3M data and national data
(iCerenes bet"een data in @3M#636 and national data
a
(>)
*orn Barley Mat -ie Aheat #orghum #ugar ane
Bra?il n'a'
b
n'a' n'a' 0'1 2'7 n'a' 0';
*anada 0'5 0'1 0'1 n'a' 0'0 n'a' n'a'
1ndia 0'6 n'a' n'a' n'a' n'a' n'a' 0'2
1ndonesia 2'7 n'a' n'a' 0'2 n'a' n'a' n'a'
5apan n'a' 0'0 n'a' 24'; 0'0 n'a' n'a'
$orea 0'1 n'a' n'a' 34'1 n'a' n'a' n'a'
,eBio 1'6 24'7 33'5 26'6 0'7 5'5 n'a'
=hilippines 0'0 n'a' n'a' n'a' n'a' n'a' 12';
.$ n'a' 0'1 0'1 n'a' 0'1 n'a' n'a'
.# 0'1 0'1 0'1 0'4 0'1 0'1 0'0
a
(ata in @3M#636Fdata in national database QR data in national database'
b
Cot a/ailable'
6able 2
*omposition o!rops (based on dry mass) H 10-14I
-esidue8rop (ry matter (>) 0ignin (>) *arbohydrates &thanol yield
ratio (>) (0 9g
<1
o!dry biomass)
Barley 1'2 22'7 2';0 67'10 0'41
Barley stra" 21'0 ;'00 70'00 0'31
*orn 1 26'2 0'60 73'70 0'46
*orn sto/er 72'5 12'6; 52'2; 0'2;
Mat 1'3 2;'1 4'00 65'60 0'41
Mat stra" ;0'1 13'75 5;'10 0'26
-ie 1'4 22'6 27'50 0'42
-ie stra" 22'0 7'13 4;'33 0'22
#orghum 1'3 2;'0 1'40 71'60 0'44
#orghum stra" 22'0 15'00 61'00 0'27
Aheat 1'3 2;'1 35'25 0'40
Aheat stra" ;0'1 16'00 54'00 0'2;
#ugarane 26'0 67'00 0'50
Bagasse 0'6
a
71'0 14'50 67'15 0'22
a
9g o!bagasse per 9g o!dry sugar ane'
prodution e1ieny !rom other rop residues is on the "eather% rop rotation% eBisting soil !ertility%
eKual to that o!ethanol prodution !rom orn sto/er'
4' -emo/al o! rop residues
6he !ull utili?ation o! some rop residues
may gi/e
rise to soil erosion and derease soil organi
mat-
ter H15I' 6he !ration o! rop residues
olletable !or
bio!uel is not easily Kuanti0ed beause it
depends
slope o!the land% and tillage praties' 3ording
to the .# (epartment o!3griulture H 16I%
onser/a-
tion tillage praties !or rop residue remo/al
reKuire that 30> or more o!the soil sur!ae be
o/ered "ith rop residues a!ter planting to
redue soil erosion by "ater (or 1:1 ,g per
hetare o!small grain residues to redue soil
erosion by "ind)' 1n this study% a 60> ground
o/er% instead o!a 30>% is applied due to the
unertainties oLoal situations'
364 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass
and
,ore than ;0> o!orn sto/er in the .nited
#tates
is le!t in the 0elds' 0ess than 1> o! orn
sto/er is
olleted !or industrial proessing% and about
5> is
baled !or animal !eed and bedding H17I'
.tili?ation
o! rop residues !or animal !eed and bedding is
not
ta9en into aount in this study beause it is
too lo"%
although the utili?ation !ration may /ary
"ith the
geographi region'
5' @uel eonomy
&thanol is used as an alternati/e /ehile
!uel% !or
eBample% as &25Fa miBture o!25> ethanol and
15>
o!gasoline by /olume' 6he !uel eonomy in a
midsi?e
passenger /ehile is 11 l 100 9m
<1
in
on/entional
!uel and 10'3 gasoline-eKui/alent liter 100
9m
<1
in
&25 !uel H12I' Mne hundred-9m dri/en by a
on-
/entional gasoline-!ueled midsi?e passenger
ar re-
Kuires 11 l o!gasoline' @or &25 !uel% 100-9m
dri/en
onsumes 2:2 l o!gasoline and 12 l
o!bioethanol'
6here!ore% 1 l o! bioethanol ould replae 0'72
liters
o!gasoline'
6' -esults
6'1' *orn
6'1'1' Global situation
3bout 520 6g o!dry orn is produed
annually
in the "orld' 6he ma7or prodution regions
are
Corth 3meria (42>)% 3sia (26>)% &urope
(12>)
and #outh 3meria (;>)' -egarding orn
yield% the
highest yield ours in Corth 3meria% in
"hih
7:2 ,g o!dry orn per hetare is produed' 6he
neBt
highest yield ours in Meania (5:2 dry ,g
ha
<1
)'
3!ria has the lo"est yield% 1:4 dry ,g ha
<1
'
6he
global a/erage yield is 3:7 dry ,g ha
<1
' 6he
.# is
the largest produer o!orn% about 40> o!global
pro-
dution' 6he seond largest produer is *hina
"ith
20> o!global prodution' 6he highest yield
ours
in $u"ait% 16:5 dry ,g ha
<1
'
,ost orn (about 64> o!global prodution) is
used
!or animal !eed' @ood use !or humans is the
seond
largest appliation% about 1;> o!global
prodution'
1n 3!ria and *entral 3meria% most orn is
used !or
human !ood% "hile animal !eed is the ma7or
use o!
Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
orn in the other regions (see 6able 3)' 3bout
5>
o!global prodution is lost as "aste' 3ording
to
@3M#636% "aste is de0ned as rop lost in the
year
at all stages bet"een the !arm and the household
le/el
during handling% storage% and transport' Aaste
o!the
edible and inedible parts o!the ommodity that
ours
a!ter the ommodity has entered the household and
the
Kuantities lost during proessing are not
onsidered'
6hus% the "asted rop is a logisti "aste' 6he
highest
loss rate ours in *entral 3meria% a/eraging
o/er ;> oSts orn prodution'
6'1'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom
orn
3bout 5> o!orn in the "orld is "asted'
1!"asted
orn ould be !ully utili?ed as !eedsto9 !or
produ-
ing bioethanol% then ;:3 G0 o!bioethanol ould
be produed% thereby replaing 6:7 G0
o!gasoline i!
bioethanol is used as an alternati/e /ehile !uel%
&25'
@urthermore% i!bioethanol is produed using
the
orn dry milling proess% in "hih ;22 g o!dry
dis-
tillersT dried grains and solubles (((G#) per 9g
o!
ethanol is produed as a oprodut% about 11
6g o!
