978-1-4244-5961-2/10/$26.

00 2010 IEEE 1478

2010 Sixth International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2010)
A Fault Line Selection Algorithm Using Neural
Network Based on S-Transform Energy

Shu Hongchun, Qiu GefeiLi Chaofan
School of Electrical Engineering
Kunming University of Science and Technology
Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
Peng Shixin
Kunming Power Supply Bureau
Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China

AbstractAn approach to detect fault line in distribution network
using neural network based on S-transform energy is proposed und
after analyzing the variance of fault characteristic frequency of zero
sequence current in each feeder line of overhead line and
underground cable mixed lines. In order to avoid the effect of TAs
disconnection angle, the short window data of first 1/4 cycle are
selected. The S-transform is carried out to determine the main
characteristic frequency of fault zero sequence current, and taking the
Short Window energy of the main characteristic frequency as the
target input to form BP neural network model, thus the fault line can
be detected adaptively. State component and various noises can be
filtered out utilizing S-transform to determine the main characteristic
frequency. Fault detecting margin can be enhanced by adjusting the
weight of criterion through neural network training accurately. The
theoretic analysis and simulations demonstrate the feasibility and
validity of this approach, also the problem that training time is too
long and network result is too complex is well solved when using
traditional neural network to detect fault line.
Keywords- S-transform energy; main characteristic frequency;
neural network; overhead line and underground cable
I. INTRODUCTION
Fault in distribution network mostly is single phase fault.
In recent years, the massive researches on fault line selection
technology have been done by scholars. And lots of fault line
selection methods based on stable component
[1,2]
, transient
component
[3-10]
and the selection of wave head of traveling
wave
[11-18]
were proposed. There are richness transient
component of single phase fault in distribution network, and
the acquisition of transient component does not need too high
sampling frequency, so the fault line selection method based
on transient component attracts scholars attention. By now,
the veracity and reliability of fault line selection can not
satisfy the project actual request by far, so it is necessary to
process fundamental research and project practice.
S-transformed is a kind of time-frequency analysis method
which based on continual wavelet transformation and short-
time Fourier transformation. The direct result of extracted
signal been S-transformed is a duplicate time-frequency
matrix, which include the information distributed by time and
frequency such as signal peak-to-peak value and phase etc. It
supplies the foundation information to extract each kind of
character of the signal.
BP network is a sort of multi-layered, forward feed neural
network. Its neuron's transfer function is the S form function,
and the output is a continual quantity between 0 and 1, which
realizes the random nonlinearity mapping from the input to the
output.
By analyzing the variance of fault characteristic frequency of
zero sequence current in each feeder line of overhead line and
underground cable mixed lines, the short window data of first 1/4
cycle are selected to detect fault line in distribution network using
neural network based on S-transform energy. The S-transform is
carried out to determine the main characteristic frequency of fault
zero sequence current, and taking the Short Window energy of the
main characteristic frequency as the target input to form BP neural
network model, thus the fault line can be detected adaptively.
II. ELECTROMAGNETISM TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTIC
ANALYSIS OF MIXED CABLE-LINE GRID
Without lose of generality, take a mixed cable-line
resonance grounding system as example. The model of
110kV/35kV distribution grid with single phase grounding
fault is constructed as Fig. 1, it has 6 lines, and the neutral
point of Z transformer has been grounded via arc
suppression coil, the current transformer is LSJC-35 type. The
overhead lines L1=15kmL3=18kmL5=30kmcable-line
mixed line L4=17kmin which the length of overhead line is
12km and the length of cable is 5km, the cable L2=6km
L6=8km. In which the overhead line use JS1 pole and LGJ
70 line conductor, the line span is 80m, the type of cable is
YJV23-35/95.
L
1
35kV 110kV
T
Z
L
R
T
K
C
B
A
.
.
.
CBA
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
. .
.
.

.
.
.
R
f
.
.
.
. .
.
.

