You are on page 1of 21

30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 1/21
Masquerade at the Carnival of
Venice.
Carnival
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a festive season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main
events are usually during February. Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some
elements of a circus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during the celebrations,
which mark an overturning of the norms of daily life. In Germany and the Netherlands, the Carnival season is
traditionally opened on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the former longer
Advent season (40 days now reduced to about four weeks), or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.
Carnival is traditionally held in areas with a large Catholic and to a lesser extent, Eastern Orthodox makeup.
Protestant areas usually do not have Carnival celebrations or have modified traditions, such as the Danish
Carnival or other Shrove Tuesday events. Conversely, the Philippines, though a predominantly Roman Catholic
country, does not have Carnival celebrations because it has been culturally influenced by neighboring Asian
nations, which do not have Carnival celebrations.
[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Etymology
2.1 From carne levare
2.2 From carne vale
2.3 From carrus navalis
3 Theories
4 Carnival in specific countries
4.1 Africa
4.1.1 Cape Verde Islands
4.1.2 Seychelles
4.1.3 Zimbabwe
4.2 Asia
4.2.1 Indonesia
4.2.2 India
4.2.3 Israel
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Belgium
4.3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.3.3 Croatia
4.3.4 Cyprus
4.3.5 Czech Republic
4.3.6 Denmark and Norway
4.3.7 England
4.3.8 France
4.3.9 Germany, Switzerland and Austria
4.3.10 Greece
4.3.11 Hungary
4.3.12 Italy
4.3.13 Lithuania
4.3.14 Luxembourg
4.3.15 Macedonia
4.3.16 Malta
4.3.17 Netherlands
4.3.18 Poland
4.3.19 Portugal
4.3.19.1 Azores
4.3.19.2 Madeira
4.3.20 Russia
4.3.21 Slovakia
4.3.22 Slovenia
4.3.23 Spain
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 2/21
Carnival in Rome circa 1650
4.3.23.1 Andalusia
4.3.23.2 Canary Islands
4.3.23.3 Catalonia
4.3.24 Turkey
4.4 North America and Central America
4.4.1 Caribbean
4.4.1.1 Aruba
4.4.1.2 Antigua
4.4.1.3 Barbados
4.4.1.4 Belize
4.4.1.5 Dominica
4.4.1.6 Dominican Republic
4.4.1.7 Haiti
4.4.1.8 Jamaica
4.4.1.9 Puerto Rico
4.4.1.10 Trinidad and Tobago
4.4.2 Guatemala
4.4.3 Honduras
4.4.4 Nicaragua
4.4.5 Mexico
4.4.6 Panama
4.4.7 Canada
4.4.8 United States
4.4.8.1 Louisiana
4.5 South America
4.5.1 Argentina
4.5.2 Bolivia
4.5.3 Brazil
4.5.3.1 Salvador, Bahia
4.5.3.2 Rio de Janeiro
4.5.4 Colombia
4.5.5 Ecuador
4.5.6 French Guiana
4.5.7 Peru
4.5.7.1 Cajamarca
4.5.7.2 Violence
4.5.8 Uruguay
4.5.9 Venezuela
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History
The Lenten period of the Liturgical year Church calendar, being the six weeks directly before Easter, was
marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. Traditionally during Lent, no parties or other
celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fats and sugar.
The forty days of Lent, recalling the Gospel accounts of the forty days that Jesus spent in the wilderness,
serve to mark an annual time of turning. In the days before Lent, all rich food and drink had to be disposed
of. The consumption of this, in a giant party that involved the whole community, is thought to be the origin
of Carnival.
[2]
While it forms an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many carnival
traditions resemble those that date back to pre-Christian times
(http://www.cantao.net/index_arquivos/Carnaval.htm). The Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be
derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be
based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus
Christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 3/21
Games during the carnival at Rio de Janeiro,
c. 1822
Many local carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, for example the elaborate rites involving masked figures in the
SwabianAlemannic Fastnacht. However, there is insufficient evidence to establish a direct origin from
Saturnalia or other ancient festivals for Carnival. There are no complete accounts of Saturnalia and the
shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, the wearing of masks and permitted
rule-breaking are rather general features that do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival nor links
between festivals.
[3]
Rather than imagine Carnival as having an essence that might be traced to antiquity
based on superficial similarities, a different interpretation of these similarities is that people draw on a
reservoir of cultural resources to create new forms with different meanings and functions. For example,
anthropologist Brad Erickson has pointed out the common, often reversed elements of Easter and Carnival,
which form the ritual bookends around Lent. Easter begins with the death of Jesus, followed by a liminal
period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, followed by a liminal
period and ends with his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar, and both Jesus and King
Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with by the sacrifice of their
deaths. In the case of Jesus the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the
acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of earthly life.
[4]
The commonalities between church rituals and imagery and those of
Carnival caution against portraying them as oppositional, in spite of the play of inversions. Anthropologist Manuel Delgado points out that the drama of
Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Jesus is the victim of summary judgement and is tortured and executed before mobbed spectators, and Holy Week
processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Thus for Delgado, carnivalesque irreverence, parody, degradation, and
laughing at a tragicomic God are not negations of the sacred order but intensifications of it.
[5]
Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade ball masquerading, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of
Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival. From Italy, carnival traditions spread to the Catholic nations of Spain, Portugal, and France.
From France [is questionable, since they never celebrated Carneval with parades and costumes?], it spread to the Rhineland of Germany, and to New
France in North America. From Spain and Portugal [neither Spain nor Portugal celebrates carneval either], they spread with Catholic colonization to the
Caribbean and Latin America. In 1823 the first worldwide [or noticed worldwide] carnival parade took place in Cologne, Germany. The upper
Rhineland is mostly Protestant as is most Northern Germany and Northern Europe. Actually, Carneval, Fasching or Fastnacht in Germany developed
from pagan traditions that mixed with Christian traditions. People celebrated before Lent began with parades, costumes and masks to endure the period
of Lent and withdrawal from worldly pleasures.
Riderless Racers at Rome by Thodore Gricault. From the mid-15th century until 1882, spring
carnival in Rome closed with a horse race. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from
the Barbary Coast of North Africa, ran the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street,
in about 2 minutes.
Other areas have developed their own traditions. In the United Kingdom, West Indian immigrants brought with them the traditions of Caribbean
Carnival, however the Carnivals now celebrated at Notting Hill, London; Leeds, Yorkshire, and other places have become divorced from their cycle in
the religious year, becoming purely secular events, that take place in the summer months.
Etymology
The Latin-derived name of the holiday is sometimes also spelled Carnaval, typically in areas where French, Spanish, and Portuguese are spoken, or
Carnevale in Italian-speaking contexts. A considerable number of alternative names also are used for various regional and local celebrations of the
holiday.
Particularly in North America, the term has come to be associated with a kind of travelling amusement show, which is referred to as a traveling carnival
or simply carnival (lower-case).
The exact origin of the name "Carnival" is disputed, between those that argue a link with the Italian word "carne" (meat), and those that argue a link with
the word "carrus" (car). The link with carne would suggest an origin within Christianity, while the link with carro with earlier religions.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 4/21
Carnival on the day of
Donetsk city in Ukraine, 2010
From carne levare
Those that argue for the origin from "carne", point to variants in Italian dialects that would suggest that the name comes from the Italian carne levare or
similar, meaning "to remove meat", since meat is prohibited during Lent.
[6]
However, carneval is celebrated before lent, as it ends on/before Ash
Wednesday.
From carne vale
Folk etymologies
[6]
exist which state that the word comes from the Late Latin expression carne vale, which means "farewell to meat", signifying that
those were the last days when one could eat meat before the fasting of Lent. The word carne may also be translated as flesh, so suggesting carne vale as
"a farewell to the flesh", a phrase actually embraced by certain Carnival celebrants who encourage letting go of your former (or everyday) self and
embracing the carefree nature of the festival. However, explanations proceeding from carne vale seem to be folk etymologies and are not supported by
philological evidence.
[6]
From carrus navalis
Other scholars argue for the origin from the Roman name for the festival of the Navigium Isidis (ship of Isis), where the image of Isis was carried to the
sea-shore to bless the start of the sailing season.
[7]
The festival consisted of a parade of masks following an adorned wooden boat, that would reflect the
floats of modern Carnivals.
[8]
Modern Carnival shares resemblances with the Navigium Isidis.
[9]
Theories
Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin's doctoral thesis, later published as Rabelais and His World, argued that
Carnival is a social institution and developed a theory about the role of humor and popular ritual in Carnival to produce
a festive perception of the world constituting a second life of the people beyond and outside of the seriousness of
officialdom. He also developed a theory of the carnival grotesque in which the lower bodily strata (eating, sex,
defecation) serve as a medium through which to challenge the powerful. He argued that the feast is a primary human
cultural form, rejecting as superficial its reduction to the need for rest from work.
[10]
A once popular view held that Carnival served as a safety valve, for people to release antisocial impulses that threaten
the social order. Therefore Carnival serves to reinforce status quo social norms.
[11]
Applying Arnold Van Gennep's
model of the rites of passage
[12]
to Carnival, anthropologist Victor Turner initially held this view
[13]
but later came to
see Carnival as producing social transformation
[14]
Folklorist Roger Abrahams moved beyond generalization about the
function of Carnival to show that rather than producing one kind of effect, different social sectors used Carnival to
focus attention on conflicts and incongruities by embodying them in "senseless" acts.
[15]
Carnival in specific countries
Africa
Cape Verde Islands
Carnival was introduced to the Cape Verde Islands by the Portuguese who settled there bringing with them Catholic festivities and traditions to the
uninhabited islands. The pre-Lenten celebration is considered one of most colorful carnivals of Africa and is celebrated in each of the nine inhabited
islands of the archipelago. The carnival of Mindelo, in the island of Sao Vicente is considered the most animated, where a number of groups challenge
each other for the yearly prize. The carnival of Cape Verde, especially of Mindelo, have witnessed in recent years considerable influences from Brazilian
carnival traditions. The celebration in the neighboring island of Sao Nicolau is considered to be the more traditional, where established groups celebrate
the festival parading through the narrow colonial streets of Ribeira Brava, culminating in the picturesque town square. The Carnival of Sao Nicolau has
also suffered interference from Brazilian Carnival, especially with the drums, floats, and costumes. In Sao Nicolau there is a presence of three groups:
Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona. Every group constructs its float in their very own stall using fire, journal papers for the mold, iron and
steel to give height and width; they also paint it to bring the floats to life. Carnival Sao Nicolau is celebrated three days: Saturday at dawn, Sunday in the
afternoon, and finally Tuesday, the last day before Lent. The group's rehearsals are outdoors, inside the soccer courts. The Carnival Groups of Sao
Nicolau are spectacular, as they shine with fabulous costumes and pomp. This Carnival has attracted tourists from world over and is a popular
destination of tourism in the island.