((G# are a/ailable !or animal !eed and replae 13
6g
o!orn used as animal !eed H 2I' 1!"e suppose that
the
replaed orn due to ((G# is utili?ed in
produing
bioethanol% then another 5:1 G0 o!bioethanol
(eKui/-
alent to 3:7 G0 o!gasoline used in a midsi?e
passen-
ger ar !ueled by &25) ould be produed' 6he
"asted
orn ould redue around 0';3> o!global
gasoline
onsumption annually (10:3 G0 o!gasoline)'
*orn sto/er% the rop residue in the orn0eld% is
pro-
dued at a rate o!1 dry 9g per dry 9g o!orn grain'
3 60> ground o/er reKuires 2:7 ,g o!orn sto/er
per hetare H1;I' .nder this pratie% about
203:6 6g o! dry orn sto/er are globally
a/ailable% potentially re-
sulting in about 52:6 G0 o!bioethanol' 6he
potential amount o!bioethanol deri/ed !rom orn
sto/er ould replae 42:1 G0 o!gasoline used in
a midsi?e pas-
senger /ehile !ueled by &25% or about 3'2> o!
"orld annual gasoline onsumption'
0ignin-rih !ermentation residues are
generated
during orn sto/er-based proessing to bioethanol
H;I'
6hese residues an be used as !eedsto9 !or
generat-
ing eletriity and steam' 6he e1ieny
o!generating
eletriity !rom biomass in an integrated
gasi0ation
ombined yles po"er plant is about 32>%
and the
e1ieny o!generating steam is 51> H 20I' 1!all the
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 365
6able 3
.ses o!orn grain
@eed #eed Aaste @ood @ood Mther uses
(>) (>) (>) manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
3!ria 24'27 1'40 2'61 1'32 63'43 0';2
3sia 60'50 1'47 7'14 3'41 24'33 3'16
&urope 7;'21 0'25 2'51 7'23 6'62 3'51
Corth 3meria 75'32 0'27 0'14 12'55 1';; 3'67
*entral 3meria 2;'56 1'77 ;'4; 4'12 54'71 0'2;
Meania 72';6 0'22 3'16 0'52 12'04 5'04
#outh 3meria 71';; 0';4 2'55 1'23 15'10 2'1;
Aorld 64'20 0';6 4'60 2'60 12'67 2';7
6able 4
6'2' Barley
-egional eletriity and steam produed !rom utili?ation o!
orn sto/er
6'2'1' Global situation
&letriity #team
(6Ah) (=5)
3!ria F F
3sia 15'0 26'1
&urope 12'7 72'7
Corth 3meria 5;'2 33;'6
*entral 3meria F F
Meania 0'1 0'6
#outh 3meria 3'2 12'3
Aorld ;0'2 517'3
lignin remains in the bioethanol residue% orn
sto/er utili?ation ould generate both ;0:2
6Ah o!eletri-
ity and 517 =5 o!steam' 6he eletriity that ould
be produed !rom lignin-rih !ermentation
residues !rom orn sto/er ethanol plant is
eKui/alent to 0'7> o! total global eletriity
generation' 6able 4 illustrates eletriity and
steam generated !rom lignin-rih orn sto/er
!ermentation residues' 3!ria and *entral
3meria do not ha/e orn sto/er a/ailable
!or on-
/ersion to bioethanol due to lo" orn yield
and the o/erriding need to pre/ent erosion'
6able 5 sho"s the regional potential bioethanol
pro-
dution !rom "asted orn grain and orn
sto/er' 3n-
nually% 73 G0 o!bioethanol are a/ailable !rom
"asted
orn and orn sto/er% replaing 52:4 G0
o!gasoline
per year% "hih is eKui/alent to about 4'7>
o!the
"orld annual gasoline onsumption' Corth
3meria
an produe o/er 35 G0 o!bioethanol
i!"asted orn
grain and orn sto/er are !ully utili?ed as
!eedsto9s
!or bioethanol'
6he annual prodution o!dry barley in the "orld
a/erages about 124 6g' &urope (62>)% 3sia
(15>)% and Corth 3meria (14>) are the ma7or
prodution regions' 6he !ration o! barley
prodution in the other regions is less than 5>' 6he
barley yield ranges !rom 0'74 to 2:2 dry ,g ha
<1
"ith the global a/erage
2:3 dry ,g ha
<1
' 6he highest yield ours in
&urope
"ith 2:2 ,g o!dry barley per hetare'
Germany is the largest produer o!barley "ith
a
yield o!5 :3 dry ,g ha
<1
% and ontributes to
;'3>
o!global prodution' 6he seond largest produer
is
*anada "ith ;'1> o!global prodution' 6he yield
o!
barley in *anada is 2:6 dry ,g ha
<1
% and *anada has
the largest har/ested area !or barley (7'6> o!
global
har/ested area !or barley)' 6he highest yield ours in
1reland% 5:7 dry ,g ha
<1
'
0i9e orn% most barley grain (about 67> o!pro-
dution) is used !or animal !eed' Barley use !or
!ood manu!ature is the seond largest
appliation' 3bout 4> o!global barley prodution
is lost during the logistis% as sho"n in 6able 6'
6'2'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom
barley
3bout 3'4> o!barley in the "orld% 3 :7 6g% is
lost
as "aste' 1!"asted barley ould be !ully utili?ed to
produe bioethanol% then 1:5 G0 o!bioethanol
ould
be produed globally% replaing 1:1 G0 o!gasoline
i!
ethanol is used as &25 !uel !or a midsi?e
passenger
/ehile'
@urthermore% ((G#% a oprodut in barley dry
milling to ethanol% ould replae barley grain that
is
366 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
6able 5
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted orn grain and orn sto/er
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain
grain replaed by ((G#
3!ria 1'40 0'77
3sia 4'41 2'41
&urope 0'71 0'3;
Corth 3meria 0'14 0'02
*entral 3meria 0'72 0'422
Meania 0'01 0'004
#outh 3meria 1'26 1'01
Aorld ;'3 5'02
a &thanol is used as !uel in &25 !or a midsi?e passenger
ar'
6able 6
.ses o!barley grain
@eed #eed Aaste
(>) (>) (>)
3!ria 30'20 6';2 5'77
3sia 54'12 5';3 6'73
&urope 75'1; ;'52 2'5;
Corth 3meria 74';; 3'42 0'04
*entral 3meria 2;'07 1'32 2'22
Meania 72'47 5'50 3'02
#outh 3meria 11'03 2'72 3'35
Aorld 66'74 7'54 3'3;
used !or animal !eed' #ine the in!ormation on
((G#
!rom barley dry milling is urrently
una/ailable% orn
dry milling data are used instead% and 1 dry
9g o!
