Korea Electronics Technology Institute

Field and Wave Electromagnetics

Chapter 1 & 2.
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Chapter 1. The Electromagnetic Model
Electromagnetics
Study of the effects of electric charges at rest and in motion
Dealing with all aspects of the generation, propagation and
transformation of electromagnetic energy as well as its interaction with
matter
Field: Spatial distribution of a quantity which may or may not be a
function of time
Static source (charge or current) electrostatic (magnetostatic) field
Time-varying electric field generates magnetic field and vice versa
electric field and magnetic field are coupled time-dependent
electromagnetic fields produce waves that propagating
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Circuit theory : special case of electromagnetics
Example : monopole antenna (Fig. 1.1), diffraction of incident wave
(Fig. 1.2.)
Characteristics of electric charge
Fundamental property of matter
There are two types of charges : positive, negative
Charge is conserved.
Charges can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Global conservation : Total charge in universe is always the same.
Local conservation : Charges can move from one place to
another, but the algebraic sum of the positive and negative
charges in a isolated system remains unchanged.
Charge is quantized.
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Point charge, charge density

Small volume(surface, line) : small enough to represent an accurate

variation, but large enough to contain a very large number of discrete
charges
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Current
Rate of change of charge with respect to time
Current density
Volume current density : amount of current flowing through a unit area
normal to the direction of current flow vector point function (A/m
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Surface current density : current per unit width on the conductor
surface normal to the direction of current (A/m)
Fundamental electromagnetic field quantities
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Symbols and Units
for Field Quantities
Field Quantity Symbol Unit
Electric
Electric field intensity E V/m
Electric flux density D C/m
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Magnetic
Magnetic flux density B T
Magnetic field intensity H A/m
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Units : SI is an MKSA system
Universal constants
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Permittivity (, ) F/m
Measure of how an electric field affects
Ability of a material to polarize in response to the field
thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material
Material's ability to transmit (or "permit") an electric field

Permeability (, ) H/m
The degree of magnetization that a material obtains in response to an
applied magnetic field

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Chap. 2 Vector Analysis
Vector : A quantity that has a magnitude and a direction
Notation
Vector algebra
Addition, subtraction, commutative law, associative law.
Products of Vectors
Scalar multiplication :
Scalar (or Dot) product
Commutative law, distributive law
Vector (or Cross product)
: unit vector normal to the ab plane and following right-hand rule
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Product of three vectors
Scalar triple product
Vector triple product back-cap rule
Orthogonal coordinate systems
A point in a three-dimensional space can be determined by intersections of
three surfaces.
u
1
= constant, u
2
= constant, u
3
= constant (need not all be lengths. e.g.
angle)
In Cartesian or rectangular coordinate, u
1
= x, u
2
= y, u
3
= z
When these three surfaces are mutually perpendicular to one another
orthogonal coordinate system
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Right-handed, curvilinear, orthogonal coordinate system
Base vectors : unit vectors in the three coordinate system :
Any vector can be written as
Example 2-4
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Rectangular (Cartesian) Coordinate System (RCS)
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Metric coefficient : conversion factor of differential change into
a change in length may itself be a function of s:
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: differential length
: differential volume
: differential area
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Cylindrical Coordinate System (CCS)
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Cylindrical Coordinate System (CCS)
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Coordinate conversion between RCS and CCS
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Spherical Coordinate System (SCS)
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Spherical Coordinate System (SCS)
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Integrals containing vector functions
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Gradient of a scalar field : the vector that represents both the
magnitude and the direction of the maximum space rate of increase
of a scalar
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Divergence of a vector field : the net outward flux of vector field per
unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
Divergence in RCS
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High order term
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In orthogonal, curvilinear coordinate system
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Divergence Theorem: the volume integral of the divergence of a
vector field equals the total outward flux of the vector through the
surface that bounds the volume.
Physical interpretation
Positive divergence : source, negative divergence : sink
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