BY:- Anil Kumar Pathak, Mayank Tripathi, P. l.

Rongmei
, Instrumentation & ontrol !ngg.
!le"tri"al !ngg. #epartment
$ITTTR ,han%igarh
&ur 'orl% is (ull o( integrate% "ir"uits.
)e "an (in% se*eral o( them in "omputers. +or
e,ample, mi"ropro"essor.
The mi"ropro"essor is an integrate% "ir"uit that
pro"esses all (un"tions in the "omputer.
But a mi"ropro"essor "an not 'ork alone .
It re-uires some e,ternal peripherals su"h as
memory.RAM & R&M/, Input0&utput ports ,
Timers, et".
But the a%%ition o( e,ternal RAM,R&M, Timers
an% I0& ports makes these systems 1ulkier an%
mu"h more e,pansi*e.
)hi"h (or"e% to engineers to %e*ol*e a spe"ial
type o( "hip ha*ing P2 .mi"ropro"essor/ 'ith a
(i,e% amount o( memory, I0& ports an% Timers.
3o 'e %o not nee% to a%% any e,ternal memory,
I0& port an% timer to it.
)hi"h re%u"es system "ost an% 'eight.

3o 'e "an say that mi"ro"ontroller

is a P2 on a small "hip 'ith some
amount o( (i,e% memory.RAM an%
R&M/, I0& ports an% Timers.

3ome mi"ro"ontroller manu(a"turers

ha*e gone (ar as integrating an A#
an% other peripherals.

The types o( mi"ro "ontroller "an 1e

"lassi(ie% 1ase% on internal 1us 'i%th,
instru"tion set, memory ar"hite"ture ,(amily
et". some o( them are gi*en 1elo':-

Intel 4567 .4-1it/

PI .4-1it PI78, PI74, 78-1it %sPI99 0 PI:;/

+ree3"ale 84<77.4-1it/

Atmel A=R.4-1it/, A=R9: .9:-1it/

Toshi1a T>3-4?5

<ita"hi <4, <ita"hi 3uper< .9:-1it/, et".

In 7@4@, Mi"ro"hip orporation

intro%u"e% an 4-1it mi"ro"ontroller "alle%
PI mi"ro"ontroller. .PI78,,,/

PI78,,, ha% :-

3mall amount o( #ATA RAM an% PR&M.

&ne Timer

+e' Pins (or I0& ports

&ne A#

A(ter the intro%u"tion o( PI78,,,, they

ha*e intro%u"e% an array o( 4-1it
mi"ro"ontrollers.

They in"lu%es the PI (amilies o( :-

PI75,,,

PI7:,,,

PI7;,,,

PI78,,,

PI74,,,

All o( a1o*e are 4-1it mi"ro"ontrollers.

Right no' PI74,,, an% PI78,,,

(amilies has the highest per(orman"e o(
all the (amilies o( 4-1it PI
mi"ro"ontrollers.

Right no' no 4 pinPI74,,, e,ists, an%

this is the main reason to "hoose other
(amily mem1ers.PI75,,, to PI78,,,/,
i( our %esign "all (or small pa"kage.
Interru
pt
Control
Logic
OSC
EEPRO
M
I/O
Ports
Other
periphe
ral
Timers
CPU
PROM
STACK

PC
RAM
PIC1 Program ROM
The ma,imum siAe o( PR&M is :M
The PR&M siAe "an *ary (rom ;k to 7:4k 1ytes.
PI74 PR&M is a*aila1le in %i((erent memory
types, su"h as :-
2=-!PR&M
+lash PR&M
&TP PR&M . All o( ha*e %i((erent part num1ers/
Maske% PR&M
U!"EPROM

This 2=-!PR&M re-uires a PR&M 1urner to 'rite
programs an% a 2=-!PR&M eraser to erase the
"ontents o( R&M.
The pro1lem 'ith 2=-R&M is that it takes aroun% :5
minutes to erase the "hip 1e(ore it "an 1e
programme% again.
At this time +lash R&M is repla"ing 2=-R&M.
#lash PROM

The (lash *ersion is i%eal (or (ast %e*elopment.