((G# !rom barley dry milling is assumed to
replae
1 9g o!dry barley grain in the mar9et' 6his
assump-
tion is applied to all the rops in this study'
6he total
amount o!((G# !rom barley dry milling is 2'4
dry
6g i!"asted barley grain is utili?ed by dry
milling'
3bout 2:4 6g o!dry barley grain are sa/ed
due to
((G# and ould produe 0:;6 G0
o!bioethanol'
Uene% the "asted barley grain an produe
globally
about 1:2 G0 o!bioethanol'
6he 60> ground o/er "ith rop residue is
assumed to reKuire 1:7 ,g per hetare
o!barley residues%
"hih is an eKui/alent Kuantity in "heat and
oats H1;I'
3!ter pro/iding the 60> ground o/er% about
12 G0 o!
@rom orn 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
sto/er (G0) eKui/alent
a
(G0)
F 2'17 1'56
;'75 16'6 11';
2'23 ;'32 6'7
32'4 32'7 27'2
F 1'21 0'27
0'07 0'02 0'06
2'07 4';4 3'55
52'6 73'0 52'4
@ood @ood Mther uses
manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
12'14 44'57 0'34
1;';1 ;'70 3'55
11'05 1'32 0'27
20'4; 0';3 0'07
65'11 1';0 0'33
12'77 0'15 0'03
73'6; 7'2; 1'25
15';; 5'32 1'03
bioethanol ould be a/ailable !rom barley stra"
(see
6able 2)' 3ll the lignin in barley stra" is assumed
to
remain in the !ermentation residues% and ould gener-
ate both 12:5 6Ah o!eletriity and 71 :5 =5 o!steam'
M/erall barley ould produe 20:6 G0 o!bioethanol
per a year i!"asted grain and barley stra" are utili?ed'
6he bioethanol !rom barley potentially replaes
1'3>
o!global gasoline onsumption "ithout ta9ing
barley
!rom other appliations' &urope itsel! ould
produe
15:1 G0 o!bioethanol !rom "asted barley and barley
stra"' Very little "asted barley grain is a/ailable
!or
bioethanol in Corth 3meria' Uo"e/er% there is a good
opportunity to utili?e barley stra" as !eedsto9
!or
produing bioethanol in Corth 3meria' 6he
regional
potential bioethanol prodution !rom barley is
sho"n
in 6able 7'
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 367
6able 7
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted barley grain and barley stra"
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain @rom barley 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
grain replaed by ((G# stra" (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
3!ria 0'07 0'05 F 0'12 0'02
3sia 0'50 0'32 0'61 1'44 1'03
&urope 0'22 0'53 13'7 15'1 10'2
Corth 3meria 0'003 0'002 3'06 3'06 2'20
*entral 3meria 0'005 0'003 0'05 0'06 0'04
Meania 0'02 0'05 0'60 0'73 0'52
#outh 3meria 0'02 0'01 0'0; 0'12 0'0;
Aorld 1'50 0';6 12'1 20'6 14'2
6able 2
.ses o!oat grain
@eed #eed Aaste @ood @ood Mther uses
(>) (>) (>) manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
3!ria 3;'24 2'07 2'72 0'02 4;'2; 0'00
3sia 66';0 7'25 5'6; 0'00 1;'52 0'03
&urope 72';5 17'61 2'75 0'00 6'56 0'13
Corth 3meria 75';0 5'47 0'21 0'00 12'42 0'00
*entral 3meria 72'41 1'14 0'73 0'00 25'71 0'00
Meania ;1'01 5'71 0'11 0'00 3'11 0'06
#outh 3meria 44'52 16'75 4'6; 0'00 33';2 0'00
Aorld 72'77 13'52 2'27 0'00 11'2; 0'0;
6'3' Mats as "aste' 6he highest loss rate is in 3sia (6>) and
#outh 3meria (5>)'
6'3'1' Global situation
6he annual prodution o!dry oats in the
"orld
is 24:2 6g' 6he ma7or prodution regions
are
&urope (64>)% Corth 3meria (21>)% and
Meania
(5>)' 6he yield in most regions ranges
!rom 1'4
to 2:1 dry ,g ha
<1
% and the global a/erage
yield
is 1:2 dry ,g ha
<1
' -ussia is the largest
produer
o!oats in the "orld "ith 24> o!global
prodution (6:4 dry 6g)' 6he highest yield
ours in 1reland% 6:0 dry ,g ha
<1
% o/er
three times higher than the global a/erage
yield'
6able 2 sho"s the use !ration o! oat grain'
3bout
73> o!global oat prodution is onsumed as
animal
!eed' 6he !ration o! oats used !or seed is 14>%
"hih
is higher than the !ration !or human !ood
use (11>)'
3bout 2> (0:6 6g) o!global oats
prodution is lost
6'3'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom oat
6he utili?ation o!"asted oat grain ould
produe
225 ,0 o!bioethanol% replaing 161 ,0 o!gasoline
"hen ethanol is used in &25' (ry milling
o!"asted
oats ould produe 1:5 dry 9g o!((G# per 9g o!
ethanol as a oprodut% replaing oat used !or
ani-
mal !eed' ,ore than a Kuarter million tons o!
oats
(0:3; 6g) an be replaed by ((G#' 6he utili?a-
tion o! ((G# !rom oat dry milling to animal
!eed
ould produe another 160 ,0 o!bioethanol'
6here-
!ore% "asted oat grain ould produe 324 ,0
o!