Seychelles
The Seychelles carnival has been taking place each year since 2011. It has had many participants every year from all the continents except Antarctica. It
is always held in the capital city of Victoria and takes place in the series of 3 days
Day 1: the grand opening held every year in the city center near the clock tower.
Day 2: the parade day. On this day the participants walk and dance around Victoria showing off their talents.
Day 3: the closing ceremony and lottery winning. On this day people join together at freedom square where they can get onto the floats and watch the
performances.
Every year there is a group from Brazil, Spain, Italy and Indonesia and every year the number of participants get bigger and so do the number of
spectators.
Zimbabwe
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 5/21
Goan Christians participating at the
Goan Carnival, late 20th century
Revellers at the modern Goan
Carnival
Giant Joker of Maaseik
in 2013
The Harare international Carnival has been dubbed the biggest street party in southern Africa.Every year late in May the capital city comes to life.Many
different countries take part in the festivities.There are events for a few days including fashion and music shows of different themes.The climax is the
street party with brilliant costumes and music.
[16]
Asia
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the word "carnival" or sometimes rendered as carnaval or Indonesian karnaval, is not related to the Christian pre-Lent festivities, but more
to festivals in general, especially those with processions and extravagant costumes, similar with the Brazilian style. One of the largest carnival in
Indonesia is Solo Batik Carnival, held in Solo, Central Java and Jember Fashion Carnaval, held in Jember, East Java.
India
In India, Carnival is celebrated on a grand scale in the state of Goa, where
it is known as 'Intruz' (from the Portuguese word Entrudo, an alternative
name for Carnival), and the largest celebration takes place in the city of
Panaji. The Carnival is unique to Goa in India, and was introduced by the
Portuguese who ruled over Goa for over four centuries. However, because
Dubrovnik-Goa trade predates the Portuguese era (Melik Jesa
Dubrovcanin, came to India in 1480 and became viceroy of Gujarat).
The Carnival is celebrated for three days and nights, when the legendary
King Momo takes over the state and the streets come alive with music and
color. Huge parades are organized throughout the state with bands, dances
and floats out all night on the streets, and grand balls held in the
evenings.
[17]
In Sambalpur Sitalsasthi carnival is celebrated according to the Hindu calendar on the sixth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Jyestha; It is
celebrated for two days and one night, when the streets come alive with music and folk dances.
In Sirsi Holi is celebrated with a unique Carnival. Folk dance called Bedara Vesha, Which is performed during the nights beginning five days before
the actual festival day. The festival is celebrated every alternate year in the town which attracts a large crowd on all the five days from different parts of
the World.
Israel
Europe
Belgium
Many parts of Belgium celebrate Carnival, typically with costume parades, partying and fireworks. These areas include
Heist, Binche, Aalst, Eupen, Malmedy and Kelmis.
The Carnival of Binche has a history dating back at least to the 14th century. Parades are held over the three days before
Lent; the most important participants are the Gilles, who go out in traditional costumes on Shrove Tuesday and throw blood
oranges to the crowd.
[18]
In 2003, the Carnival of Binche was recognised as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and
Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
[19]
The Carnival at Aalst, which is celebrated for the full week preceding Ash Wednesday,
received the same recognition in 2010.
[20]
Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals later during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare
takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white
with long red noses, and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle
also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. The oldest parade of Belgium is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, which is also held on
Laetare Sunday, the first parade was in 1865.
The carnival in the Netherlands, especially in the south west is strongly related to the Belgium carnival.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the city of Ljubuki holds a traditional Carnival (Bosnian: Karneval). Ljubuki is a member of the Federation of European
Carnival Cities (FECC).
Croatia
The most famous Croatian Carnival (Croatian: "karneval", also called "makare") is the Rijeka Carnival, during which the mayor of Rijeka hands over
the keys to the city to the Carnival master ("metar od karnevala") and the spirit of the Carnival takes over completely. The festival includes several
different events, culminating on the final Sunday in a masked procession including participants from many different countries. (A similar procession for
children takes place on the previous day.)
Many other towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, often incorporating local traditions and
celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Pikanac", who is blamed for all the
strife of the previous year. Another famous tradition of "Karneval" are the Zvonari, or bell-ringers, who wear bells and large head regalia representing
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 6/21
"Carnival of Meimurje", northern
Croatia (2011)
Masopust masks in Czech Republic,
2013
their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This
festival can also be called Poklade.
Masks are central to the Carnival celebration, and worn to many of the festivities, including concerts and parties.
Children and teachers are commonly allowed to wear masks to school for a day, and also wear masks at school
dances or while trick-or-treating. There are also summer Carnivals. One of the most famous is the Senj Summer
Carnival the first was 1968. and the tradition stayed. Many other towns in the surroundings also organise
Summer Carnivals (Cres, Pag, Novi Vinodolski, Fuine, etc.).
Cyprus
Carnival has been celebrated on the island of Cyprus for centuries, and the tradition is believed to have been
established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may also have been influenced by Greek traditions,
such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in fancy costumes
and holding masked balls or visiting friends. For approximately the past century, it has taken the form of an
organized festival held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The
festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.
Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an
effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and
largest takes place on the last day of Carnival, and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two
parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, the Masopust Festival takes place from Epiphany (Den t krl) through Ash Wednesday
(Popelen steda). The word masopust translates literally from old Czech to mean "meat fast", and the festival
often includes a pork feast in preparation for Lent. The tradition is most common in Moravia but does occur in
Bohemia as well. While practices vary from region to region, masks and costumes are present everywhere.
Denmark and Norway
Carnival in Denmark is called Fastelavn, and is held on the Sunday or Monday before Ash Wednesday. The
holiday is sometimes described as a Nordic Halloween, with children dressing in costume and gathering treats for
the Fastelavn feast. One popular custom is the fastelavnsris, a switch that children use to flog their parents to
wake them up on Fastelavns Sunday.
In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and
1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens
compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession
of the Carnival ball. Edvard Grieg also attended the Carnival, and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). After the Rococo Hall at Grand
Hotel opened in 1894, annual balls in the Carnival season were arranged until the hall was destroyed in a fire in 1957. Since 1988, the student
organization Trnseilerne have produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo in the historical renovated freemasons lodge in the Carnival tradition, with
masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens sndag (with cream buns) and
fastelavensris with decorated branches.
England
In England, the season immediately before Lent was called Shrovetide. It was a time for confessing sins (shriving) with fewer festivities than the
Continental Carnivals. Today, Shrove Tuesday is celebrated as Pancake Day, but little else of the Lent-related Shrovetide survived the 16th-century
English Reformation. Possibly the only Shrovetide Carnival in the United Kingdom is celebrated in Cowes and East Cowes on the Isle of Wight; it is the
first Carnival on the island's long and busy calendar. The largest Carnival in England is Notting Hill Carnival which does not derive from Lent and is
celebrated in late August. It is derived from Caribbean tradition and is a cultural transplant.
France
The three major Carnivals of mainland France are the Nice Carnival, the Dunkirk Carnival and the Paris Carnival. The Nice Carnival was held as far
back as 1294, and is still held annually, attracting over a million visitors yearly during the two weeks preceding Lent. The Paris Carnival occurs after the
Feast of Fools and dates back to the 16th century or earlier, although it was not held between 1952 and 1957.
Since 1604 there has been a characteristic masked Carnival in Limoux.
The Dunkirk Carnival is among the greatest and most exuberant carnivals celebrated in Europe. Its traditions date back to the 17th century and are based
on the 'vischerbende' as fishermen went from one caf to another accompanied by their relatives and friends just before the departure to the Iceland
fishing grounds.
In French West Indies, it is between the Sunday of Epiphany and Ash Wednesday,
[21]
this dates back to the arrival of French colonists in the islands.
Germany, Switzerland and Austria
The biggest celebrations are usually held in Germany. The whole Carneval or Fasching season officially begins in November the year before the Lent
season starts and culminates in the Rosenmontag Parade.
The earliest written record of carneval in Germany dates back to 1296 in Speyer.
[22]
The first worldwide carnival parade took place in Cologne in 1823.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 7/21
Carnival float in the Rosenmontag parade
in Kln Cologne, Germany.
The float of the King Carnival
parading in Patras, Greece
The Busjrs in Hungary
The most active Carnival week begins on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday with parades being held
during the weekend and finishes day night before Ash Wednesday, with the main festivities occurring
around Rosenmontag (Rose Monday). This time is also called the "Fifth Season." Shrove Tuesday is
celebrated in certain cities. But in Germany there is no special name for that day. However, the Carnival,
Fasching, or Fastnacht season in Germany officially begins on 11-11 of any given year at 11:11 PM and
ends just before midnight on Ash Wednesday the following year. There are lots of parties with self-made
and more fanciful costumes and occasional masks right from the beginning of the Carneval season in
November. The parties become more exuberant as the weeks progress and get really big after New Years in
January and February until all ends at midnight the night before Ash Wednesday with all night parties,
dancing, hugging and kissing everywhere and everyone. There are parties for all, for women only and for
children. All that celebrating is usually in the spirit of fun and good will. But there is no nudity as is
sometimes seen in New Orleans. The whole affair is one of folksy fun and celebration after a long winter.
Kreppel, or donuts are the traditional Fasching food and are baked/fried and consumed by the millions.
In Germany, two distinct varieties of Carnival, Fasching, or Fastnacht are held: 1.) The "Rheinische"
Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nord-Rhein Westphalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-
Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria or Bayern and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and
costume balls. Kln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Dsseldorf, Wiesbaden and Mainz are the largest and most famous. But a lot of other cities have
their own, often less well known celebrations, parades and parties like Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim,
Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg, Mnchen [Munich] Nrnberg and more. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day")
in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any man who passes their way.
Well, that is allowed during most of the season and especially during the last weeks of Fasching everywhere in Germany. The Fasching parades and
floats are very clever. To understand the theme[s] one must be aware of what is going on in the country or in the world as the floats make fun of
politicians, and/or any and all public figures. No one is spared. There are also many speeches taking aim at public figures, especially local politicians,
other public figures who screwed up as well as EU politicians, Putin and others.