L
2
L
3 omission
L
4
L
6
L
5 omission
i
01
i
04
i
06
load
load
load

Fig.1 Radial resonant earthed system
When single phase fault occurs in resonance grounding
system with 10% over compensation, the transition resistance
is 20 and the closing angle of fault is 90, the zero-sequence
current of fault line L1 and sound line L2, L3 is shown in
1479
Figure 2. The process of the electric charge and discharge in
the capacity between sound lines and earth are similar. Due to
action of the additional zero-sequence current source, the
transient component waveforms of zero-sequence current of
fault lines are the most distinct from the other lines.
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-200
0
200
400
600
t/s
i/A
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
t/s
L2
L3
i/A

(a) fault line (b) sound line
Fig.2 Fault zero-sequence current of 90
o

III. CALCULATION OF SHORT WINDOW ENERGY USING S-
TRANSFORM
A. Theory of S-Transform
S-transformed is a kind of time-frequency analysis method
which based on continual wavelet transformation and short-
time Fourier transformation.
The discrete form of S-transform can be expressed as:
[ ] [ ]
2 2 2
1
2 / j2 /
0
, 0
N
k n km N
k
S m n X n k e e n

=
= +

1
[ ] [ ]
1
0
1
, 0
N
k
S m n x k n
N

=
= =

2
in which
[ ] [ ]
1
j2 /
0
1
N
kn N
k
X n x k e
N

=
=

3
B. Transient Energy
Zero sequence energy function of each feeder is defined
as:
0 0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) =1,2, ,6
t
i i
W t u i d i =

4
In which, Wi(t)-zero sequence energy function of Li after
fault, u0(t)-zero sequence voltage of bus i0i(t)0-zero
sequence current of Li.
Transient energy function of the first 1/4 cycle after fault is
defined as:
T
4
0 0
0
T
( ) ( ) ( ) =1,2, ,6
4
i i
W u i d i =

5
Utilizing S-transform to extract the characteristic of each
frequency of each signal and according to formula (1),(2) and
(5) simultaneously transient energy of each line on fn by S-
transform is defined as:
[ ]
2
( , ) =1,2, ,6
i n
m
W S m n i

6
C. Determination of Characteristic Frequency
Sample data zero current in the first 1/4 cycle after fault
was analyzed utilizing S-transform and frequency spacing of
two adjacent frequencies is obtained according to the
definition of frequency S-transform resolution.
200Hz
s
f
f
N
= = 7
The energy distribution of fault line L1and sound lines on
frequency fn are shown in Fig.3.
5 10 15 20 25
0
1
2
3
4
x10
m
W
5
5 10 15 20 25
0
1
2
3
4
x10
m
W
4

(a) fault line L1 (b) sound line L2
5 10 15 20 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
m
W
5 10 15 20 25
0
1
2
3
m
W
x10
4

(c) sound line L3 (d) sound line L4
5 10 15 20 25
0
500
1000
1500
m
W
5 10 15 20 25
0
2
4
6
8
m
W
x10
4

(e) sound line L5 (f) sound line L6
Fig.3 Energy distribution at each frequency L1 fault
As shown in Fig.3, short window energy of all lines is
largest on frequency 400Hz and the energy on this frequency
can reflect the characteristics of fault short window energy.
5 10 15 20 25
0
20
40
60
80 W
m
5 10 15 20 25
0
1000
2000
3000
W
m

(a) sound line L1 (b) sound line L2
5 10 15 20 25
0
10
20
30
40
50
m
W
5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
x10
m
W
4

(c) sound line L3 (d) fault line L4
5 10 15 20 25
0
20
40
60
80
100
m
W
5 10 15 20 25
0
2000
4000
6000
m
W

