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c
]); (iii) Food to
microorganisms ratio (i.e., S
0
/ [X]). [23=6 points]
Solution 4
7
8
Q5. During nitrification process, calculate amounts of oxygen required and alkalinity required to
completely convert 10 mg/L ammonia to nitrate using balanced equations? [5 points]
9
Additional Questions-Part 2 (Courtesy: Dr. Arvind K. Nema)
QA5 The water content of solids slurry (WW sludge) is reduced from 98 to 95 %. What is the percent
reduction in volume assuming that solids contain 70% organic matter of specific gravity 1.0 and 30%
mineral matters of specific gravity 2.0? What is the specific gravity of 98 and 95% slurry?
QA6. Assuming that the data given in QA5 belongs to primary sludge. What will be the volume of
digested slurry in case 60% of the volatile solids are destroyed and water content is reduced to 90%?
QA7 An anaerobic reactor, operated at 35
o
C, treats wastewater with a flow of 2000m
3
/d and a
biological soluble COD (bsCOD) concentration of 500g/m
3
. At 90% bsCOD removal and a biomass
synthesis yield of 0.04 g Volatile Suspended Solids/ g bsCOD used, estimate the amount of methane
produced in m
3
/d.
Solution
Step 1: Prepare a steady state mass balance for COD to determine the amount of influent COD
converted to methane.
COD
in
= COD
eff
+ COD
VSS(biomass)
+ COD
methane
COD
in
= COD concentration in influent x Wastewater Inflow
COD
eff
= COD concentration in effluent x Wastewater Inflow
COD
VSS
= 1.42 g COD/g VSS x Yield coeff g VSS/g COD x Efficiency of system
COD
methane
= ?
Step 2: Determine the volume of gas occupied by 1 mole of gas at 35
o
C.
Step 3: The CH
4
equivalent of COD converted under anaerobic conditions =
(L/ mole)/ (64 g COD/ mole CH
4
)
Step 4: CH
4
production = COD
methane
x CH
4
equivalent of COD converted
10
QA8: Design a complete mix activated sludge process to treat 0.25 m
3
/s of wastewater with BOD
5
of
250 mg/L. The effluent is to have BOD
5
of 20mg/L or less. Assume the temperature is 20
o
C and the
following conditions are applicable.
- The influent and effluent microorganism concentrations are negligible. Food and
microorganisms are completely mixed in the aeration basin. Wastewater contains adequate
nitrogen, phosphorus and other trace nutrients for biological growth.
- Ratio of MLVSS to MLSS is 0.8. (MLSS and MLVSS: Mixed liquor suspended solids
(represents total solids) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (represents biological
solids).
- MLVSS concentration in the reactor = 3500 mg/L; Return sludge concentration = 10,000
mg/L;
- Design mean cell residence time (
C
) is 10 days
- Effluent contains 22 mg/L of biosolids, of which 65% is biodegradable
- Kinetic coefficients: K
s
= 50 mg/L;
m
= 5.0 d
-1
; k
d
= 0.06 d
-1
and Y = 0.50
Solution:
Step1: Estimate the concentration of soluble BOD
5
in the effluent (eff)
BOD
5
in the eff = Soluble BOD
5
in the eff + BOD
5
in the eff suspended solids
BOD
5
= 0.68 x BOD
L
Step 2: Determine the treatment efficiency
Step 3. Compute the reactor volume
( )
( ) 1
1
+
=
d m c
c d s
k
k K
S
( )
( )
c d
o c
k
S S Y
X
=
1
Q
V
=
r w
c
X Q
VX
=
S = BOD concentration in activated sludge (S = BOD
5
allowed BOD
5
in SS) [mg/L]
X = microorganism concentration in activated sludge [mg/L of MLVSS]
X
r
= microorganism concentration in recycle [mg/L of VSS]
S
O
= influent BOD [mg/L]
c
= mean cell resident time in the aeration tank [d]
= hydraulic detention time [d]
V = aeration tank volume [m
3
]
Q = flow rate [m
3
/d]
Q
w
= flow rate of waste sludge [m
3
/d]
m
=
maximum specific substrate utilization rate [d
-1
]
K
S
= half-maximum rate concentration [mg/L]
k
d
= endogenous-decay rate coefficient [d
-1
]
Y = yield coefficient [mg/L MLVSS/mg/L]
11
Step 4. Food to Microorganism Ratio:
To keep the microorganisms efficient, the Food to Microorganism Ratio (F/M) must be keep low
(around 0.10 to 1.0 mg/L-d).
VX
QS
M
F
o
= To achieve a low F/M ratio, use a low sludge wasting rate (Q
w
) creating a long cell
detention time (
c
)
Step 5. Waste Sludge Production:
Excess sludge is produced during the activated sludge process that must be treated and disposed of.
To estimate the excess sludge production, use the following equation:
( )( )
g
kg
o
c d
x
S S Q
k
Y
P
3
10
1
+
=
P
x
= waste activated sludge produced [kg VSS/d]
Step 6. Oxygen Requirements:
Activated sludge uses large volumes of oxygen in the production of sludge and the consumption of
BOD. However, oxygen is produced during cell formation by moving from right to left per Equation
5-44:
C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 5O
2
<-----> 5CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + NH
3
+ energy
The ratio of oxygen usage to cell formation is 5(32)/113 = 1.42.
Subtracting cell formation from the oxygen consumed in the reduction of BOD (S
O
-S), the oxygen
requirements of activated sludge can be estimated:
( )( )
x
g
kg
o
O
P
f
S S Q
M 42 . 1
10
3
2