2.) The "Swabian-Alemannic" Carnival, known as Schwbische Fastnacht, takes place in Baden and Schwaben Swabia (Southwestern Germany),
Switzerland, Elsass or Alsace and Vorarlberg (Western Austria). It traditionally represents the time of year when the reign of the cold, grim winter
spirits is over and these spirits are being hunted down and expelled. That is how Fasching or Fastnacht started during the pagan era. It then morphed
with Catholicism and ended just before Lent. The first official record of "Karneval, Fasching or Fastnacht" in Germany dates to 1296 - AMAZING
Greece
The Carnival season in Greece is also known as the Apokris (Greek: , "saying goodbye to meat"), or
the season of the "Opening of the Triodion", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until
the Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners at
taverns or friends' homes; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is
called Tyrin (Greek: , "cheese [week]") because eating meat is not allowed, but dairy products are. The
Great Lent begins on "Clean Monday", the day after "Cheese Sunday". Throughout the Carnival season, people
disguise themselves as maskardes ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and general revelry.
Patras holds the largest annual Carnival in Greece; the famous Patras Carnival is a three-day spectacle replete
with concerts, balles masqus, parading troupes, floats, a treasure hunt and many events for children. The grand
parade of masked troupes and floats is held at noon on Tyrine Sunday, and culminates in the ceremonial burning
of the effigy of King Carnival at the Patras harbour.
In many other regions, festivities of smaller extent are organized, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs; for example those held in
Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Specifically Tyrnavos holds an annual
Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event
[23]
in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier mach are paraded, and which
all women present are asked to touch, or kiss, their reward for doing so being a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Also every year, to the
very beginning (from 1 to 8 January), mostly in regions of the Western Macedonia, there are Carnival fiestas and festivals. The best known of them is
the Kastorian Carnival or "Ragoutsaria" (Gr. "")
[24]
[tags: Kastoria, KAstorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, , ]. It takes
place from 6 to 8 January with a mass participation of the local population and thousands of visitors under the sounds of big brass bands, pipises,
Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends
the third day in a huge dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where all the bands are playing the same time and all the people are dancing too.
Hungary
In Mohcs, Hungary, the Busjrs is a celebration held at the end of the Carnival season, and involves locals
dressing up in woolly costumes, with scary masks and noise-makers. They perform a burial ritual to symbolise
the end of winter and spike doughnuts on weapons to symbolise the defeat of Ottomans.
Italy
The most famous Carnivals of Italy are those held in Venice, Viareggio, Ivrea and Acireale.
The Carnival in Venice was first recorded in 1268. The subversive nature of the festival is reflected in Italy's
many laws over the past several centuries attempting to restrict celebrations and the wearing of masks, a central
feature of the Carnival. Carnival celebrations in Venice were halted for many years after the city fell under
Austrian control in 1798, but were revived in the late 20th century.
The month-long Carnival of Viareggio is one of the most renowned in Europe, and is characterized mainly by its parade of floats and masks caricaturing
popular figures. In 2001, the town built a new "Carnival citadel" dedicated to Carnival preparations and entertainment.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 8/21
This Venetian tradition is most
famous for its distinctive masks
The Battle of the Oranges at carnival of
Ivrea
Carnival procession in Valletta on
Malta
The Carnival of Ivrea is famous for its Battle of the Oranges fought with citruses between the people by foot and the troops of the tyrant on the carts, to
remember the wars that really happened during the Middle Ages.
In the most part of the Archdiocese of Milan the Carnival lasts four more days, ending on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday, because of the Ambrosian
rite.
Lithuania
Ugavns is a Lithuanian festival that takes place during the seventh week before Easter (Ash Wednesday). Its
name in English means "the time before Lent". The celebration corresponds to Carnival holiday traditions in
other parts of the world.
Ugavns begins on the night before Ash Wednesday, when an effigy of winter (usually named Mor) is burnt.
A major element of the holiday, meant to symbolize the defeat of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, is a staged
battle between Laininis ("porky") personifying winter and Kanapinis ("hempen man") personifying spring.
Devils, witches, goats, the grim reaper, and other joyful and frightening characters appear in costumes during the
celebrations.
Eating pancakes is an important part of the celebration in Lithuania.
Luxembourg
In Luxembourg, the pre-Lenten holiday season is known as Fuesend. Throughout the Grand-Duchy, parades
and parties are held.
Ptange is the home of the Grand-Duchy's largest pre-Lenten Karneval celebration. Annually hosting a
calvalcade with roughly 1200 participants and thousand of participants, the official name is Karneval
Gemeng Piteng or Kagepe (the initials in Luxembourgish are pronounced Ka, Ge and Pe).
The town of Remich holds a three-day-long celebration. Remich is notable for two special events in addition
to its parades. The first of these is the Strimnnchen, which is the burning of a male effigy from the Remich Bridge that crosses the Moselle River
separating the Grand Duchy from Germany. The Strimnnchen symbolizes the burning away of winter. The other special event at the Remich Fuesend
celebrations is the Buergbrennen or bonfire that closes the celebration.
Like Remich, the town of Esch-sur-Alzette also holds a three-day celebration. Other major Fuesend parades in Luxembourg are held in the towns of
Diekirch and Differdange.
Macedonia
The most popular Carnivals in the Republic of Macedonia are held in Vevani and Strumica.
The Vevani Carnival (Macedonian: K, translated Vevchanski Karneval) has been held for over 1,400 years, and takes place on 13
and 14 January (New Year's Eve and New Year's Day by the old calendar). During the Carnival, the village becomes a live theatre where costumed
actors improvise on the streets in roles such as the traditional "August the Stupid."
[25]
The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: , translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author
Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people
running housetohouse, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival has taken place in an organized form since 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a
member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked
ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad)
compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.
Malta
Carnival in Malta (Maltese: il-Karnival ta' Malta) has had an important place in the Maltese cultural calendar for
just under five centuries, having been introduced to the islands by Grand Master Piero de Ponte in 1535. It is held
during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday, and typically includes masked balls, fancy dress and grotesque
mask competitions, lavish late-night parties, a colourful, ticker-tape parade of allegorical floats presided over by
King Carnival (Maltese: ir-Re tal-Karnival), marching bands and costumed revellers.
Today the largest of the Carnival celebrations takes place in and around the capital city of Valletta and Floriana;
however, several more "spontaneous" Carnivals take place in more remote areas. The Nadur Carnival is notable
for its darker themes. In 2005, the Nadur Carnival hosted the largest-ever gathering of international Carnival
organizers for the FECC's global summit.
Traditional dances include the parata, which is a lighthearted re-enactment of the 1565 victory of the Knights over the Turks, and an 18th-century court
dance known as il-Maltija. Food eaten at the Carnival includes perlini (multi-coloured, sugar-coated almonds) and the prinjolata, which is a towering
assembly of sponge cake, biscuits, almonds and citrus fruits, topped with cream and pine nuts.
Netherlands
Carnival in the Netherlands is also called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in regions which traditionally were
Catholic, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding
Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortge
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 9/21
The Fight Between Carnival and Lent,
Pieter Bruegel 1559
Sesimbra Carnival, Portugal
Ovar Carnival, Portugal
("Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.
One variant of Dutch Carnaval is known as the Rijnlandsche Carnaval or Vastelaovend, which can be mainly found in the province of Limburg. The
other variant is the Bourgondische Carnaval or Carnaval, which can be mainly found in North Brabant. The
capital of the province of Limburg, Maastricht, holds a street Carnaval featuring elaborate costumes that
resemble some Venetian influences.
The oldest-known images of Dutch Carnaval festivities date from 1485 in 's-Hertogenbosch. They are
depicted in several paintings by 15th-century painter Jheronimus Bosch. During the three days of the
Carnaval celebration, 's-Hertogenbosch changes its name to Oeteldonk. This name changing tradition is still
very common in and around North Brabant.
In some regions children dress up and go door by door singing special songs to get candy, quite like
halloween. This is called: foekepotten. This however is not common.
Poland
The Polish Carnival Season includes Fat Thursday (Polish: Tusty Czwartek), when pczki (doughnuts) are
eaten, and ledzik (Shrove Tuesday) or Herring Day. The Tuesday before the start of Lent is also often called Ostatki (literally "leftovers"), meaning the
last day to party before the Lenten season.
The traditional way to celebrate Carnival is the kulig, a horse-drawn sleigh ride through the snow-covered countryside. In modern times, Carnival is
increasingly seen as an excuse for intensive partying and night-clubbing, and has become more commercialized with stores offering Carnival-season
sales.
Portugal
Carnival in Portugal is celebrated throughout the country, most famously in Ovar, Sesimbra, Madeira, Loul,
Nazar, and Torres Vedras. The Carnivals in Podence and Lazarim incorporate pagan traditions such as the
careto, while the Torres Vedras celebration is probably the most typical Portuguese Carnival.
Ironically, although Portugal introduced Christianity and the customs related to Catholic practice to Brazil, the
country has begun to adopt some aspects of Brazilian-style Carnival celebrations, in particular those of Rio de
Janeiro with sumptuous parades, samba and other Brazilian musical elements.
Carnival is celebrated throughout Portugal, but each region puts its own unique take on the festival.
In Lazarim, a municipality of Lamego, celebrations follow the pagan tradition of the Roman Saturnalias. This
rustic town celebrates Carnival by burning colorful effigies and dressing in carefully crafted, home-made
costumes. The region is celebrated for its wood craftsmanship and is most for the locals heavy, handmade
wooden masks worn during Carnival. The masks of Lazarim are effigies of both men and women, but both roles are performed by men. They are
distinguished by their clothes, which ridiculously characterize different attributes of both men and women.
The Lazarim Carnival cycle encompasses two periods, the first starting on the fifth Sunday before Fat Sunday. Masked figures and people wearing large
sculpted heads walk through the town. The locals also feast on wide varieties of meats, above all pork. The second cycle, held on Sundays preceding
Ash Wednesday, incorporates the tradition of the Compadres and Comadres, with men and women displaying light-hearted authority over the other.
Over the course of the five weeks, men prepare large masked heads and women raise funds to pay for the mannequins that will be sacrificed in a public
bonfire. This is one of the key events and is a Carnival tradition unique to Portugal. During the bonfire, a girl reads the Compadre's will and a boy reads
the Comadre's will. The executors of the will are named, a donkey is symbolically distributed to both female and male "heirs", and then the final
reckoning in which the Entrudo, or Carnival doll, is burned.
In Estarreja, in the Central region of Portugal, the town's first references to Carnival are noted in the 14th century, with "Flower Battles", or richly
decorated floats which paraded through Estarreja's streets. In the beginning of the twentieth century these festivities ended with the death of its main
promoters only to reappear again in the sixties to become one of the many important Carnival festivals in Portugal.