(e) sound line L5 (f) sound line L6
Fig.4 Energy distribution at each frequency L4 fault
When fault occurred on L4 with 20o closing angle through
200 transition resistance, transient energy of each line on
each frequency point fn were obtained by performing S-
1480
transform on zero sequence current of each line in 1/4 cycle
after fault, which is shown in Fig.4.
As shown in Fig.4, energy of L2, L4, L5, L6 concentrate
on f0=0Hz mostly, i.e. direct current component, and energy
of L1 and L3 concentrate on the frequency 3600Hz and
3000Hz respectively. While transient energy of fault line L4 is
100 times larger than other ones. Transient energy sum on
each frequency point fn were obtained according to formula
(6) by adding the energy on each frequency point of all lines.
[ ]
2
( , ) =1,2, ,6
n
i m
W S m n i =

8
In term of formula (8), sum up the energy on each
frequency point fn of each line in Fig.4 and the result is shown
in Fig.5.
5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
x10
m
W
4

Fig.5 Total energy distribution at each frequency
From Fig.5 and Fig.6, it can be concluded that the
frequency with largest energy sum on each frequency point of
each line is consistent with the one on which fault lines
energy is mostly concentrated, therefore the frequency with
largest short window energy of zero sequence current in all
lines is defined as main characteristic frequency ftz of fault.
D. Transient Energy of Characteristic Frequency
Short window energy on main characteristic frequency of
each line can be calculated according to formula (6) after main
characteristic frequency is determined:
[ ]
2
_
( , ) =1,2, ,6
i te
m
W S m k i =

9
In the cases that shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4, the
distribution of short window energy on main characteristic
frequency of each line is shown in Fig.6.
1 2 3 4 5 6 0
1
2
3
4
5
i
W
x10
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
x10
i
W
4

(a) line L
1
fault (b) line L
4
fault
Fig.6 Energy distribution at characteristic frequency of each line
IV. DESIGN OF BP NETWORK
A. Structure Design Based on BP Network
(1) Input layer and output layer design
Fault line's short window energy is the largest, so fault line
selection can be realized by comparing the short window
energy of all the lines. When fault occurs, taking short window
energy of 6 lines of the system in Fig.1 as input layer
information, thus the dimension of input layer, which
represent short window energy of the 6 lines, is 6.
(2) The selection of hidden layer number
The performance of the network depends on the number of
hidden layer directly. A single hidden layer BP network may
approach any complicated function. With the single hidden
layer, the triplex layer neural network can carry out any
complicated function mapping. The triplex layer network is
chosen in this article chooses with single hidden layer to make
the network in simplification.
(3) The neuron number of hidden layer
By the methods of the hidden layer neuron number
determination such as trim method, growth method, self-
adapting method etc, the range of the hidden layer neuron
number is determined in [5,14]. According to the sample data
and the designed network structure, the neuron number of the
concealment layer is finally fixed on 8 through simulation
testing utilizing the data mining tools like WEKA and the
neural network toolbox.
The structure of BP network is shown in Fig.7.
Fault
Fault
Input
Layer
Output
Layer
Hidden Layer
Fault
Fault

Fig.7 Structure of BP network
B. The Parameter Design of BP Network
(1) The selection of network initial value
The range of initial value from the input layer to the
hidden layer is (0, 1/ 6 ), and the range of initial value from
the hidden layer to output layer is setting as (02/ 3 ).
(2) The setting of network study parameter
The experiment is processed with the goal of definite
performance as 0.1. Train the network unceasingly by
selecting different study rate and momentum constant, after
the weight values reach the steady state, it is found that the
effect of network study is most ideal when setting study
parameter as 0.3 and momentum constant as 0.2.
V. THE TRAINING OF BP NETWORK
A. The Selection of Training Samples
Simulation was performed when single phase grounding
fault occur in the distribution grid shown in Fig.1, while fault
position was separately set at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% of the
total length in each line, the transition resistance is separately
20, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250 and the
closing angle is separately 0, 30, 45, 60, 90. 20 different
types of bus faults were designed and thus 860 groups of
waiting training samples were obtained.
1481
Initial training samples were pretreated, i.e. short window
energy data from zero sequence current of the 6 lines were
extracted and finally 860 groups of training samples were
obtained.
B. The Pretreatment of Sample Data
To eliminate the effect of energy absolute value of
networks study ability, normalized pretreatment is performed
on study sample data according to formula (9). Thus the
sample date ranges in the zone [0,1] after normalized
pretreatment.
* min
max min
W W
W
W W