bioethanol'
*omplying "ith the 60> ground o/er
reKuire-
ment% 11 6g o!oat stra" is globally a/ailable%
"hih
ould produe 2:2 G0 o!bioethanol' @urthermore%
362 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
6able ;
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted oat grain and oat stra"
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain
grain replaed by ((G#
3!ria 0'001 0'001
3sia 0'03 0'02
&urope 0'17 0'12
Corth 3meria 0'004 0'003
*entral 3meria 0'0002 0'0002
Meania 0'001 0'0004
#outh 3meria 0'02 0'01
Aorld 0'23 0'16
6able 10
.ses o!rie grain
@eed #eed Aaste
(>) (>) (>)
3!ria 1'41 2'32 7'17
3sia 2'71 3'05 4'55
&urope 6'53 2'36 0'22
Corth 3meria 0'00 3'12 12'15
*entral 3meria 0'73 1'23 4'11
Meania 0'05 2'31 2'06
#outh 3meria 2'05 2'75 2'35
Aorld 2'62 2';; 4'22
lignin-rih !ermentation residues ould
generate
3:5 6Ah o!eletriity and 1; :2 =5 o!steam'
6he utili?ation o!"asted oat grain and oat
stra"
ould produe about 3:16 G0 o!bioethanol%
replaing
2:27 G0 o!gasoline "hen bioethanol is used as
&25
!uel' &urope ould produe about 2 G0 o!
bioethanol%
"hih is more than hal!the potential
bioethanol pro-
dution !rom the utili?ation o! "asted oat
grain and
oat sto/er' 6he regional potential bioethanol
produ-
tion !rom oat grain "astes and oat stra" is
sho"n in
6able ;'
6'4' -ie
6'4'1' Global situation
6he annual global prodution o!dry rie
is about 526 6g' 3sia is the primary
prodution region "ith o/er ;0> o!global
prodution and the largest
@rom oat 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
stra" (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
F 0'002 0'002
0'07 0'12 0'02
1'7; 2'02 1'50
0'73 0'74 0'53
0'00; 0'01 0'007
0'12 0'12 0'0;
0'06 0'0; 0'06
2'72 3'16 2'27
@ood @ood Mther uses
manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
0'42 26'67 1';4
0'62 22'25 0'16
0'34 27'40 2'55
12'31 66'72 5'57
3'2; 2;'66 0'32
1'73 ;2'71 1'14
3'00 23'12 0'66
0'22 22'35 0'33
har/ested area !or rie% 1:4 ,m
2
' 6he rie yield
in 3sia is 3:5 dry ,g ha
<1
% "hih is eKual to
the global a/erage rie yield' 6he highest yield
ours in 3ustralia "ith 7:2 ,g o!dry rie per
hetare'
,ost rie (about 22> o!global prodution) is
used
!or human !ood' 3bout 2'6> o! global prodution
is
used !or animal !eed% but there is no rie used
!or
animal !eed in Corth 3meria' 3bout 4'2> o!
"orld
rie prodution is lost as "aste' 3bout 22 6g
o!dry
rie in 3sia is "asted% a Kuantity larger than the
rie
prodution o!any other region' 6he highest !ration
o!"asted rie ours in Corth 3meria (12>)' 6he
uses o!rie are illustrated in 6able 10'
6'4'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom rie
1!"asted rie ould be !ully utili?ed to produe
bioethanol% then 12:3 G0 o!bioethanol ould be
pro-
dued% replaing 2:; G0 o!gasoline' -ie dry
milling
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 36;
6able 11
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted rie grain and rie stra"
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain @rom rie 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
grain replaed by ((G# stra" (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
!rom "asted grain
3!ria 0'52 0'1; 5'26 6'57 4'72
3sia 10'5 3'27 126'2 201'2 144'5
&urope 0'01 0'004 1'10 1'11 0'20
Corth 3meria 0'46 0'17 3'06 3'6; 2'65
*entral 3meria 0'04 0'01 0'77 0'23 0'5;
Meania 0'01 0'004 0'47 0'4; 0'35
#outh 3meria 0'62 0'25 6'52 7'51 5'3;
Aorld 12'3 4'5 204'6 221'4 15;
ould produe 0'2 dry 9g o!((G# per 9g o!ethanol produer o!"heat "ith about 12> o!global pro-
as a oprodut% replaing rie grain used !or
animal
!eed' 3bout ;:3 6g o!rie "ould be a/ailable
due to the utili?ation o!((G# and ould
produe 4 :5 G0 o! bioethanol' 6here!ore% "asted
rie grain ould produe 16:2 G0 o!bioethanol'
Co rie stra" must be le!t on the 0eld to
pre-
/ent erosion' 6hus% rie stra" ould be
!ully uti-
li?ed% resulting in 731 6g o!rie stra" !rom
"hih 205 G0 o!bioethanol ould be
produed' @urther-
more% lignin-rih !ermentation residue ould
generate 123 6Ah o!eletriity and 702 =5
o!steam'
Globally% "asted rie grain and rie stra"
ould
produe 221 G0 o!bioethanol% replaing 15;
G0 o!
gasoline (about 14'3> o!global gasoline
onsump-
tion)' 3sia has the greatest potential% 200
G0 o!
ethanol !rom "asted rie grain and rie
stra"' 6he regional potential bioethanol
prodution is sho"n in 6able 11'
6'5' Aheat
6'5'1' Global situation
6he annual global prodution o!dry
"heat is
about 52; 6g' 3sia (43>) and &urope
(32>) are
the primary prodution regions' Corth
3meria is
the third largest prodution region "ith
15> o!