In the Northern region of Podence, children appear from Sunday to Tuesday with tin masks and colorful multilayered costumes made from red, green
and yellow wool. And in the Central Portugal towns of Nelas and Canas de Senhorim, Carnival is one of the most important tourist events in the region,
attracting thousands of visitors yearly. Nelas and Canas de Senhorim are host to the four festive parades that promise visitors colorful and creative
costumes: The Bairro da Igreja and the Cimo do Povo in Nelas and the do Pao and the do Rossio in Canas de Senhorim.
One of the most famous Carnival events in Portugal is in the town Ovar near Porto. Organized since 1952 it is the
largest festivity of the region, drawing thousands of visitors. It is well known for its creative designs, which they
display in the Carnival Parade. Participants and their families work year-round to prepare their elaborate and
humorous costumes, masks, decorations and floats. Its Carnival parade features troupes with themed costumes
and music, ranging from the traditional to modern pop culture.
In Lisbon, Portugal's largest city, Carnival is a more cosmopolitan affair. Parades, dances and festivities
throughout the week feature famous stars from Portugal and Brazil. The Loures Carnival is a highlight of
Lisbon's festivities which celebrates the country's folk traditions, including the "enterro do bacalhau" or burial of
the cod, which symbolizes the end of Carnival and the festivities.
North of Lisbon is the famous Torres Vedras Carnival, described as the "most Portuguese in Portugal." Those looking for a less touristy Carnival
experience should visit this town where the locals are the stars. The celebration highlight is a parade of creatively decorated streetcars satirizing society
and politics.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 10/21
Boris Kustodiev's painting of
Maslenitsa
Other Central Portugal towns, such as Fatima and Leiria, offer colorful, family-friendly takes on Carnival. In these towns everyone dresses up as if it
were Halloween. Children and adults wear masks and enjoy the towns enthusiastic parades.
In the Algarve region along the southern coast of Portugal, several of the posh resorts towns offer their own traditional takes on the Carnival parades.
Besides the themed floats and cars, the Carnival festivities include "samba" groups, bands, dances and plenty of music and liveliness. In the city of
Loul, the Carnival parade annually attracts thousands of national and foreign tourists to the region.
Azores
The Islands of the Azores have their own take on the Carnival festivities, but like on the mainland, many local clubs and Carnival groups create colorful
and creative costumes that take a jab at the political or cultural characters of the times.
On So Miguel Island, Carnival has a sweet taste with street vendors selling fried dough, called a Malassada. The festival on the Azores biggest island
starts off with a black tie grand ball, then and heats up with Latin music at the recently restored Coliseu Micaelense. There is a children's parade in the
streets of Ponta Delgada with children from each school district coming in costume. Then a massive Carnival parade fills the streets into the wee hours
ending in fireworks.
Some of the islands more unique aspects to Carnival are the theatre performances and dances. In the "Danas de Entrudo" hundreds of people follow
the dancers around the island. Throughout the show the dancers, who are guided by a "master", act out dramas from everyday life. The "Dances de
Carnival" are allegorical and comedic tales acted out in the streets throughout the festival. The largest is in "Angra do Herosmo", with more than 30
Carnival groups performing. During this festival, it is said there are more Portuguese-language theatrical performances occurring here than anywhere
else in the world.
The Carnival festivities end on Ash Wednesday, when locals sit down for the "Batatada" or potato feast, in which the main dish is salted cod with
potatoes, eggs, mint, bread and wine. After, residents head into the streets for the burning of the "Carnival clown", signaling the end of the Carnival.
Madeira
On the Island of Madeira, Carnival maintains its distinctive local roots as well. Funchal, the island's capital, wakes up on the Friday morning before Ash
Wednesday to the sound of brass bands and Carnival parades throughout the downtown area. That night festivities continue with concerts and shows in
the Praa do Municpio for five consecutive days. The Main Carnival street parade takes place on Saturday evening with thousands of Samba dancers
flooding the streets of Funchal. The traditional public street Carnival takes place on Tuesday, where the island's population displays its ingenuity and
imagination by creating daring caricatures for the parade.
Russia
Maslenitsa (, also called Pancake Week or "Cheese Week") is a Russian folk holiday that incorporates
some traditions that date back to pagan times. It is celebrated during the last week before Lent. The essential
element of Maslenitsa celebration is bliny, Russian pancakes, popularly taken to symbolize the sun. Round and
golden, they are made from the rich foods still allowed during that week by the Orthodox traditions: butter, eggs,
and milk (in the tradition of Orthodox lent, the consumption of meat ceases one week before the consumption of
milk and eggs).
Maslenitsa also includes masquerades, snowball fights, sledding, swinging on swings and sleigh rides. The
mascot of the celebration is usually a brightly dressed straw effigy of Lady Maslenitsa, formerly known as
Kostroma. As the culmination of the celebration, on Sunday evening, Lady Maslenitsa is stripped of her finery,
and put to the flames of a bonfire.
Slovakia
In Slovakia, the Faiangy (faiang, faangy) takes place from Three Kings Day (Traja krli) until the midnight before Ash Wednesday (kared streda
or Popolcov streda). At the midnight marking the end of faiangy, a symbolic burial ceremony for the contrabass is performed, because music has to
cease for the Lent.
Slovenia
Slovenia has a rich and diverse annual cycle of holidays. Much ethnic heritage has been preserved through widely attended tourist events.
The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the
Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant ethonological Carnival festival is traditionally held in
annually in the town of Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). The special feature of the event of Ptuj itself and its surrounding area are the Kurents themselves,
magical creatures from the other world, who visit all major events throughout the country, members of parliament, the president and mayors, trying to
banish the winter and announce the arrival of the spring, fertility, and new life with loud noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and
not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.
Another town, equal in importance to Ptuj, where the Carnival tradition is alive is Cerknica. The Carnival is heralded by a figure called "Poganji"
carrying a whip. In the Carnival procession, organised by the "Pust society", a monstrous witch named Urula is driven from Mt. Slivnica, to be burned
at the stake on Ash Wednesday. Unique to this region is a group of dormice, driven by the Devil, and a huge fire-breathing dragon. Cerkno and its
surrounding area is known for the Laufarji, Carnival figures with artistically carved wooden masks.
The Makare from Dobrepolje used to represent a triple character: the beautiful, the ugly (among which the most important represented by an old man,
an old woman, a hunchback, and a Kurent), and the noble (imitating the urban elite).
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 11/21
The Burial of the Sardine,
Francisco Goya, c. 1812
A choir singing in the Carnival of
Cdiz
Carnival Queen of Santa Cruz de
Tenerife 2009
Vidalot is the last night of revelry
before Ash Wednesday in Vilanova.
Water color painting by Brad
Erickson.
The major part of the population, especially the young and children, dress up in ordinary non-ethnic costumes, going to school, work, and organized
events, where prizes are given for the best and most original costumes. Costumed children sometimes go from house to house asking for treats.
Spain
Arguably the most famous locales in Spain are Santa Cruz, Las Palmas, Sitges, Vilanova i la Geltr, Tarragona,
guilas, Solsona, Cdiz, Badajoz, Bielsa (an ancestral Carnival celebration), Plan, San Juan de Plan, Laza, Vern,
Viana and Xinzo de Limia.
Andalusia
In Cdiz the costumes worn are often related to recent news, such as the bird flu
epidemic in 2006, during which many people were disguised as chickens. The
feeling of this Carnival is the sharp criticism, the funny play on words and the
imagination in the costumes, more than the glamorous dressings. It is traditional
to paint the face with lipstick as a humble substitute of a mask.
The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas
are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times
and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they train for the whole
year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the
streets singing with a little orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their characteristic
composition is the "Carnival Tango", and they alternate comical and serious
repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cdiz, and the poetical lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They
have a more elaborated polyphony, being easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.
Canary Islands
The Santa Cruz is together with the Carnival of Cadiz, the most important festival for Spanish tourism and
Spain's largest Carnival.
[26][27][28][29]
In 1980 it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest, by the
Secretariat of State for the Tourism. Every February, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the largest of the
Canary Islands, hosts the event, attracting around a million people. The celebrations could be declared by
UNESCO as Heritage of Mankind in 2011. Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife now aspires to become a World
Heritage Site.
[30]
In 1980 it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest, by the Secretariat of State for the Tourism and it
is one of the most important Carnivals of the World. The Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife now aspires to
become a World Heritage Site.
[30]
This declaration by UNESCO will, occur, further promoting international had
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, being the first Carnival of Spain to obtain this recognition, for its permanent in time and
it would reach the five continents through UNESCO. In 1987 went to the "Carnival Chicharrero" Cuban singer
Celia Cruz with orchestra Billo's Caracas Boys, attended by 250,000 people, was registered in the Guinness of
Records as the largest gathering of people in an outdoor plaza to attend a concert, a record she holds today.
The Carnival of Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) has a Drag Queen's gala where a jury chooses a winner.
Catalonia
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of
parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures, and raucous
processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by
various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal
Prince of Cuckoldry, Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marqus de la bona
mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Bar de les
Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Pltan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades
i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of
Honor upon the Bed).
[31]
The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be
broken and wild, reckless behavior is encouraged. Despite the winter cold, festivities are held in the open air,
beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked
revelers dance along the streets. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'the omelette
day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities
end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival who is typically burned
on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.
[32]
The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltr has a documented history back to 1790
[33]
and is one of the richest in terms
of the variety of its acts and rituals. It is a more ancient style of carnival in which satire, the grotesque body
[34]
(particularly transvestism and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses, and phalli) and above all, active
participation are highly valued over the more recent emphasis on glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that
Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers".
[35]
It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous
couples dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one
other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but there are inevitable injuries;
eye-patches and slings for broken arms are often seen the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 12/21
Children become covered in meringue
during Dijous Gras.
The Ball de Malcasats (Dance of the
Mismatched Couples) is a satiric
talking-dance traditional to Carnaval
in Vilanova.
"Ploranyeres" weep for the death of
His Majesty and the loss of pleasure.
Donkeys of Solsona, hung in the
tower bell.
l'Arrivo that is different every year but includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly
satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. Another local feature is that on Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to
participate in the Merengada a day long orgy of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.
Adults have their own meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaa de les Cols. Other events and rituals
include the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire
(jabberer) who insults the crowd,
[36]
the progress of the King and his concubines in which they scandalize the
town with their sexual behavior, bed races in the streets, a correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, in
which youths dance amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils, the debached Nit dels Mascarots,
Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's partyVidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-
dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats), the arrival of the children's carnival king Caramel whose
massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites, and many others.
