You are on page 1of 5

OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR ROCKS

One of the most important factors in petroleum and even in the geothermal
system is rocks. Rock is a colection of some minerals and mineral was formed
from several chemical bonds. Reservoir rocks geneally consists of sedimentary
rocks among others sand rocks and carbonate (clastic sediments) and shale rocks
(non-clastic rocks) or sometimes volcanic rocks.
Substantially all of rocks can be a reservoir rocks when they can store and
distribute oil, gas, or others fluid.
The rocks that containing oil and gas the position is intermittent with the
other rocks that do not contain hydrocarbons. The rocks form a system petroleum
(petroleum sequence or petroleum system).
a. Carbonate rocks
Carbonate rocks is the rock formed from precipitation process, as
for the process of formation of carbonate rocks is the chemical
sedimentation process and biochemistry the form carbonate, sulfate,
silicate, phosphate,etc. All of sedimentation that precipitated in the
shallow marine by means of evaporation and collection of organic
colloidal from saline and organisms such as bacteria. The sediment
organisms is called organic sediment or sedimentary biogenic like as
limestone, dolomite, coral, algae, and coal.
Teh best depositional environment for the process as well as a
hydrocarbon trap in carbonate rocks is carbonate lagoon environment and
shelf that experienced a rapid subsidence, then coral reefs associated with
the environment and the area of carbonate rocks turbidite. Reservoir rocks
that formed together (alternately or side by side) with the host rock cosists
of bioklastik carbonate rocks, oolite, reefs, and dolomite.
The carbonate rocks is the important reservoir rocks for oil and
gas. From 75% land which is supervised by sedimentary rocks,
approxymately 1/5 from the sedimentary rocks consists of carbonate rocks.
b. Sand stone
Sand stone is the type of reservoir rocks that important and the
most often found. The percentage is 60% from the all of reservoir rocks is
sand stone. The porosity of this stone that only intergranular, there are
pores between the grains and particularly so in primary, so cavities occur
when the precipitation. Mineral and chemical composition contained in the
sandstone has a different composition because different sedimentation
process and depotitional environment.
According Pettijohn sand stone devided into 3 groups are
Orthoquartzites, Graywacke, and Arkose. The division is based on mineral
content. Mineral content and chemical composition of the constituent
reservoir rocks affect the amount of sorting that can affect the magnitude
of the pore Reservoir rocks.
RESERVOIR
Reservoir is a place of oil and gas accumulation. In general, oil
reservoirs have different characteristics depending on the composition,
temperature and pressure at the place where the accumulation of hydrocarbons in
it Oil storage room in the reservoir in the form of cavities or pores are low .
A reservoir of oil, gas, or thermal fluid typically has three main elements
namely the presence of reservoir rock, the overburden and the trap.
Some terms of oil and gas accumulation is :
1. Presence of host rock
Host rock is sedimentary rock containing organic material such as the
remains of animals and plants that has undergone a maturation process with a very
long time to produce oil and gas .
2. Presence Reservoir rock
Reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks that have pores, so the oil and gas
produced can enter the host rock and accumulates.
3. Presence Cap Rock (Overburden rock)
Overburden rock is sedimentary rock that can not be traversed by a fluid
(impermeable), so that the oil and gas trapped in the rock.
4. The existence of a migration path
Migration path is the path of oil and gas from source rock to accumulate in
the trap. The track is mostly derived from geological events, such as faults.
In essence, each rock can act as a reservoir rock origin have the ability to
store and release the oil. In this case the reservoir rock must bear two important
physical properties that should have a porosity that provides the ability to store,
and also graduation or permeability .

A. Porosity
Porosity is defined as the ratio between the volume of rock that is not
occupied by solids volume of the rock as a whole, or porosity is the ability of a
rock to hold water or fluid.
Based on the time and manner of occurrence, the porosity can also be
classified into two, among others:
1. Primary porosity, the porosity formed at the same time with the deposition
process takes place .
2. Secondary porosity, the porosity of the rock that is formed after the
deposition process .
The size of the porosity is influenced by several factors, including grain
size, grain composition, slope angle and composition of rock-forming minerals .
B. Permeability
Permeability is the ability of a rock to pass water or fluid. There are
three types of permeability is known that the absolute permeability, effective
permeability, and relative permeability.
1. Absolute permeability used for single phase fluid flow
2. Effective permeability is used to stream consisting of two or more phases .
3. Permeabililtas relative is the ratio between the effective absolute
permeability, depending on the type fluidnya .
Permeability coefficient depends mainly on the average pore size is
influenced by the particle size distribution, particle shape and structure of the soil.
Broadly speaking, the smaller the particle size, the smaller the pore size and the
lower the coefficient of permeability .

You might also like