global "heat prodution' Oield o!"heat
ranges
!rom 1'7 to 4:1 dry ,g ha
<1
' Global
a/erage yield
is 2:4 dry ,g ha
<1
' 0i9e rie% *hina is the
largest
dution at an a/erage yield o!3 :4 dry ,g ha
<1
'
6he seond largest produer is 1ndia% "here
dry
"heat prodution is 71 6g (12>)% and the yield
is
2:4 dry ,g ha
<1
' 6he highest yield ours in
1reland%
"hih produes 7:7 ,g o!dry "heat per hetare'
,ost "heat (71> o!global prodution) is used !or
human !ood' 3bout 17> o! global prodution is
used
!or animal !eed% but the !ration o! "heat used
!or
animal !eed in &urope% Corth 3meria% and
Meania
is o/er 25>' 3bout 20 6g o!dry "heat (4> o!global
prodution) is lost as "aste' 3bout 10 6g o!dry "heat
in 3sia ends up in the "aste stream' 6he uses o!"heat
are illustrated in 6able 12'
6'5'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom
"heat
6he utili?ation o!"asted "heat ould produe
7:0 G0 o!bioethanol% replaing 5 :0 G0 o!gasoline
"hen ethanol is used in &25 !or a midsi?e passenger
/ehile' Aheat dry milling "ould produe 1'4 dry
9g o!((G# per 9g o!ethanol as a oprodut%
repla-
ing "heat grain used !or animal !eed' 3bout 10:2
6g o!"heat "ould be replaed by ((G#%
resulting in 4:4 G0 o!bioethanol' 6here!ore% "asted
"heat grain ould produe 11:3 G0 o!bioethanol'
.nder the 60> ground o/er pratie% about
354 6g o!"heat stra" ould be a/ailable globally
and ould produe 104 G0 o!bioethanol' @urther-
more% lignin-rih !ermentation residues ould
generate 122 6Ah o!eletriity and 6;2 =5
o!steam'
370 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
6able 12
.ses o!"heat grain
@eed #eed Aaste @ood @ood Mther uses
(>) (>) (>) manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
3!ria 4'62 2'26 5'71 0'12 25'27 1'30
3sia 4'34 5'46 4'50 0'64 24'31 0'74
&urope 32'72 2'13 2'44 1'60 46'72 2'33
Corth 3meria 22'6; 2'07 0'03 0'00 62'72 0'42
*entral 3meria 7';5 0';5 2'07 0'00 73'02 ;';5
Meania 42'00 2'2; 4'02 3'07 22'1; 14'44
#outh 3meria 4'35 3'73 5'11 0'00 26'20 0'01
Aorld 16'72 6'11 3'72 0'24 71'13 1'42
6able 13
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted "heat grain and "heat stra"
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain @rom "heat 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
grain replaed by ((G# stra" (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
!rom "asted grain
3!ria 0'34 0'21 1'57 2'11 1'52
3sia 4'16 2'62 42'6 4;'32 35'42
&urope 1'66 1'04 32'; 41'55 2;'24
Corth 3meria 0'01 0'006 14'7 14'62 10'54
*entral 3meria 0'10 0'06 0'22 0';2 0'70
Meania 0'33 0'21 2'51 3'05 2'1;
#outh 3meria 0'37 0'23 2'27 3'47 2'4;
Aorld 6';5 4'32 103'2 115'2 22'71
Aasted "heat grain and "heat stra" ould pro- prodution)' 6he yield o!sorghum ranges !rom
due globally 115 G0 o!bioethanol% replaing 23
G0
o!gasoline in an &25 midsi?e passenger
/ehile% or
about 7'5> o!global gasoline onsumption' 3sia
and
&urope ha/e the potential !or produing o/er
40 G0
o!ethanol !rom "asted "heat grain and "heat
stra"'
6he regional potential bioethanol prodution is
sho"n
in 6able 13'
6'6' #orghum
6'6'1' Global situation
6he annual global prodution o!dry
sorghum is about 53 6g' 3!ria (33>) is the
primary pro-
dution region% and Corth 3meria is the
seond
largest prodution region (23> o!global
sorghum
0'2 to 3:7 dry ,g ha
<1
' Global a/erage yield is
1:2 dry ,g ha
<1
' 6he .# is the largest produer
o! sorghum (about 23> o!global sorghum
prodution) at a yield o!3 :7 dry ,g ha
<1
' 6he
highest yield o-
urs in 1srael and 5ordan% "hih produe more
than 10 ,g o!dry sorghum per hetare'
6he ma7or uses o!sorghum are animal !eed (4;>)
and human !ood (40>)' 1n 3!ria and 3sia%
o/er
60> o! sorghum is used !or human !ood' 1n the
other
regions% most sorghum is used !or animal !eed' 6here
is no use o! sorghum !or human !ood in &urope
and
#outh 3meria' 3bout 3 6g o!dry sorghum (2 6g
in
3!ria)% eKui/alent to 6> o! sorghum prodution%
is
lost as "aste' 6he uses o!sorghum are illustrated
in
6able 14'
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 371
6able 14
.ses o!sorghum grain
@eed #eed Aaste @ood @ood Mther uses
(>) (>) (>) manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
3!ria 6';0 2'01 13'02 5'21 72'76 0'11
3sia 32'2; 2'21 4';4 0'00 60'52 0'04
&urope ;2'76 0'53 0'71 0'00 0'00 0'00
Corth 3meria 26'20 0'30 0'00 ;'22 3'03 0'00
*entral 3meria ;4'25 0'32 2'1; 0'00 2'52 0'00
Meania ;7'71 0'3; 0'04 0'11 1'75 0'00
#outh 3meria ;5'0; 0'6; 4'21 0'00 0'00 0'00
Aorld 4;'10 1'3; 6'11 3'20 40'15 0'05
6able 15
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted sorghum grain and sorghum stra"
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom grain @rom sorghum 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
grain replaed by ((G# stra" (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
3!ria 1'01 0'55 F 1'55 1'12
3sia 0'24 0'13 F 0'37 0'27
&urope 0'002 0'001 0'10 0'10 0'071
Corth 3meria F F 1'2; 1'2; 1'35
*entral 3meria 0'06 0'03 0'31 0'40 0'2;
Meania 0'0003 0'0001 0'0; 0'0; 0'06
#outh 3meria 0'02 0'04 0'41 0'53 0'32
Aorld 1'3; 0'75 2'7; 4';3 3'54
6'6'2' =otential bioethanol prodution !rom 3:5 G0 o!gasoline in an &25 midsi?e passenger /e-
sorghum
6he utili?ation o!"asted sorghum grain
ould pro-
/ide 1:4 G0 o!bioethanol% replaing 1 G0
o!gaso-
line' #orghum dry milling ould produe 1:2
dry 9g o!((G# per 9g o!ethanol as a
oprodut !rom "aste sorghum' 3bout 1:7 6g
o!sorghum "ould be sa/ed by ((G#% thereby
produing another 752 ,0 o!bioethanol'
6here!ore% the "asted sorghum grain ould
produe 2:1 G0 o!bioethanol'
@or sorghum stra"% 60> ground o/er
reKuires at least 2:7 ,g o!rop residues per
hetare H 1;I'
.nder these praties% 10:3 6g o!sorghum
stra"
"ould be globally a/ailable and ould produe
2:2 G0 o!bioethanol' @urthermore% lignin-rih
!ermentation residues ould generate 3:7
6Ah o!eletriity and 21 =5 o!superheated
steam'
Aasted sorghum grain and sorghum stra"
ould produe 4:; G0 o!bioethanol globally%
replaing
hile% or about 0'3> o!the global gasoline onsump-
tion' 6here is no bioethanol a/ailable !rom
sorghum
stra" in 3!ria beause the lo" yield reKuires that
all
stra" be le!t in the 0eld to onser/e soil' 6he regional
potential bioethanol prodution is sho"n in 6able
15'
6'7' #ugar ane
6'7'1' Global situation
6he annual global prodution o!dry ut sugar ane
(sugar ontent: 55> dry basis) is about 322 6g'
3sia
(44>) is the primary prodution region% and
#outh
3meria is the seond largest prodution region%
pro-
duing 110 6g o!sugar ane (34>)' 6he annual yield
o!dry sugar ane ranges !rom 14 to 22 ,g ha
<1
"ith an a/erage o!17 ,g ha
<1
' Bra?il is the
largest
single produer o!sugar ane "ith about 27>
o!