+lash memory "an 1e erase% in (e' se"on%s.

Be"ause (lash memory is a !!PR&M.

It re-uires a R&M 1urner to 'rite programs.

$o nee% o( separate eraser to erase the programs.

OTP !ersion o$ PIC
&TP.&ne-time programma1le/ *ersion o( the PI is
also a*aila1le (rom Mi"ro"hip..PI78;9:/.
It "an not re-programme% again.
Mas%e& !ersion o$ PIC
Mi"ro"hip "orporation pro*i%es a ser*i"e in 'hi"h 'e
"an sen% our program to them an% they 'ill 1urn the
program in to the PI "hip %uring the (a1ri"ation
pro"ess o( the "hip.

RAM is use% (or store the %ata.

The %ata siAe (or the PI74 *aries (rom

:68 1ytes to ;5@8 1ytes.
'ata EEPROM

)e also ha*e a small amount o( !!PR&M

to store riti"al %ata, that %oes not nee%
to 1e "hange% *ery o(ten.

$ot all PI74 "omes 'ith #ata

!!PR&M ,1e"ause it is optional.
PI mi"ro"ontroller "an ha*e (rom 78 to ?:
pins %e%i"ate% (or I0&.
The num1er o( pins (or the PI74 pa"kage
goes (rom 74 to 45 at this time.
Other Peripherals
A# .75 1it/
Timers.;/
23ART.uni*ersal syn"hronous asyn"hronous
re"ei*er0transmitter/-(or serial %ata trans(er.
Part (um PROM 'ATA
RAM
I/O Pins A'C Timers Pin no )
Pac%age
PI74+7::
5
;k .+lash/ :68 78 75-1it ; 74 #IP
PI74+:;:
5
78k
.+lash/
?84 :6 75-1it ; :4 #IP
PI74+:::
5
;k .+lash/ 67: :6 75-1it ; :4 #IP
PI74+;6: 9:k
.+lash/
7698 9; 75-1it ; ;o #IP
PI74+;6:
5
9:k
.+lash/
7698 98 75-1it ; ;5 #IP
PI74+4?:
:
7:4k
.+lash/
9@98 ?: 75-1it 6 45 TB+P
CAll Memories.PR&M & #ata RAM/ are in 1ytes
#eatures *+1/+, PIC1---
PR&M .Ma,imum 3pa"e/ 8; K :M
#ata RAM .Ma,imum
3pa"e/
:68 1ytes ; K
Timers 9 ;
I0& Pins 9: 99 to 98
3erial Ports 7 7
CAll Memories.PR&M & #ata RAM/ are in 1ytes
Device Pins Instruction
Word Size
PIC10XXX 8 8 - bit
PIC12XXX 8 12 - bit
PIC16XXX 18 8 - bit
PIC16XXX 40 14 - bit
PIC17XXX 84 16 bit
PIC18XXX 80 8-bit
:5
1
,
.
/
+
0
1