For the funeral of the king, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them transvestite men, holding
bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the king is surrounded by an honor guard and
weeping concubines, crying out for the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by the king's death. The king's body
is carried to the Plaa de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled
sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual. Finally, amid
rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.
[32][33]
Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida in central Catalonia. It is one of the longest Carnivals in
Catalonia; free events in the streets, and concerts every night, run for more than a week. The Carnival is known
for a legend that explains how some people hung a donkey at the tower bell, because the animal wanted to eat
some grass which grew on the top of the tower. To remember this legend, every year people in Solsona hang a
stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited people using a water pump. This event is the most
important of Solsona's Carnival and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants of Solsona are
called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers"). Photo:
[37]
Another characteristic of the Carnival is its giants. Crazy Giants will pursue and try to hit revellers with their
articulated arms and legs. The Crazy Giants were created in 1978 by the giant-making master Manel Casserras i
Boix. Photo:
[38]
"Comparses" groups organize free activities in the streets. They are groups of friends who create and personalize
a uniformed suit which is worn every year during the festivities. Website: http://www.carnavalsolsona.com/
Sitges: This Carnival is one of the most famous Carnivals in Catalonia. Special feasts include xatonades (xat is
a traditional local salad of the Peneds coast) served with omelettes. Two important moments are the Rua de la
Disbauxa (Debauchery Parade) on Sunday night and the Rua de l'Extermini (Extermination Parade) on Tuesday
night. Around 40 floats with more than 2,500 participants parade in Sitges. Sitges Carnival Information Page:
SitgesEvents.com (http://www.sitgesevents.com/2013/02/12/sitges-carnival/)
Tarragona has one of the most complete ritual sequences of the Catalan Carnivals. The events start with the
building of a huge barrel and end with its burning together with the effigies of the Carnival King and Queen. On
Saturday, the main parade takes place. There are masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion
bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out
for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades.
About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.
Turkey
For almost five centuries, the local Greek communities throughout Istanbul clebrated pre-Lent carnival with
weeks of bawdy parades, lavish balls and street parties. This continued for weeks before the 40-day Lent period.
At Shrove Monday, the last day of the carnival season, took place Baklahorani. The event was led by the Greek
Orthodox community, but the celebrations were public and inter-communal and brought everyone together for
one final celebration in the Kurtulu district of the city.
[39]
There has been a recent revival initiative of
Baklahorani from 2010.
[40]
North America and Central America
Caribbean
Most of the islands in the Caribbean celebrate Carnival. The largest and most well-known celebration is held in
Trinidad and Tobago. The Dominican Republic, Antigua, Aruba, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Curaao, Barbados,
Dominica, Haiti, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Sint Maarten, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts, Saint Thomas, U.S.
Virgin Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are also known for lengthy carnival seasons and large
celebrations.
Carnival is an important cultural event on the Dutch Antilles islands of Aruba, Curaao, Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint
Eustatius (Statia), and Bonaire. Festivities include "jump-up" parades with beautifully colored costumes, floats,
and live bands as well as beauty contests and other competitions. Carnival on these islands also includes a
middle-of-the-night j'ouvert (juv) parade that ends at sunrise with the burning of a straw King Momo, cleansing
the island of sins and bad luck. On Statia he is called Prince Stupid.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 13/21
Carnival has also been celebrated in Cuba since the 18th century. The costumes, dances and pageantry grew with each passing year, with the participants
donning costumes from the cultural and ethnic variety on the island. After Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution, Carnival's religious overture was
suppressed. The events remained, albeit frowned upon by the state. Carnival celebrations have been in decline throughout Cuba since 1960.
Aruba
Carnival means weeks of events that bring you colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of
all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades that wind their way through the streets at night, the Jouvert morning:
the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration of the year is a month-long celebration consisting of festive "jump-ups"
(street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand
Parade, which winds it ways down city avenues to the delight of thousands of spectators. Street parades are held in various districts throughout the
month, allowing everyone an opportunity to participate and dance to the season's most popular brass band, steel band and roadmarch tunes. On the
evening before the start of Lent, Carnival officially comes to end with the symbolic burning of "King Momo."
Antigua
The Antiguan Carnival is a celebration of music and dance held annually from the end of July to the first Tuesday in August. The most important day is
that of the j'ouvert (or juv), in which brass and steel bands perform for much of the island's population. Barbuda's Carnival, held in June, is known as
Caribana. The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the Old Time Christmas Festival in 1957, with hopes of inspiring tourism in Antigua and
Barbuda. Some elements of the Christmas .
Barbados
Carnival in Barbados is known as Crop Over. Crop is Barbados's biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during
the colonial period. The crop over tradition began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by bottles filled with water, shak-shak,
banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally a celebration
signaling the end of the yearly sugar cane harvest, it has since evolved into a national festival rivaling New Orleans Mardi Gras and Trinidad Carnival in
Trinidad. In the late 20th century, the general schematic of Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs
until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.
For the entire two months life for many islanders is one big party with a major feature of crop over being the calypso competition. Calypso music,
originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics and gives its exponents a medium in which to satirise local politics and comment on
the issues of the day, while taking nothing away from the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature their cadre of
calypsonians who perform biting social commentaries on the happenings of the past year, political exposs or rousing exhortations to wuk dah waistline
and roll dat bumper. There are craft markets, food tents and stalls, street parties and cavalcades every week supplemented by daily events at Tim's on the
Highway, the new home of the Barbados Cropover Festival.
Competition "tents" ring with the fierce battle of calypsonians for the coveted Calypso Monarch Award and the air is redolent with the exotic smells of
Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. Rich with the spirit of local culture, the Cohobblopot Festival blends dance and drama and
music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the "Pic-o-de-Crop" Show is performed when finally the King of
Calypso is crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating
Barbadian rhythms and fireworks that ignite the sky.
Belize
San Pedro is one of the few cities in Belize to observe Carnaval at the traditional time of year before Lent. Although Carnaval (sometimes referred to as
Carnival) often occurs in September, the Fiesta de Carnaval is often the most popular celebration, usually held for a duration of three days prior to Ash
Wednesday, but the festivities often are extended to the full week prior to Lent. During this week of celebrations organized by the local government and
the town of San Pedro, locals as well as tourists indulge in the pleasures which they will be giving up for Lent.
[41]
Often compared to New Orleans
Mardi Gras festivities,
[42]
this festival always includes music, dancing, costumes and parades.
[43]
One of the publics favourite events are the colorful comparsas held throughout the week. Comparsas consist of large groups of dancers dancing and
traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups
of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration.
[44]
One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the
male group comparsa which is usually composed of highly regarded men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or dress like women
and dance for money in the streets. Competitions are usually held each year and prizes awarded to the best dance group.
[42]
Other very popular activities
include body painting and flour fighting.
[45]
Locals really enjoy the painting activities when they get to have friendly fights with a variety of colorful
paints.
[46]
On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw
eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can.
[42]
Unfortunately, Fiesta de Carnaval has a reputation of sometimes taking a wrong turn, as street fights often occur during the festivities - many people out
in the streets treat this festival as an opportunity to take revenge on their enemies. Additionally, vandalism is extremely common and businesses
constantly have to prepare in covering or repainting their advertisements during Carnival season because of the mischief performed.
[47]
For this reason,
many people advocate the termination of these festivities, however they remain an integral part of the Belizean culture and are extremely appreciated,
anticipated, and dear to locals and visitors.
[46]
Dominica
Carnival in Dominica is held in the capital City of Roseau, and takes elements of Carnival that can be seen in the neighbouring French islands of
Martinique and Guadeloupe, as well as Trinidad. Notable events that take place during the season leading up to carnival include the Opening of Carnival
celebrations, the calypso Monarch music competition, the Queen of Carnival Beauty Pageant and bouyon music bands. Celebrations last for the Monday
and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 14/21
A Dominican Carnival costume band
Masqueraders chipping on Carnival
Tuesday in Port of Spain during
Trinidad and Tobago Carnival
Dominican Republic
Dominican Carnival is celebrated in most cities and towns in the Dominican Republic. It is celebrated in the main streets of each town during the month
of February. One of the main characteristics of this Carnival are its flashy costumes and the loud
music played during the celebration. Some of the most known parades of this country is the one held
in La Vega, which is one of the biggest in the country, and the National Parade held in Santo
Domingo. It was here where the first Carnival of the Americas was held, and it is also one of the
biggest in the region.
One of the main attractions are its masks, which are very elaborate and colorful. The elaborate
costumes used on the parades are satires of the Devil and are called "Diablos Cojuelos" all around
the country, they dance, and run to the rhythm of Merengue mixed with techno, hip-hop, and
reggaeton during the celebration. Adding to this characters the celebration also show some
allegorical characters representing Dominican traditions such as "Roba la Gallina", and "Calif".
One of the most international parades in the Dominican Republic is the one in San Pedro de Macors
that exhibits the "Guloyas", which are considered cultural heritage of the world. This parade consists
of groups of people dressed in costumes dancing around the street of San Pedro de Macoris. The
main attraction apart from the colorful costumes is the people running away from the "Diablos Cojuelos" which try to hit people with "Vejigas".
Haiti
Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the
largest in the Caribbean and North America. Carnival in Haiti is also known as Kanaval in the Creole language. Haiti Carnival always starts in January,
known as "Pre-Kanaval", and the main carnival activities begin in February each year. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur.
In Haitian Carnival, there are beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades,
[48]
masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula
Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and konpa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Kreyol La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik,
Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the Champ du Mars plaza (Chanmas). In Haiti there has also
been an annual song competition.
There are other places in Haiti that celebrate carnival, like Jacmel and Aux Cayes. In 2013, Kanaval was celebrated in Okap (Cape Hatien)
After Carnival finishes, on Ash Wednesday, another parading musical tradition becomes prominent: rara. Rara festivals are known mainly in Haiti and
in the Dominican Republic. This festival is a form of serious religious work. Songs are composed each year for the occasion, and bands play bamboo
tubes (vaksin) and homemade horns (kont) in a distinctive sound. Tourists and diasporic Haitians travel to Haiti around Easter, when the rara bands
perform. Rara also is performed in Prospect and Central Parks in New York in the summertime. During the West Indian Labor Day Carnival in
Brooklyn, small Rara bands parade and sing through the side streets.
[49]
Jamaica
Bacchanal, Jamaica's carnival, is typically held around the time of Easter, highly similar to carnivals held in places such as Barbados or Trinidad. The
real celebration starts the opening of mas camp launch, several bacchanal Fridays and performers both native to Jamaica and from all over the West
Indies come to get everyone in the festive mood. All of this is then followed up with a Beach Jouvert, Bacchanal Jouvert and ends with a Road March.
