Functional

Group

Carboxylic Acids


Acid Anhydrides


Esters


Acyl Halides


Amides


Nitriles


Aldehydes


Ketones


Alcohols


Thiols


Amines


Ethers


Sulphides


Alkenes


Alkynes


Alkyl Halides


Nitro


Alkanes








Aliphatic compounds could be straight chain
structures [Acyclic] like alkanes or cyclic structures,
like cycloalkanes. Aliphatic compounds are
hydrocarbon chains - strings of carbon atoms
connected to each other with hydrogen atoms
hanging off the sides of the chain.one exception for
the definition of aliphatic side chain is Proline
which also has aliphatic side chain but the its side
chain is bonded to both carbon and
nitrogen.Aromatic compounds have benzene ring
(older notion). Aromatic compounds are those
which follow Huckel's rule. (4n + 2pi) rule. They
have the general formula: CnH2n-6 [where n is
equal to or greater than 6]Aromatic compounds
are rings - so take the chain and connect the two
ends together to form a continuous loop.
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In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be
joined together in straight chains, branched chains,
or non-aromatic rings (in which case they are called
alicyclic). They can be joined by single bonds
(alkanes), double bonds (alkenes), or triple bonds
(alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements can be
bound to the carbon chain, the most common
being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.

Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a
conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs,
or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger
than would be expected by the stabilization of
conjugation alone. It can also be considered a
manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of
resonance.

An aromatic compound contains a set of
covalently-bound atoms with specific
characteristics:

A delocalized conjugated system, most
commonly an arrangement of alternating single
and double bonds.
Coplanar structure, with all the contributing atoms
in the same plane.
Contributing atoms arranged in one or more rings.
A number of delocalized electrons that is even,
but not a multiple of 4. That is, 4n + 2 number of
electrons, where n=0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. This is
known as Hckel's Rule.
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Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen whose adjacent carbon atoms contain only one carbon-carbon bond are
known as saturated hydrocarbons.
They are called saturated compounds because all the four bonds of carbon are fully utilized and no more
hydrogen or other atoms can attach to it. These saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes. The general
formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen that contain one double bond between carbon atoms (carbon=carbon) or
a triple bond between carbon atoms (carboncarbon) are called unsaturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be divided into alkenes and alkynes depending on the presence of double or
triple bonds respectively. The general formulae are CnH2n for alkenes and CnH2n-2 for alkynes.

Properties of Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

Saturated Organic Compounds Unsaturated Organic Compounds
These organic compounds contain single
carbon-carbon covalent bond.
carbon covalent bond. These organic
compounds contain at least one double or
triple covalent bond.
Due to the presence of all single covalent
bonds, these compounds are less reactive.
Due to the presence of double and triple
bonds, these compounds are more
reactive.
Saturated compounds undergo substitution
reactions. Example: CH4+ CL2 >
CH3CL + HCL
Unsaturated compounds under go addition
reactions. Example: C2H4+ CL2>
C2H4CL2
The number of hydrogen atoms is more
when compared to its corresponding
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
The number of hydrogen atoms
is less when compared to its
corresponding unsaturated
hydrocarbon.