!
''
2P+/OSC1/CLKI(
2P//OSC,
2P./MCLR/!
PP
!
SS
2P,/ICSP'AT
2P1/ICSPCLK
2PO/ICSPT*CKI
P
I
C

1
,
#
+
*

/
+
*
3
Sl. Pin. Descriptions
01 V
DD
Power Supply
02 OSC1, Osill!tor Pi"
OSC2
0# V
PP
Pro$r!%%i"$ Volt!$e I"put
04 &P0 to &P' &e"er!l Purpose i"put(
output pi"s )*i+iretio"!l
e,ept &P#-
:7
Sl. Pin. Descriptions
0' CSPD./ I"-iruit Seri!l Pro$r!%%i"$
D!t! pi"
06 CSPC01 I"-iruit Seri!l Pro$r!%%i"$
lo2 pi"
07 V
SS
&rou"+
08 3C04 3!ster le!r
05 C01I6 7,ter"!l Clo2 i"put
::
:9
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
01 4.2 //0 *i+iretio"!l i(o port
02 4.# //0 *i+iretio"!l i(o port
0# 4.4(
/OC11
//0 C!" !lso be selete+ to be
t9e lo2 i"put to t9e /34O
/i%er ( Cou"ter: Output is
ope" +r!i" type:
:;
:6
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
04 3C04 S/ 3!ster Cle!r )4eset- i"put(
Pro$r!%%i"$ Volt!$e i"put:
/9is pi" is !" !ti;elow
47S7/ to t9e +e;ie:
0' V
SS
------- &rou"+ re8ere"e 8or lo$i
!"+ I"put ( Output pi"s
:8
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
06 4*O(I6/ //0(S/ *i+iretio"!l i(o port: Port *
!" be so8tw!re
pro$r!%%e+ 8or i"ter"!l
wee2 pull-up o" !ll i"put:
4*0(I6/ !" !lso be
selete+ !s !" e,ter"!l
i"terrupt pi":
:?
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
07 4*1 //0 *i+iretio"!l i(o port:
08 4*2 //0 *i+iretio"!l i(o port:
05 4*# //0 *i+iretio"!l i(o port:
10 4*4 //0 I"terrupt-o"-9!"$e pi"
11 4*' //0 I"terrupt-o"-9!"$e pi"
:4
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
12 4*6 //0(S/ I"terrupt-o"-9!"$e pi"
Seri!l Pro$r!%%i"$ lo2
1# 4*7 //0(S/ I"terrupt-o"-9!"$e pi"
Seri!l Pro$r!%%i"$ +!t!
14 V
DD
------- Positi;e supply 8or lo$i
!"+ I"put ( Output pi"s
:@
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
1' OSC2(
C01O</
-------- Osill!tor Cryst!l output ,
o""et to Cryst!l or
4eso"!tor i" ryst!l
osill!tor %o+e: I" 4C
%o+e, OSC2 pi" outputs
C01O</, w9i9 9!s = t9e
8re>ue"y o8 OSC1

TT> D TT> InputE 3T D

3"hmitt Trigger InputE
95
Pin
No
Pin
Name
*u88er
/ype
Descriptions
16 OSC1(
C01I6
S/(
C3OS
Osill!tor Cryst!l i"put (
7,ter"!l lo2 soure i"put
17 4.0 //0 *i+iretio"!l i"put output port
18 4.1 //0 *i+iretio"!l i"put output port
TTL 4 TTL Input5 ST 4 Schmitt Trigger
Input5

O" power o" o8 t9e PIC or !8ter ! reset,

!ll ports beo%e i"puts:

/9is is +o"e to !;oi+ +ri;i"$ !" output pi"

+iretly to t9e V
DD
or V
SS
:
97

/o +e8i"e t9e type o8 !" I(O pi", you use t9e

TRIS re$ister:

/9ere !re two /4IS re$isters, t9e TRISA !"+

t9e TRISB

?9e" o"e bit o8 t9is re$ister is set to @1@, t9e

orrespo"+i"$ port pi" s9!ll beo%e !"
i"put:

?9e" it is set to @0@, t9e" t9is port pi" s9!ll

beo%e !" output:
9:
PIC16A84 !" wor2 wit9 8our +i88ere"t
o"8i$ur!tio"s o8 !" osill!tor:

3iroo"troller type wit9 ! crystal

oscillator )X/-, !"+

. %iroo"troller wit9 resistor-capacitor

pair )4C-:
/9is is i%port!"t be!use we "ee+ to
%e"tio" t9e type o8 osill!tor w9e" buyi"$
! %iroo"troller:
99
9;
C,4.*p
#
C,4.*p
#
6TAL
96