9
In which, W
*
-short window energy of line after
normalized pretreatment, W-absolute value, W
max
W
min

maximum and minimum short window energy in 6 lines
C. Error Criterion Function
Order N as the sum of the modes including training set
and the average value of error energy is:
1
1
( )
N
av
n
E E n
N
=
=

(10)
In which, E(n)-instantaneous value of error energy.
D. Stop Condition of Training
Two conditions that the value of minimum error criterion
function and the maximum iteration times are chosen as the
condition to stop training and judge convergent of network.
VI. IDENTIFICATION OF BP NETWORK
As for a trained network, the process of identification is
just a recall process of network. Prescribe that the output value
of component reaching 0 when it is less than or equal to 0.2
and reaching 1 when it is more than or equal to 0.8. The output
value of component reaches 1 means the lines correspondingly
is fault, while all output values of component reach 0 resulting
in the bus fault.
VII. METHOD OF FAULT LINE SELECTION
The schematic diagram of fault line selection is shown in
Fig.8. Firstly, characteristic frequency of transient zero
sequence current is determined according to the maximum
energy sum criterion, then the transient energy on each
frequency point of each line is extracted as the characteristic
value to perform of training neural network and thus fault line
is obtained through adjusting the weighting value and outing
the value.










Fig.8 Schematic diagram of fault line selection
VIII. SIMULATION
Samples with different closing angle and transition
resistance of various fault types were selected as testing ones
to verify the stability and validity of the system through
network recall. Limited by the pages, only part simulation
results are shown in Table 1.compared with the actual
situation, precision of fault line selection reaches 99.31%.

TABLE I. RESULT OF FAULT LINE SELECTION
Fault type Li
Xf
(km)
Rf
()

(deg)
Output of network recall Fault line
Line fault
1 2
40 0 [10.00010000.0002] L1
300 30 [0.92240.00010.00240.010.00020.248] L1
40 60 [0.98250.00040.1470.2480.00660.0541] L1
300 90 [0.968500.01120.0040.00030.1786] L1
5
15
300 0 [0.00180.0020.02650.0020.9980] L5
40 30 [0.00050.00110.0250.000510.046] L5
28
300 60 [00.16740.01530.00010.8760.004] L5
400 90 [0.00260.00350.02680.00210.91340.001] L5
Bus fault bus 0
300 0 [0.05750.00010.19680.00330.09890.0054] bus
40 30 [0.00170.02970.00540.00130.00190.057] bus
20 60 [0.09640.00010.00080.006400.0029] bus
200 90 [0.2250.00540.0160.18510.380.021] bus
Arc fault 3 10 40
0 [0.14370.12620.998700.11710.0296] L3
30 [0.0010.00010.79250.03660.17630.0361] L3
60 [0.13890.07120.99990.34250.00010] L3
90 [0.05940.06370.86270.04140.01060.016] L3
Note: Li-fault line; Xf -distance from fault point to bus; Rf -transition resistance-fault closing angle.
IX. CONCLUSION
The fault line selection algorithm proposed in this paper
using neural network based on S-transform adopts T/4 short
window data, thus CTs saturation disconnection angle is

avoided; utilizes S-transform to extract fault transient
information, the effect of fundamental frequency component
and other non characteristic frequency band component are
eliminated, so the reliability and sensitivity are both improved;
ANN1
ANN2
ANN6
.
.
.
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
1_
2_
6_
W
W
W
te
te
te

1482
takes short window energy extracted by S-transform as
training sample of neural network, therefore the sample result
is simple and the difference of fault line and sound line can be
reflected distinctly, the training time is greatly decreased and
the network is more easier to be convergent.
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