global prodution and a yield o!12 dry ,g ha
<1
'
6he
372 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375
6able 16
.ses o!sugar ane
@eed #eed Aaste @ood @ood Mther uses
(>) (>) (>) manu!ature (>) (>) (>)
3!ria 0'14 2'02 2'12 2;'43 4'44 1'25
3sia 3'14 4'62 1'13 26'1; 4'57 0'30
&urope 0'12 0'00 0'00 27';0 0'00 11';2
Corth 3meria 0'00 5'37 0'00 ;4'62 0'00 0'00
*entral 3meria 1'20 0'25 1'06 ;5'40 0'05 1'45
Meania 0'00 0'00 0'00 ;;';; 0'01 0'00
#outh 3meria 0';2 0'00 0'62 ;7'23 0'27 0'24
Aorld 1';1 2'35 0';7 ;1'22 2'40 0'42
6able 17
-egional potential bioethanol prodution !rom "asted sugar ane and sugar ane bagasse
=otential bioethanol prodution (G0)
@rom "asted @rom bagasse 6otal bioethanol Gasoline
sugar ane (G0) eKui/alent (G0)
3!ria 0'23 3'33 3'56 2'56
3sia 0'22 21'3 22'1 15';
&urope F 0'004 0'004 0'003
Corth 3meria F 1'31 1'31 0';4
*entral 3meria 0'12 5'46 5'64 4'05
Meania 0'0001 1'24 1'24 1'32
#outh 3meria 0'37 12'1 12'5 13'3
Aorld 1'5; 51'3 52'; 32'0
highest yield ours in =eru% "hih produes moreused in !ood manu!ature (produing about 120 6g
than 32 ,g o!dry sugar ane per hetare'
@ood manu!aturing is the ma7or use o! sugar
ane%
onsuming about ;2> o!sugar ane (a yield o!400
9g
o!sugar per dry ton o!sugar ane)' 6he
!ration o!
other uses suh as animal !eed% human !ood%
and so
on% is less than 3> ' 3bout 3 6g o!dry sugar
ane in
the "orld beomes "aste' Uo"e/er% there is no
"asted
sugar ane in Corth 3meria% Meania% and
&urope'
6he uses o!sugar ane are illustrated in 6able 16'
6'7'2' =otential bioethanol prodution
!rom sugar ane
Aasted sugar ane ould produe 1:6 G0 o!
bioethanol% replaing 1:1 G0 o!gasoline "hen
ethanol
is used in &25 !uel' #ugar ane bagasse is a
oprod-
ut in sugar ane !ood manu!ature% and
the yield o!
bagasse is about 0'6 dry 9g per 1 dry 9g
o!sugar ane
o!sugar)' Globally about 120 6g o!dry sugar ane
bagasse is produed and an be utili?ed and
ould produe about 51 G0 o!bioethanol'
@urthermore%
lignin-rih !ermentation residues !rom bagasse
ould
generate 103 6Ah o!eletriity and 5;3 =5 o!steam'
Aasted sugar ane and sugar ane bagasse ould
produe globally about 53 G0 o!bioethanol% replaing
32 G0 o!gasoline in an &25 midsi?e passenger /e-
hile% or about 3'4> o!the global gasoline
onsump-
tion' 3sia an produe about 22 G0 o!bioethanol' 6he
regional potential bioethanol prodution is sho"n
in
6able 17'
7' (isussion
3bout 73:; 6g out 2:1 =g o!dry grains plus ane
sugar is lost during logisti proesses:
handling%
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass
and
storage% and transport' #iB perent o!total
sorghum
prodution is lost% the highest among any
biomass
onsidered in this study' 1n ontrast% only 1>
o!total
sugar ane prodution is "asted' ,ost "asted
biomass
omes !rom rie% orn% and "heat% as
sho"n in
6able 12' 3sia has 45 6g o!"asted biomass'
3bout
1:4 =g out o!2 :1 =g o!the ma7or dry rop
residues
are a/ailable to produe bioethanol' 6he
!ration o!
rop residue olleted under the 60> ground
o/er
pratie /aries "ith the region' 1n 3!ria% the
!ra-
tion o!most rop residues olletable is less
than
30> beause oLo" yields' 1n other regions%
the
olletable !ration o! most rop residues is
o/er
20>' 1nluding dry sugar ane bagasse (121
6g)%
the total dry lignoellulosi residue
a/ailable is
about 1:5 =g'
3bout 4;1 G0 o!bioethanol might be pro-
dued !rom the "asted rops and their
assoi-
ated lignoellulosi ra" materials% about 16
times
higher than the urrent "orld ethanol
prodution
(31 G0)'*rop residues are responsible !or ;0> o!