B4C s9oul+ be betwee" 3 to !"":

Belo# $.$ o8 B4C Osill!tor beo%e

u"st!ble:

At !% and a&ove o8 B4C Osill!tor

beo%es ;ery se"siti;e to "oise !"+
9u%i+ity:

BCC s9oul+ be selet !s per t9e

re>uire%e"t o8 t9e lo2:

/9e lo2 8re>ue"y %ust be +i;i+e+ by 4:

98
9?
/9e %!i" osill!tor si$"!l is +i;i+e+ by 4 to
pro+ue t9e instruction cycle ti%e:
94

The o*erall spee% o( the

mi"ro"ontroller operation is entirely
%epen%ent on this "lo"k (re-uen"y.

<igher (re-uen"y -F <igher

Per(orman"e an% higher po'er
"onsumption.
9@
;5
!
''
R
;7
The mi"ro"ontroller pins ha*e multiple
(un"tions
;:

Peripheral Inter(a"e ontroller is a

(amily o( Mi"ro "ontroller 1y Mi"ro"hip
Te"hnology.

It 2ses <ar*ar% Ar"hite"ture.

<ere 'e ha*e separate #ata an%

Program memories.
D!t!
3e%ory
CP<
Pro$r!%
3e%ory
CP<
Pro$r!%
!"+
D!t!
3e%ory
'arvard von-Neumann
4 kB o( +>A3< Program Memory.
:68 1ytes o( !!PR&M #ata Memory.
99 input or output pins.
:5 M<A operating spee%.:55 ns instru"tion "y"le/
<igh per(orman"e RI3 P2.
PI 78+4?? ;;

&nly 96 simple 'or% instru"tions.

Po'er on Reset .P&R/.

Po'er-2p Timer .P)RT/ an% os"illator

start-up timer.

)i%e operating *oltage range .:.5 H

6.68/*olts.

>o' po'er "onsumption .

;8 PI 78+4??

A PI P2 "onsists o( se*eral su1 units

su"h as instru"tion %e"o%er, A>2,
"ontrol unit, et".

It normally supports Re%u"e%

Instru"tion 3et omputer .RI3/
ar"hite"ture. RI3 Ar"hite"ture has only
96 instru"tions. The e,e"ution time is
*ery less 6 MIP3.Million Instru"tions per
se"on%/

As like normal mi"ro"ontrollers, the PI

"hip also has "ertain amount o( RAM,
R&M, !!PR&M, other (lash memory,
et".

4 KB o( +>A3< Program Memory.

:68 1ytes o( !!PR&M #ata Memory.

A>2 normally per(orms all the

arithmeti" operations. &ne o( the
operan% is normally in )-Register an%
se"on% operan% "an 1e in any other
register.

A%%ress Bus- 79 Bit

#ata Bus- 4 Bit

)hen the po'er supply %rops 1elo' a

"ertain *oltage.; * in "ase o( PI/,it
"auses PI to reset.

The Reset (un"tion 'ill set the Program

"ounter to the starting a%%ress.

A spe"ial timer that %elay the start o(

program e,e"ution a(ter the PI has
1een reset on po'er. This time %elay
allo's =## to rise to the re-uire% le*el.

A 'at"h %og timer is a simple timer "ir"uit

that per(orms a spe"i(i" operation a(ter a
"ertain perio% o( time i( something goes
'rong.

3uppose 'e ha*e 'ritten a program 'hi"h

is "ompile% su""ess(ully an% 'hen 'e
simulate it e*ery time seems to 'ork (ine.

Then 'e program the PI.

<o'e*er a(ter a long perio% o( time the

program gets stu"k some'here .

)hat nee%s it this "ase is some kin% o(

reset i( the program is gets stu"k.
6;

This is a purpose o( a 'at"h%og timer "ir"uit.

)hen the )#T is ena1le, a "ounter starts at 55 an%

in"rement 1y 7 unit until it rea"hes ++.