The costumes worn by the bands are vibrant and colorful, decorated in jewels and feathers. Both the masqueraders and spectators enjoy dancing in the
parade to soca, reggae and dancehall music. The level of energy displayed during this time attracts people to bacchanal from all over the world,
including other West Indian islands .
Puerto Rico
The are various carnivals in Puerto Rico. The most popular are the Carnaval de Loiza and Carnaval de Ponce. The Carnaval de Ponce (English: Ponce
Carnival), officially "Carnaval Ponceo", is celebrated annually celebration and is held in Ponce. The celebration lasts one week and it ends on the day
before Ash Wednesday. Thus, it is generally held in February but sometimes in March. It is one of the oldest carnivals of the Western Hemisphere,
dating back to 1858.
[50]
Some authorities, such as the Smithsonian Institution, believe the Ponce Carnaval can be traced to as far back as 250 years
ago.
[51]
The Carnaval coincides with the Mardi Gras of New Orleans, the Carnival of Venice, and Rio de Janeiro's Carnival. Some 100,000 attend it
every year.
[52]
Trinidad and Tobago
In Trinidad & Tobago, Carnival is a festival season that lasts months and culminates in large celebrations in Port
of Spain which is the capital of Trinidad, on the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday with
Dimanche Gras, J'ouvert, and Mas (masquerade). Tobago's celebrations also culminates on Monday and Tuesday
but on a much smaller scale in its capital Scarborough. Many people from various other Caribbean islands visit
Trinbago (combination of Trinidad and Tobago) at this time to participate in the festivities as either reveler or
spectator. Carnival is a festive time of costumes, dance, music, competitions, rum, and partying (also referred to
as fete-ing). Music styles associated with Carnival include Soca, Calypso and Rapso (mixture of Rap and
Calypso) and more recently Chutney-soca (Chutney and Soca combined).
The annual Carnival Steel Pan competition known as the National Panorama competition is held in the weeks
preceding Carnival with the finals held on the Saturday before the main event. Pan players compete in various
categories such as "Conventional Steel Band" or "Single Pan Band" by performing renditions of the current year's
calypsos. Preliminary judging of this event for "Conventional Steel Bands" has been recently moved to the
individual pan yards where steel bands practice their selections for the competition.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 15/21
The Carnival King costume for a
particular band
"Dimanche Gras" takes place on the Sunday night before Ash Wednesday. Here the Calypso Monarch is chosen (after competition) and prize money and
a vehicle bestowed. Also the King and Queen of the bands are crowned, where each band to parade costumes for the next two days submits a king and
queen, from which an overall winner is chosen. These usually involve huge, complex, beautiful well-crafted costumes, that includes 'wire-bending'.
J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day".
Here revelers dress in mainly character costumes that make use of puns on current affairs, especially political and social. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil
paint and body paint are usually familiar sights on one's body during J'ouvert. A common character to be seen at this time is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue,
black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. Here also, a King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their representation of
current political/social events/issues.
Carnival Monday involves the parade of the mas bands, but on a casual or relaxed scale. Usually revelers wear
only parts of their costumes, and the purpose of the day is more one of fun than display or competition. Also on
Carnival Monday, Monday Night Mas is popular in most towns and especially the capital, where smaller bands
participate in competition. There is also the "Bomb Competition" which is a smaller-scaled judging of steel bands
held on Ariapita Avenue (a popular "liming" area in the environs of Port-of-Spain).
Carnival Tuesday is when the main events of the Carnival take place. On this day full costume is worn, complete
with make-up and body paint/adornment and other accessories. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the
costumes are worn and are also more comfortable for the feet on the long parade routes. Each band has their
costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contain various sections (some consisting of thousands of
revelers) thar reflect these themes. Here, the street parade and eventual crowning of the best designed band
costumes take place. After following a route where various judging points are located, the mas bands eventually
converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" to be judged once and for all this is usually the
climax for revelers because the stage is literally their own to portray their costumes to the onlooking audience in the North and Grand Stands and also
the video-photographers and other camera persons. Also taking place on this day is the crowning of the Road March King or Queen, where the singer of
the most played song at judging sites over the two days of the Carnival is crowned winner, complete with prize money and usually a vehicle.
This parading and revelry goes on into the night of the Tuesday until midnight. Ash Wednesday itself, while not an official holiday, is marked by most
by visiting the beaches that abound both in Trinidad and Tobago, the most populated being Maracas Beach and Manzanilla Beach, where huge beach
parties take place every Ash Wednesday. These provide a cool down from the previous five days of hectic partying, parades and competitions, and are
usually attended by the whole family.
Guatemala
The most famous Carnival celebration in Guatemala is in Mazatenango. During the month of February, Mazatenango is famous for its eight-day
Carnival Feast. Locals and visitors alike look forward to the days of food, music, parades, games, etc. that bring the streets of the capital city of the
department of Suchitepquez to life. As one Guatemalan website states, "To mention the Carnival of Mazatenango is to bring to mind moments of a
happy and cordial party. In the eight days of this celebration's duration the local residents have kept alive the traditions of the Department."
Honduras
In La Ceiba in Honduras, Carnival is held on the fourth Saturday of every May to commemorate San Isidro. It is the largest Carnival celebration in
Central America.
Nicaragua
In the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, in the city of Bluefields, the Carnival, better known as Palo de Mayo (or Mayo Ya!), is celebrated every day of
May.
In the Nicaragua's capital city, Managua, it is only celebrated for 2 days. The Carnival in Managua is named "Alegria por la vida" translated to "Joy for
Life" and features a different theme each year.
There's also a Festival in Managua which is called " Santo Domingo de Guzman" which lasts ten days.
Mexico
In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns, with the largest being in Mazatln and the city of Veracruz with a number of others in
the Baja California and Yucatn Peninsulas. The larger city carnivals are similar to those in other parts of the world with costumes, elected queens and
parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas very widely depending on the syncretism of the European idea with local and
indigenous cultures during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these local celebrations takes place in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most of the
townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with various local
traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.
Panama
The Panamanian Carnival is the second biggest festival in the world of termintor. Traditionally beginning on Friday and ending on the Tuesday before
Ash Wednesday, "los Carnavales", as Panamanians refer to the days of Carnival, are celebrated in almost the whole country. Carnival Week in Panama
is specially popular because of the luxury and magnitude of the Las Tablas Carnival as well as the Carnival celebrations in Panama City and almost all
of the Azuero Peninsula. The Panamanian Carnival is also popular because of the great number of concerts by national and international artists held on
different stages in the most visited areas of the country.
Canada
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 16/21
"Wheel of Torture" float, satirizing
TV show "Wheel of Fortune" and US
government use of torture. New
Orleans Mardi Gras, 2007.
Revelers on Frenchmen Street, 2006
The Diablada, dance primeval, typical and
main of Carnival of Oruro a Masterpiece
of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of
Humanity since 2001 in Bolivia (Image:
Fraternidad Artstica y Cultural "La
Diablada")
Caribana, held in Toronto on the first weekend of August, has its origins in the Carnival traditions of the Caribbean. Due to climatic imperatives,
Caribana is held in the summer when Caribbean costumes may be paraded comfortably, rather than adhering to the traditional winter dates of the other
Carnivals in which the festival is strongly rooted.
[53]
Attendance at the Caribana parade typically exceeds one million people.
The Quebec Winter Carnival is the biggest winter-themed Carnival in the world. It depends on good snowfalls and very cold weather, to keep snowy ski
trails in good condition and the many ice sculptures intact. For this reason it does not coincide with the pre-Lent celebration but is fixed instead to the
last days of January and first days of February.
In the Ottawa-Gatineau region, Winterlude takes place during the first 4 weeks of February.
United States
Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras, were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area of the United
States, but now occur in many other states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile
(now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have been celebrated for
many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major U.S. cities with celebrations include Miami,
Florida; Tampa, Florida; St. Louis, Missouri; Pensacola, Florida San Francisco ; San Diego; Galveston, Texas
and Orlando, Florida.
Carnival is celebrated in New York City in the Borough of Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival has
been separated from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the
Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants
from Trinidad, one of the West Indian islands that has one of the largest Carnivals of the Caribbean region. In the
mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the timing of the New York area Carnival from the beginning of Lent
to the Labor Day weekend. The West Indian Day Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in
New York, with over one million people usually participating or attending. The parade, which consists of steel
bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the
Crown Heights neighborhood.
Starting in 2013, the Slovenian-American community located in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio began hosting a local version of
Kurentovanje (http://clevelandkurentovanje.com/), the Carnival event held in the city of Ptuj, Slovenia. The event is conducted on the Saturday prior to
Ash Wednesday.
Louisiana
The most widely known, most elaborate, and most popular events are in New Orleans, while other South
Louisiana cities such as Lake Charles, Lafayette, Mamou, Houma, and Thibodaux all of which were under
French control at one time or another, are the sites of famous Carnival celebrations of their own.
Major Mardi Gras celebrations are spreading to other parts of the United States, such as the Mississippi Valley
region of St. Louis, Missouri, Orlando, Florida in Universal Studios, and in the Gaslamp Quarter of San Diego.
South America
Argentina
In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous
Carnival, more Brazilian stylized, are held in the Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaych in the east of Entre Ros province is the
most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades, with a similar afro-American musical background to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival.
Corrientes is another city with a lively Carnival tradition. Chamame, a kind of polka is played during the Carnivals. In all major cities and many towns
throughout the country, Carnival is also celebrated, but less famous than in the above-mentioned places.
As Carnival coincides with summer, in many parts of Argentina children play with water. The 19th century tradition of filling empty egg shells with
water has evolved into water games that include the throwing of water balloons.
Bolivia
La Diablada Carnival, takes place in the city of Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the
patron saint of the miners, Vrgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance,
sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas
and Spanish conquerors. There are various kinds of dances such as caporales and tinkus. The parade runs
from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. Meanwhile throughout the
country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, at
the east side of the country, the tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with agropuations of
people called "Comparsas" dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms. Declared the 2001
"Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO
Brazil
The Carnival in Brazil is a major part of the Brazilian Culture, and it is sometimes referred to by the
Brazilians as the "Greatest Show on Earth". The first ever true carnival expression of this Brazilian festivity,
officially recognized by Carnaval historians in Brazil, took place in Rio de Janeiro, with the "prstitos", very
similar to a musical processions, in 1641, when John IV of Portugal was crowned as a King and parties were
celebrated in Rio public streets.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 17/21
Circuit Barra-Ondina, the most
famous circuit of Brazil where
attractions sing above the trio eltrico
in the city of Salvador, Bahia
Carnival circuit of the city of
Salvador.