the
total potential bioethanol prodution' 6he
potential
bioethanol prodution an replae 353 G0
o!gaso-
line% "hih is eKui/alent to 32> o!the total
gasoline
6able 12
Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 373
"orld"ide onsumption% "hen bioethanol is
used in &25 !or a midsi?e passenger /ehile'
3sia% "hih an produe 2;1 G0
o!bioethanol%
is the largest potential produer o!bioethanol'
-ie
stra" (127 G0) is the most a/ailable
!eedsto9 in
3sia' 6he neBt largest !eedsto9s in 3sia are
"heat
stra" (42:6 G0) and sugar ane bagasse (21:3
G0)'
6he neBt largest potential produer
o!bioethanol
in the "orld is &urope (6;:2 G0)% in "hih
most
bioethanol omes !rom "heat stra"' *orn
sto/er
(32:4 G0) is the main !eedsto9 !or
bioethanol in
Corth 3meria' 6hese Kuantities are
summari?ed in 6able 1;'
@urthermore% 452 6Ah o!eletriity (about
3'6>
o!"orld eletriity prodution) and 2 :6 &5
o!steam
are also generated !rom burning lignin-rih
!ermen-
tation residues% a oprodut o!bioethanol made
!rom
rop residues and sugar ane bagasse' ,ost
potential
eletriity and steam prodution omes !rom
burning
!ermentation residues in the utili?ation o! "heat
stra"'
&letriity generated by these residues ould
redue
eletriity produed !rom a !ossil !uel burning
po"er
plant' #team ould be used "ithin the ethanol
plant or eBported !or a distrit heating system'
Wuantities o!"asted rop and lignoellulosi biomass potentially a/ailable !or bioethanol
3!ria 3sia &urope Corth *entral Meania #outh #ubtotal
3meria 3meria 3meria
Aasted rop (6g)
*orn 3'12 ;'22 1'57 0'30 1'74 0'01 4'13 20'70
Barley 0'17 1'23 2'01 0'01 0'01 0'1; 0'04 3'66
Mat 0'004 0'06 0'43 0'01 0'001 0'001 0'05 0'55
-ie 1'02 21'26 0'02 0';6 0'02 0'02 1'41 25'44
Aheat 0'23 10'22 4'0; 0'02 0'24 0'22 0';1 17'20
#orghum 2'27 0'54 0'004 0'00 0'13 0'001 0'12 3'12
#ugar ane 0'46 1'64 0'00 0'00 0'36 0'00 0'74 3'20
#ubtotal 7';4 45'43 2'13 1'30 2'56 1'05 7'45 73'26
0ignoellulosi biomass (6g)
*orn sto/er 0'00 33';0 22'61 133'66 0'00 0'24 7'20 203'62
Barley stra" 0'00 1';7 44'24 ;'25 0'16 1';3 0'2; 52'45
Mat stra" 0'00 0'27 6'23 2'20 0'03 0'47 0'21 10'62
-ie stra" 20';3 667'5; 3';2 10';5 2'77 1'62 23'51 731'34
Aheat stra" 5'34 145'20 132'5; 50'05 2'7; 2'57 ;'20 354'35
#orghum stra" 0'00 0'00 0'35 6';7 1'16 0'32 1'52 10'32
Bagasse 11'73 74'22 0'01 4'62 1;'23 6'4; 63'77 120'73
#ubtotal 32'00 ;23'22 216'56 212';0 26'14 1;'70 106'30 154;'42
374 #' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass and Bioenergy26 (2004)361- 375
6able 1;
=otential bioethanol prodution
3!ria 3sia &urope Corth *entral Meania #outh #ubtotal
3meria 3meria 3meria
@rom "aste rop (G0)
*orn 2'17 6'22 1'0; 0'21 1'21 0'01 2'27 14'4
Barley 0'12 0'23 1'35 0'005 0'01 0'13 0'03 2'46
Mat 0'002 0'04 0'30 0'01 0'0004 0'001 0'03 0'32
-ie 0'71 14'4 0'02 0'63 0'05 0'02 0';3 16'2
Aheat 0'55 6'72 2'70 0'02 0'16 0'54 0'60 11'3
#orghum 1'55 0'37 0'003 F 0'0; 0'0004 0'12 2'14
#ugar ane 0'23 0'22 F F 0'12 0'0001 0'37 1'5;
#ubtotal (3) 5'33 30'1 5'45 0'27 1'70 0'70 4';5 4;'1
@rom lignoellulosi biomass (G0)
*orn sto/er F ;'75 2'23 32'4 F 0'07 2'07 52'6
Barley stra" F 0'61 13'7 3'06 0'05 0'60 0'0; 12'1
Mat stra" F 0'07 1'7; 0'73 0'00; 0'12 0'06 2'72
-ie stra" 5'26 126'2 1'10 3'06 0'77 0'47 6'52 204'6
Aheat stra" 1'57 42'6 32'; 14'7 0'22 2'51 2'27 103'2
#orghum stra" F F 0'10 1'2; 0'31 0'0; 0'41 2'7;
Bagasse 3'33 21'3 0'004 1'31 5'46 1'24 12'1 51'3
#ubtotal (B) 10'2 261'0 63'2 63'2 7'42 5'70 30'2 442'0
6otal (3XB) 16'1 2;1'1 6;'2 64'0 ;'12 6'3; 35'1 4;1'1
2' *onlusions ha/e surplus biomass and no problems "ith !ood se-
urity' #oietal response to the utili?ation o!biomass
-esults indiate that rie stra" is potentially
the
most !a/orable !eedsto9% and the neBt most
!a/or-
able ra" materials are "heat stra"% orn
sto/er% and
sugar ane bagasse in terms o!the Kuantity
o!biomass
a/ailable' 6hese !our !eedsto9s an produe
412 G0
o!bioethanol' 6he most !a/orable area is 3sia%
"hih
an produe 2;1 G0 o!bioethanol beause
o!biomass
a/ailability'
1n this study% only biomass a/ailability is
in/esti-
gated to e/aluate the !easibility o! biomass
utili?ation
!or bioethanol' 6he !easibility o! biomass
utili?ation
!or bioethanol and other biobased industrial
prod-
uts also inludes !ators suh as "hih
biomass to
utili?e and "here to build a biore0nery'
(eisions
might be based on the !ollo"ing riteria%
among
others:
2'1' Biomass a/ailabilityissue
Biomass a/ailability is a primary !ator'
3 !a/or-
able region !or biobased industrial
produts should
!or biobased industrial produts is also a !ator' #ome
soieties may be relutant to use e/en "aste rops !or
industrial produts i!they belie/e that someho" !ood
resoures are diminished' 6he biomass a/ailability is-
sue is a global matter beause !ood seurity is a
top
global priority' Uo"e/er% "hen only the rop residues
are onsidered% biomass a/ailability tends to beome
a loal matter'
2'2' &onomi issue
Biobased produts% inluding ethanol% must be made
at ompetiti/e osts' Mther"ise% there "ill be no
mar-
9et !or the biobased produts e/en though they
are
made !rom rene"able resoures' &onomi
!ators%
!or eBample land a/ailability% labor% taBation%
utilities%
rop proessing osts% and transportation%
espeially
the deli/ered ost o!the biomass !eedsto9% are impor-
tant' Uene% the eonomi issues are primarily
loal
matters'
#' $im% B'&' (ale 8 Biomass
and
2'3' &n/ironmental issue
Mne o!the potential merits o!biobased
prod-
uts is the utili?ation o!rene"able resoures
in-
stead o!non-rene"able resoures' Uo"e/er%
spe-
i0 rop prodution praties may redue or
e/en
o/er"helm this potential bene0t' @or
eBample% a
proper balane bet"een the rop yield and
the ap-
pliation rate o!agrohemials is needed'
Mther
en/ironmental issues in the agriultural
operation%
suh as soil erosion% soil organi matter trends%
"a-
ter and ground"ater use% should also be
!ully re-
/ie"ed' 6hese en/ironmental issues tend to be
loal
matters'
6his study in/estigated the potential !or
utili?ation
o! "asted biomass and lignoellulosi
!eedsto9s !or
bioethanol' 6he lignoellulosi !eedsto9s ha/e
muh
more !a/orable utili?ation potential !or
biobased
industrial produts beause o!their Kuantity
and
ompetiti/e prie' @urthermore% lignoelluloses
an
generate eletriity and steam% "hih an be used
in a
biore0nery and also eBported into the po"er grid'
1m-
portantly% lignoellulosi !eedsto9s do not
inter!ere
"ith !ood seurity' Uo"e/er% !ailitating the
utili?a-
tion oLignoellulosi materials reKuires
tremendous
eCorts in ahie/ing a high ethanol yield%
establishing
in!rastruture !or the olletion system% inreasing
the
thermal e1ieny o!generating eletriity and
steam%
and so on'
-egarding the data Kuality o!@3M#636% some
na-
tions may ha/e a large gap bet"een /alues in their
na-
tional database and the data in @3M#636% as
sho"n
in 6able 1' 6ehnology !or utili?ing "asted
rop% de-
0ned as rop lost in the distribution% as a ra"
material
!or biobased produt "ill depend strongly on
regional
onditions% e'g'% limate% storage !aility%
e1ieny o!