)hen it goes (rom ++ to 55 the PI 'ill 1e reset,

irrespe"ti*e o( 'hat it is %oing.

The only 'ay 'e "an stop the )#T, (rom resetting the
)#T 1a"k to 55 throughout the program 'hi"h is
%one 1y the pro"essor.

)hi"h in%i"ates that the pro"essor (un"tioning is

going on.

)at"h%og timer is thus in"reases the system

relia1ility.
PI 78+4?? 66

It is similar to A""umulator in 4567.

It is an 4 1it register.

It is only use% (or A>2 operation.

3tatus register is an eight 1it register that

"ontains the arithmeti" status o( the
arithmeti" logi" unit .A>2/, the reset status
an% the 1ank sele"t 1its (or the %ata
memory. The %etaile% e,planation o( status
register is gi*en 1elo'.
Carry bit(C)

)hen t'o 4-1it operan%s are a%%e% ,a @ 1its

result o""urs,Be"ause the result o( a%%ition
may e,"ee%s :68.++</.

The @
th
1it is "opie% in the arry 1it.

6?
PI 78+4??

Bit 5 ./: arry01orro' 1it .A##)+, A##>),

32B>), 32B)+ instru"tions/
7 D A "arry-out (rom the Most 3igni(i"ant
1it o( the result o""urre%
5 D $o "arry-out (rom the Most
3igni(i"ant 1it o( the result o""urre%.
'igit Carr7

This 1it in%i"ates a arry (rom the lo'er ;

1its.#uring 4 1it a%%ition.

I( set,it means there is a "arry (rom the 9

r%

1it to ;
th
1it position.

.7 D A "arry-out (rom the ;th lo' or%er 1it

o( the result o""urre%

5 D $o "arry-out (rom the ;th lo' or%er 1it

PI 78+4?? 64
Many arithmeti" an% logi" instru"tions a((e"t
the Aero (lag.
i( result is Aero, I1it is set, other'ise "leare%.
Bit :, .I/: Iero 1it
7 D the result o( an arithmeti" or logi"
operation is Aero
5 D the result o( an arithmeti" or logi"
operation is not Aero./
PI 78+4?? 6@

2se% along 'ith the 3>!!P mo%e o( PI.

#uring the sleep mo%e the mi"ro"ontroller

sa*e lots o( po'er.

A(ter "oming out o( this mo%e, the P2 "an

"he"k these t'o status 1its to %etermine 'hi"h
kin% o( e*ent is responsi1le to 1ring it out o( the
3>!!P mo%e

Bit ;, .T&/: this is a time-out 1it use% (or timing

an% "ounting, sleep an% reset (un"tions.
7 D a(ter po'er-up, >R)#T instru"tion
5 D A )#T time-out o""urre%

Bit 9, .P#/: Po'er-%o'n 1it

7 D a(ter po'er-up or 1y the >R)#T

instru"tion

5 D 1y e,e"ution o( the 3>!!P instru"tion

There are (our memory 1anks ,ea"h o(

7:4 1ytes in siAe.

+or 1ank sele"tion : 1its are nee%e%,

making the e((e"ti*e a%%ress @-1it
'i%e.
Mi"ro"hip has pro*i%e% only %ire"t
a%%ressing mo%e (or the register (ile 'ith
?-1its a%%ress plus remaining 4
th
an% @
th

1its (roAen in the 3TAT23 R!JI3T!R 1its
RP7:RP5.

77 D Bank 9 .745h-7++h/

75 D Bank : .755h-7?+h/

57 D Bank 7 .45h-++h/

55 D Bank 5 .55h-?+h/

8: PI 78+4??
89 PI 78+4??

IRP 1it is use% (or in%ire"t a%%ressing.

The IRP 1it allo's sele"ting either

7D Bank : & 1ank 9

5D Bank 5 & 1ank 7

The IPR 1it an% +3R %e"i%e the

e((e"ti*e @ 1it a%%ress.