Carnival parade in So Paulo,
Gavies da Fiel Torcida
Samba School.
Carnival float in the Blacks and
Whites' Carnival in Pasto, Colombia
Salvador, Bahia
Salvador has large Carnival celebrations, including the Ax, typical Bahia music. A truck with giant speakers and a platform where musicians play songs
of local genres such as Ax music, Samba-reggae and Arrocha, is driven with the following crowd both dancing and singing. It was originally staged by
two Salvador musicians, Dodo & Osmar, in the 1950s. After the Salvador Carnival, Porto Seguro continues the
party like it.
There are 3 circuits where the party happens: Campo Grande, the most traditional and the longest one; Barra-
Ondina, the most famous on the seaside of Barra Beach and Ondina Beach and Pelourinho, the lowest where
childs and elderly can have fun with street bands.
[54]
International singers like David Guetta, Will.I.Am, Psy and Bob Sinclair had been in Salvador.
[55]
Ivete Sangalo,
Claudia Leitte, Daniela Mercury, Margareth Menezes, Chiclete com Banana and Banda Eva are some traditional
attractions. The party is the longest in Brazil, it takes officially 6 days, but the party can take more than 12
days.
[56]
It is known as the biggest popular party of the world.
Rio de Janeiro
A beautiful show takes place in Rio Carnival, with samba schools parading in the Sambadrome ("sambdromo"
in Portuguese). Called "One of the biggest shows of the Earth", the festival attracts millions of tourists, both
Brazilians and foreigners who come from everywhere to participate and enjoy the great show. Samba Schools are
large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. Some of the most
famous samba-schools include GRES Estao Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz
Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nilpolis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently,
Unidos da Tijuca and GRES Unio da Ilha do Governador Local tourists are allowed to participate, paying ($500
950), depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade through the Sambadrome with
one of the schools. The price paid is used to buy the tourist's own costume and also the costumes of the people who
do not have the money to afford it. Blocos are generally small informal groups also with a definite theme in their
samba, usually satirical of the current political situation. But there are also a lot, about 30 of them in Rio de Janeiro,
that are very big in number of participants, gathering hundreds of thousands of people. There are more than 440
blocos in Rio de Janeiro. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually (but not
necessarily ) formed by enthusiasts in the same neighborhood or common musical back-ground. The Rio and Brazilian
Carnival, is going "global" as a recent article by "Market Watch / The Wall Street Journal". which explained how the
Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.
[57]
Sambadrome in Rio de Janeiro
Colombia
Although Carnival was introduced by the Spaniards and has incorporated elements from the European cultures, it
has managed to re-interpret traditions that belonged to the African and Amerindian cultures of Colombia. There
is documentary evidence that Carnival existed in Colombia in the 18th century and had already been a cause for
concern for the colonial authorities, who censored the celebrations, especially in the main political centres such
as Cartagena, Bogot and Popayn.
The Carnival, therefore, continued its evolution and re-interpretation in the small and at that time unimportant
towns where celebrations did not offend the ruling elites. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival
festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) which has been recognized as one of the Masterpieces of
the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival attracts tens of thousands of people
from Colombia and around the world, having become several parades done on Friday and Saturday nights
beginning on 11 January and ending always with the four-day non-stop festival, which has now been made six
days long, beginning on Wednesday, exactly one week prior to Ash Wednesday and ending on Tuesday at 12 pm
to initiate the next day with the season of Lent. In other villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nario (see
Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In modern times, there have been attempts to introduce Carnival in the capital, Bogot, in the
early 20th century, but it has always failed to gain the approval of authorities. The Bogot Carnival has had to wait until the 21st century to be
resurrected, this time by the authorities of the city.
Ecuador
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 18/21
Four touloulous
In Ecuador, the celebrations have a history that begins before the arrival of Catholicism. It is known that the Huarangas Indians (from the Chimbos
nation) used to celebrate the second moon of the year with a festival at which they threw flour, flowers and perfumed water. This once pagan tradition
has since merged with the Catholic celebration of Carnival.
A common feature of Ecuadorian Carnival is the diablitos (little devils) who play with water. As with snowball fights, the practice of throwing or
dumping water on unsuspecting victims is especially revered by children and teenagers, and feared by some adults. Throwing water balloons, sometimes
even eggs and flour both to friends and strangers passing by the street can be a lot of fun but can also raise the ire of unfamiliarised foreigners and even
locals.
Although the government as well as school authorities forbid such games, it is still widely practiced throughout the country. Historians tell of a Bishop
in 1867 who threatened the punishment of excommunication for the sin of playing Carnival games.
Different festivities are held in various regions of the country, where the locals wear disguises with colorful masks and dance to the rhythm of lively
music. Usually, the celebrations begin with the election of the Taita Carnival (Father Carnival) who will head the festivities and lead the parades in each
city.
The most famed Carnival festivities are those in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called
Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have also revived the Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as
in Azogues (Caar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, the Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Caari dressed for the
celebrations. Recently also a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a
strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.
French Guiana
The Carnival of French Guiana is a major aspect of the culture of that country. Although its roots are in the Creole culture, everyone participates
mainland French, Brazilians (Guiana has a frontier with Brazil) and Chinese as well as creoles.
Its duration is variable, determined by movable religious festivals: Carnival begins at Epiphany and ends on Ash Wednesday, and so typically lasts
through most of January and February. During this period, from Friday evening until Monday morning the entire country throbs to the rhythm of the
masked balls and street parades. Normal life slows almost to a stop.
Friday afternoons are the time for eating galette des rois (the cake of kings) and drinking champagne. The cake may be flavoured with frangipani, guava,
or coconut.
On Sunday afternoons major parades are staged in the streets of Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent du Maroni. Competing groups prepare for months.
Dressed according to the agreed theme of the year, they strut along with Carnival floats, drums, and brass bands.
Brazilian groups are also appreciated for their elaborate feathered and sequined costumes. However, they are not eligible for competition since the
costumes do not change from one year to the next.
Certain mythical characters appear regularly in the parades:
Karolin: A small person dressed in a magpie tail and top hat, riding on a shrew.
Les Ng'marrons: Groups of men dressed in red loincloths, bearing ripe tomatoes in their mouths and their bodies smeared with grease or
molasses. These men deliberately try to come in contact with spectators, soiling their clothes.
Les makoums: Men in drag (out of the Carnival context, makoum is a pejorative term for a homosexual).
Soussouris (the bat): a character dressed in a winged leotard from head to foot, usually black in colour. Traditionally malevolent, this character is
liable to chase spectators and "sting" them.
A uniquely Creole tradition of this version of Carnival is the so-called touloulous. These are women wearing
highly decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses which cover them completely so that they are not only
unrecognisable, but the colour of their skin cannot even be determined. On Friday and Saturday nights of
Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that only open in Carnival
time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community.
Men also attend the balls, but they have to pay admittance and they are not disguised. The touloulous pick their
dance partners, who may not refuse the dance. Thus, the setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a
temporary liaison with a man she fancies in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcome at the balls.
By tradition, if one gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars the disguised women
also pick up men by whispering to them "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk
through a straw so as not to unmask in the slightest.
In more modern times, Guyanais men have attempted to turn the tables by staging soires tololo, in which it's the men who, in disguise, seek partners
from undisguised women bystanders.
The final four days of Carnival have a rigid tradition of celebration, and no work is done at all.
Sunday: The Grand Parade, in which the competing groups show off their very best.
Monday: Marriage burlesque, with men dressed as brides and women as grooms.
Tuesday: Red Devil Day, with everyone wearing red or black.
(Ash) Wednesday: Dress is black and white only, for the grand ceremony of burning the effigy of Vaval, the King of the Carnival.
This text is based principally on text in The French wikipedia
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 19/21
Morenada dance, in the Carnival
of the Juliaca city Per.
Afro-Uruguayans gathering for a
Candombe celebration, ca. 1870
Peru
Cajamarca
The town of Cajamarca is considered the capital of Peruvian Carnival. Local residents of all ages as well as tourists
dance around the unhsa, or yunsa, a tree adorned with ribbons, balloons, toys, fruits, bottles of liquor, and other
prizes.
At a certain point the Mayordomo (governor of the feast) walks into the circle. The governor chooses a partner to go
to the unsha, where they attempt to cut down the unsha by striking the tree three times with a machete. The machete
is passed from couple to couple as each strikes the tree three times. When the unsha finally falls, the crowd rushes to
grab the prizes.
The person who successfully brings down the unsha becomes next year's governor of the feast.
Violence
The Peruvian Carnival consists mostly of violent games that last all the month of February, extending to early
March if Ash Wednesday falls on March, but rarely ending when it falls on February.
[58]
Quoting the Lima police
chief, "The Carnival is associated with criminal actions"
[59]
(2007). It has even gone to major consequences.
[60]
The Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the lately trends of urban violence in Peruvian society after the internal conflict in
Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th
century,
[61]
but the government managed to regulate it and during the early 20th century it followed the normal trends of partying and parading, while in
the second half of the 20th century it has acquired the violent characteristics that it has today, to the point of being banned, first from the streets in 1958
and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government.
[58]
It consisted basically on water battles in a traditional way, while in later years it includes playing
with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes even looting private property and sexual assaults on women; all this
to unconsenting passers-by and in a very violent way. It has also become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to play the game.
As of 2010, it has become so violent that the government has imposed heavy penalties of up to eight years in prison
[62]
for violence during the games
(the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).
[63][64][65][66][67][68]
At the end of the Carnival season, in the inner Peruvian towns (and lately in the major cities too), it is customary to cut a tree, called "yunsa" in the
mountains and "humisha" in the jungle.
Uruguay
The Carnival in Uruguay is the longest of the world, with more than 40 days of celebration, generally beginning
towards the end of January and through mid March, with celebrations in Montevideo, the capital, being the
largest and brightest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and
Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival
include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls
Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).
[69]
During the forty days of celebration, popular theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the
cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the
different Carnival groups called mainly Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas perform a kind of popular opera at the
tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to social reality and political situation in the country.
The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers also wear their festival clothing.
Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide the sensual touch to parades.
European archetypes (Pierrot, Harlequin and Columbina) merge with African ancestral elements (the Old Mother or Mama Vieja, the Medicine Man or
Gramillero and the Magician or Escobero) in the local version of the festival. As a manifestation of Uruguayan culture and a growing tourist attraction,
Uruguayan Carnival is currently receiving governmental support.