transportation'
-e!erenes
H1I .nited Cations (e/elopment =rogramme' Aorld
energy
assessment' .nited Cations (e/elopment
=rogramme'
Ce" Oor9% 2000'
H2I Aang ,' Greet 1'5Ftransportation !uel-yle
model'
1llinois: 3rgonne Cational 0aboratory% 2000' 3/ailable
at
http:88greet'anl'go/8publiations'html '
H3I #hapouri U% (u1eld 53% Grabos9i ,#' &stimating the
net
energy balane o!orn ethanol' 3griultural &onomi
-eport
721' Aashington% (*: .# (epartment o!3griulture%
1;;5'
Bioenergy26 (2004) 361 - 375 375
H4I #hapouri U% (u1eld 53% Aang ,' 6he energy balane
o!orn ethanol: an update' 3griultural &onomi -eport
213' Aashington% (*: .# (epartment o!3griulture%
2002'
H5I $im #% (ale B' 3lloation proedure in ethanol prodution
system !rom orn grain: 1' system eBpansion' 1nternational
5ournal o!0i!e *yle 3ssessment 200247(4):237-43'
H6I Berg *' Aorld &thanol =rodution 2001' 6he
(istillery
and Bioethanol Cet"or9' 3/ailable at http:88"""'distill'om8
"orld ethanol prodution'htm'
H7I Ayman *&' &thanol prodution !rom lignoellulosi biomass:
o/er/ie"' 1n: Ayman *&% editor' Uandboo9 on bioethanol:
prodution and utili?ation' Aashington% (*: 6aylor +
@ranis4 1;;6' p' 1-12'
H2I @ood and 3griultural Mrgani?ation (@3M)' @3M#636'
3/ailable at http:88apps'!ao'org8 '
H;I ,3loon 3% 6aylor @% Oee A% 1bsen $% Aooley -'
(etermining the ost o!produing ethanol !rom orn
starh and lignoellulosi !eedsto9s' C-&086=-520-222;3'
*olorado: Cational -ene"able &nergy 0aboratory%
2000'
H10I .# (epartment o!&nergy' 6heoretial &thanol Oield
*alulator' .# (epartment o!&nergy' 3/ailable at
http:88"""'ott'doe'go/8bio!uels8ethanol alulator'html'
H11I Cational -esearh *ounil' *omposition o!ereal grains
and
!orages' Aashington: Cational -esearh *ounil% 1;52'
H12I &nergy 1n!ormation 3dministration' &missions o!
greenhouse
gases in the .nited #tates 2000' (M&8&13-0573' .#
(epartment o!&nergy% 2001'
H13I 3non' Biomass @eedsto9 omposition and property
database' .# (epartment o!&nergy' 3/ailable at
http:88"""'ott'doe'go/8bio!uels8progs8searh1'gi ' H14I
6heander M% 3man =' 3natomial and hemial
harateristis' 1n: #undstUl @% M"en &% editors' #tra" and
other 0brous by-produts as !eed' 3msterdam: &lse/ier4 1;24'
p' 45-72'
H15I ,ann 0% 6olbert V% *ushman 5' =otential en/ironmental
eCets o!orn ( Yea mays 0') sto/er remo/al "ith emphasis
on soil organi matter and erosion' 3griulture &osystems
+ &n/ironment 200242;(3):14;-66'
H16I =adgitt ,% Ce"ton (% =enn -% #andretto *' =rodution
praties !or ma7or rops in .'#' 3griulture% 1;;0-;7'
#tatistial Bulletin Co' ;6;' .# (epartment o!3griulture%
2000'
H17I Glassner (% Uettenhaus 5% #hehinger 6' *orn sto/er
potential: reasting the orn s"eetener industry' 1n: 5ani9 5%
editor' =erspeti/es on ne" rops and ne" uses' 3leBandria%
V3: 3#U# =ress4 1;;;' p' 74-22'
H12I 3non' @uel eonomy guide' (M&8&&-0236' .# (epartment
o!&nergy8.# &n/ironmental =rotetion 3geny% 2001'
H1;I -enard $G% @oster G-% Aeesies G3% ,*ool ($% Ooder
(*' =rediting soil erosion by "ater: a guide to onser/ation
planning "ith the re/ised uni/ersal soil loss eKuation
(-.#0&)' 3griultural Uandboo9 703' .# (epartment o!
3griulture% 1;;7'
H20I #tahl $% Ceergaard ,' 1G** =o"er plant !or biomass
utili?ation% V.arnamo% #"eden' Biomass and Bioenergy
1;;2415(3):205-11'