8;
PI 78+4??
86
PI 78+4??

+3R is the pointer use% (or in%ire"t memory

a%%ressing in the 'hole register (ile.

In PI e*ery instru"tion that "an 1e use% (or

%ire"t a%%ressing may also 1e use% in a
%i((erent 'ay (or in%ire"t a%%ressing.
The only %i((eren"e in in%ire"t a%%ressing
mo%e is that one has to 'rite the a%%ress
1yte in +3R .
88 PI 78+4??

#i((erent (rom the program "ounter.

Any 'rite to P> 'ill "ause the "ontents

o( P>AT< to 1e trans(erre% to the 79
1it P higher lo"ations.
8? PI 78+4??

PI 78+4?? series normally has (i*e

input0output ports.

They are use% (or the input0output

inter(a"ing 'ith other %e*i"es0"ir"uits.

Most o( these port pins are multiple,e%

(or han%ling alternate (un"tion (or
peripheral (eatures on the %e*i"es.

The PI 78+4?? "hip 1asi"ally has 6

input0output ports.

P&RT A

P&RT B

P&RT

P&RT #

P&RT !
84
A PI mi"ro"ontroller is an amaAingly po'er(ul (ully
(eature% pro"essor 'ith internal RAM, !!PR&M +>A3<
memory an% peripherals.
)e "an use it to "ontrol our proKe"ts .or 1uil% proKe"ts
aroun% it/. 3o it sa*es us (rom 1uil%ing a "ir"uit that
has separate e,ternalRAM, R&M an% peripheral "hips.
In (a"t PI has an amaAing num1er o( internal peripherals.
These are %i*i%e% in se*eral "ategories:

Communication peripherals8
D
R3:9:0R3;46
D
3PI
D
23B
D
Ra%io +re-uen"y
D
TP0IP
D
!thernet
D
A$. ontroller Area $et'ork/
D
>I$. >o"al Inter"onne"t $et'ork/

Control an& Timing Peripherals8

apture0ompare

Pulse )i%th Mo%ulators

ounters0Timers

)at"h%og Timers

'ispla7 Peripherals8

>!# %ri*ers

># %ri*ers

Analog Peripherals8

2p to 7: 1it A-# "on*erters

omparators an% &p-Amps

Bro'n-&ut #ete"tors

>o' *oltage #ete"tors

Temperature sensors

&s"illators

=oltage re(eren"es

#-A on*erters

=oltage Regulators
Mainly 9 Interrupt 3our"es :

!,ternal InterruptH#ue to e,ternal sour"e.

!%ge 3ensiti*e RB50I$T "auses this interrupt.
This interrupt 'akes up pro"essor (rom 3>!!P.
This must 1e set 1e(ore going into 3>!!P mo%e.

Timer 5HTimer 5 o*er(lo'. ++ to 55 o*er(lo'.

Port B hange InterruptHA "hange (rom high to lo' or lo'

to high on port B pins RB; to RB? "auses this interrupt.
This interrupt "an 'ake %e*i"e (rom 3>!!P.
TIMER *

4 Bit 'i%e 'ith an 4 1it pres"aler.

lo"ke% internally 1y system "lo"k 'hi"h is
+os"0; or 1y e,ternal "lo"k on RA;0T&KI.

It generates an interrupt on o*er(lo' 'hen

the "ount goes (rom :66 to Aero.

Timer 5 al'ays syn"hroniAes the input "lo"k

.'hen using e,ternal "lo"k/.
)e "an rea% an% 'rite timer 5 1ut "an not
rea% the pres"aler.

The pres"aler "hanges its e((e"t %epen%ing on

'hether it is a timer pres"aler or a 'at"h %og
pres"aler - so the same pres"aler setting may
pres"ale 1y : or 1y 7 %epen%ing on its use.
TIMER 1

This is a 78 1it timer that generates an

o*er(lo' interrupt 'hen it goes (rom 86696
to Aero.