Venezuela
Carnival in Venezuela (2 days of festivals, 40 days before Easter) is a time when youth in many rural towns have water fights (including the use of water
balloons and water guns). Anybody and everybody that is out in the streets during the week of Carnival is subject to being soaked. Coastal town and
provinces celebrate Carnival much more fervently these days than any place in the country. Venezuela regard Carnival about the same way they regard
Christmas and Semana Santa (Holy Week; the week before Easter Sunday) when they take the opportunity to visit their families and enjoy this festive
time with them.
[70]
See also
Dutch Carnival
Culture of Popular Laughter
Basler Fasnacht
Carny
Cologne Carnival
Careto
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 20/21
Fair
Federation of European Carnival Cities
Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras in Mobile
Sitalsasthi Carnival
Feast of Fools
Adloyada
Notes
1. ^ http://www.philstar.com/cebu-lifestyle/555453/pre-lenten-festivals-all-over-world
2. ^ Gaignebet, Claude. 1984. El Carnaval: Ensayos de mitologia popular. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla. Original edition, Le carnaval. Essais de mythologie
populaire, Editions Payot, Paris, 1974.
3. ^ Saturnalia
4. ^ Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California at Berkeley.
5. ^ Delgado Ruiz, Manuel. 2001. Luces iconoclastas: Anticlericalism, espacio, y ritual en la Espaa contempornia, Ariel Antropologa. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.
6. ^
a

b

c
"Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Carnival). Etymonline.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
7. ^ "Isis Rising" (http://www.Carnival.com/isis/rising/). Carnival.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
8. ^ Di Cocco (2007) Chapter II, pages.2340
9. ^ Valantasis (2000) p.378
10. ^ Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Original edition, Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable
i narodnaia kul'tura srednevekov'ia i Renessansa, 1965.
11. ^ Cohen, Abner. 1993. Masquerade politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
12. ^ Van Gennep, Arnold. 1960. The rites of passage. Translated by M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Original edition, Les
rites de passage 1909.
13. ^ Turner, Victor Witter. 1974. Dramas, fields, and metaphors; Symbolic action in human society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
14. ^ Turner, Victor. 1982. From ritual to theater: The human seriousness of play. New York: PAJ Publications.
15. ^ Abrahams, Roger. 1972. Christmas and Carnival on Saint Vincent. Western Folklore 13 (4):275-289.
16. ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201405230663.html
17. ^ http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/official-festival-goa-Carnival. Missing or empty |title= (help)
18. ^ Anne Shapiro Devreux (22 January 1989). "Masked Revels of a Belgian Mardi Gras" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=950DE1D9173BF931A15752C0A96F948260&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=2). New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
19. ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector Intangible Heritage 2003 Convention: Belgium" (http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=BE). Retrieved 29 January 2009.
20. ^ "Erfgoed Vlaamse gemeenschap" (http://www.kunstenenerfgoed.be/ake/view/nl/2626684-
Aalst+Carnival+in+2010+voorgedragen+als+immaterieel+cultureel+erfgoed+van+de+mensheid+(UNESCO).html). Retrieved 12 February 2010.
21. ^ Guadeloupe-guide : Events in Guadeloupe (http://www.guadeloupe-guide.net/guadeloupe-evenements-us.php)
22. ^ Geschichte der Stadt Speyer. Band 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5
23. ^ The Annual Phallus Festival in Greece (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,553070,00.html), Der Spiegel, English edition, 3 June 2008, Retrieved
on 15 December 2008
24. ^ "TA NEA On-line " (http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=28&ct=18&artid=4548248&enthDate=27112009). Tanea.gr.
29 April 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
25. ^ "Vevcani Carnival" (http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?page=403). Macedonia.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
26. ^ Jorge. "Fiestas de Espaa. El Carnival de Tenerife" (http://fiestas.edreams.es/Carnival/el-Carnival-de-tenerife/). Fiestas.edreams.es. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
27. ^ A. A. "El Carnival de Tenerife" (http://www.tenerife-abc.com/Carnival/). Tenerife-abc.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
28. ^ Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Wikipedia
29. ^ "Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife" (http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas.asp?IdMenu=4&IdSeccion=39&IdSubseccion=129).
Santacruzmas.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
30. ^
a

b
[1] (http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas09.asp?IdMenu=10&IdSeccion=41&IdSubseccion=238)
31. ^ Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 123-4
32. ^
a

b
Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California, Berkeley.
33. ^
a

b
Garcia, Xavier. 1972. Vilanova i la Geltr i el seu gran Carnaval. Barcelona: Editorial Prtic.
34. ^ Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World [1941]. Trans. Hlne Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
35. ^ Diari de Vilanova. 2006. Surten 50 carrosses a rebre un Carnestoltes que no ve. February 24, 22.
36. ^ Diari de Vilanova. 2006. Plomes amb control sanitari per al Moix. February 24, 23.
37. ^ http://www.onsortir.cat/contents/1027/so/612.jpg
38. ^ http://www.bergueda.com/contents/214/imatge/2095.jpg
39. ^ Heneghan, Tom (9 March 2011). "Istanbul celebrates carnival after nearly 70 years" (http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/03/09/istanbul-celebrates-carnival-
after-nearly-70-years/). Reuters. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
40. ^ Mullins, Ansel (27 February 2011). "Reviving Carnival in Istanbul" (http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/reviving-carnival-in-istanbul/). New York
Times. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
41. ^ http://belizeanminds.blogspot.ca/2013/09/history-of-carnivals-in-belize-review.html
42. ^
a

b

c
http://www.goambergriscaye.com/fest.html
43. ^ Samuel Brown, J.; Vorhees, M. (2013). Belize. Lonely Planet Publishing.
30/10/2014 Carnival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival 21/21
References
Giampaolo di Cocco (2007) Alle origini del Carnevale: Mysteria isiaci e miti cattolici (Florence: Pontecorboli)
Valantasis, Richard (2000) Religions of late antiquity in practice (http://books.google.com/books?id=-N6u74StgmUC&)
McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." 1998. 2nd edition. Temple
University Press. ISBN 1-56639-545-3.
External links
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnival&oldid=631170288"
Categories: Carnivals Parades Street culture February events
This page was last modified on 26 October 2014 at 10:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
44. ^ Comparsa
45. ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/belize/the-northern-cayes/ambergris-caye-and-san-pedro/events/local-festivals-culture/fiesta-de-carnaval
46. ^
a

b
http://www.joseluiszapata.com/2012/02/carnaval-de-san-pedro-belize/
47. ^ http://www.ambergristoday.com/content/teen-talk/2012/february/29/carnival-messy-situation?page=1
48. ^ "Rara Festivals in Haiti and its Diaspora" (http://rara.wesleyan.edu/). Wesleyan University. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
49. ^ McAlister, Elizabeth (2002). Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22823-5.
50. ^ Ponce Carnival Goes International In its 150th Anniversary Edition. Let's Go To Ponce. (http://www.letsgotoponce.com/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=81) Ponce Carnival. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
51. ^ The Smithsonian Institution. A Puerto Rican Carnival: How to Dress for the Ponce Carnival.
(http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/pdf/puerto/carnival_dress.pdf)
52. ^ Attendance (http://www.answers.com/topic/carnival-de-ponce) Retrieved April 12, 2010.
53. ^ "The Online Guide to Toronto's Summer Carnival" (http://www.caribana.com/index.html). Caribana.Com. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
54. ^ [2] (http://www.carnaval.salvador.ba.gov.br/2013/capa/pagina.php?id=61)
55. ^ [3] (http://g1.globo.com/bahia/carnaval/2013/noticia/2013/02/psy-claudia-leitte-e-sabrina-sato-dancam-no-fim-do-circuito-dodo.html)
56. ^ [4] (http://www.bandahabeascopos.com.br/programacao.html)
57. ^ US$ 1 billion in revenues. (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/rios-carnival-not-just-a-local-party-anymore-2012-02-13?pagenumber=1)
58. ^
a

b
"De cuando el Carnival duraba tres das Huellas digitales | Blogs | El Comercio Per" (http://blogs.elcomercio.pe/huellasdigitales/2010/02/de-cuando-el-
Carnival-era-en-t.html). Blogs.elcomercio.pe. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
59. ^ "Panamericana Mercedes Aroz: Captura de Jos E. Crousillat no es cortina de humo Noticias Peru"
(http://www.24horas.com.pe/nacionales/1171893096.php). 24horas.com.pe. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
60. ^ "El domingo de Carnival deja un muerto y casi 3.000 detenidos en Per" (http://www.soitu.es/soitu/2009/02/10/info/1234221265_184715.html). soitu.es.
Retrieved 12 February 2011.
61. ^ [5] (http://www.editoraperu.com.pe/edc/02/02/08/cul4.htm)
62. ^ "No a violencia por Carnivales: penarn hasta con 8 aos de crcel a quienes causen lesiones graves | El Comercio Per" (http://elcomercio.pe/noticia/408740/no-
violencia-Carnivales-penaran-hasta-anos-carcel-quienes-causen-lesiones-graves). Elcomercio.pe. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
63. ^ 10:23. "Carnivales en Lima: unos cinco mil policas reforzarn la seguridad| Per21" (http://peru21.pe/noticia/407870/Carnivales-cinco-mil-policias-reforzaran-
seguridad-lima). Peru21.pe. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
64. ^ "En proximos Carnivales policias vestidos de civiles evitaran violencia" (http://www.larepublica.pe/sociedad/26/01/2009/en-proximos-Carnivales-policias-
vestidos-de-civiles-evitaran-violencia). LaRepublica.pe. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
65. ^ "Panamericana Mercedes Aroz: Captura de Jos E. Crousillat no es cortina de humo Noticias Peru"
(http://www.24horas.com.pe/nacionales/1170518585.php). 24horas.com.pe. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
66. ^ "Panamericana Mercedes Aroz: Captura de Jos E. Crousillat no es cortina de humo Noticias Peru"
(http://www.24horas.com.pe/nacionales/1201652766.php). 24horas.com.pe. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
67. ^ [6] (http://www.proycontra.com.pe/2010/02/02/hay-Carnival-ay-Carnival.pro)
68. ^ [7] (http://www.proycontra.com.pe/2009/01/26/detienen-a-mas-de-cien-Carnivaleros.pro)
69. ^ Carnival is Coming (UruguayNow) (http://www.uruguaynow.com/montevideo-Carnival.php)
70. ^ "Carnival in Venezuela" (http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/venezuela/Carnival.asp). CaribbeanChoice. 5 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2011.

You might also like