It has an 4 1it programma1le pres"aler an%

you "an %ri*e it (rom the internal "lo"k
.+os"0;/or an e,ternal pin.

This timer "an 1e use% in sleep mo%e an%

'ill generate a 'akeup interrupt on
o*er(lo'.

Timer 7 is also rea% 1y the P mo%ule to

"apture an e*ent time.

2sing this timer in sleep mo%e 'ill use more

"urrent.
TIMER ,

This is an 4 1it timer 'ith an 4 1it

pres"aler an% an 4 1it posts"aler.

It takes its input only (rom the internal

os"illator .+os"0;/.

This timer is use% (or the time1ase o( a

P)M 'hen P)M is a"ti*e.

It also has a perio% register that allo's

easy "ontrol o( the perio%

)hen timer : rea"hes the PR: register

*alue then it resets.

This sa*es ha*ing to "he"k the timer

*alue in so(t'are an% then reset the
timer an% sin"e it is %one in har%'are
the operation is mu"h (aster.
In Circuit Serial Programming8
It allo's mi"ro"ontroller to 1e programme%
a(ter 1eing pla"e% on a "ir"uit 1oar%, o((ering
tremen%ous (le,i1ility, re%u"e% %e*elopment
time, in"reasing manu(a"turing e((i"ien"y an%
re%u"ing "ost.
Sel$ Programming8
3el( programming ena1les remote upgra%es to
the +lash memory. It allo's (or easy "o%e
re*isions in the en% user appli"ations.
One Time Programming8
These are manu(a"ture% in high *olumes
'ithout spe"i(i" so(t'are an% pro*i%e%
imme%iately (or "ustom programming.

7:, 7; an% 78 1it 'i%e instru"tions are

up'ar% "ompati1le an% pro*i%e% to
ma,imiAe e((i"ien"y an% 1oost the
per(orman"e.

Instru"tion an% #ata are trans(erre% on

separate 1uses a*oi%ing, pro"essing
1ottlene"ks an% in"reasing o*erall system
per(orman"e.

T'o stage pipelining ena1les one

instru"tion to 1e e,e"ute% 'hile the ne,t
instru"tion is (et"he%.

3ingle 'i%e 'or% instru"tions in"rease

so(t'are "o%e e((i"ien"y an% re%u"e
re-uire% programming memory

)ith only 99 H ?@ instru"tions, Programming an%

#e1ugging tasks are easy to learn an% per(orm.

#e*i"es 'ith sel( 'rite options ha*e the a1ility

to remotely program an% upgra%e the M2
appli"ation in the (iel% . +le,i1le +lash
program Memory/.

>o' po'er "apa1ility.

!,tremely Ri"h Peripheral set.

&ptimal ost to per(orman"e Ratio.

#ata !!PR&M is also a*aila1le (or those

appli"ations 'hi"h re-uire se"ure, non *olatile
memory (or %ata that "hanges (re-uently.
PI mi"ro"ontroller is *ery popular. It is
use% in *ariety o( appli"ations at ea"h
le*el.

Consumer le9el

Motion %ete"tors

Remote "ontrols

Ri"e "ookers

Battery management

3moke %ete"tors

Toys

In Communication

Telephone han%set

Mi"rophone "ontrol

2ART Repla"ements

In&ustrial applications

2tility metering

Porta1le instruments

#ata a"-uisition

Motor "ontrol: 3tepper, +an,

Brushless #, A in%u"tan"e,
3'it"he% relu"tan"e

Automoti9e applications

>ight #immers

Intelligent sensors

Pro,imity %ete"tors

Keyless entry

Tire pressure monitors

#ash ontrollers

3eat ontrollers

In Appliances

Re(rigerator "ontrol units

3mart relay

#elay Timers

Temperature 3ensors
T<A$K3